基于悬浮细胞培养的大麦耐镉性基因型差异及大小麦耐渗透胁迫差异的机理研究
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摘要
镉(Cadmium，Cd)是毒性最强的重金属污染元素之一。Cd在环境中的迁移性强，极易被植物吸收积累，超过一定限度不仅严重影响作物生长发育，降低其产量和品质，而且能通过食物链富集，危害人体健康。因此，研究Cd的植物毒性机制，以及植物对Cd胁迫的应答机制，对于提高植物对Cd的抗／耐性，改良粮食作物品质，降低Cd从植物进入食物链的危险性，具有十分重要的理论和实践指导意义。目前，Cd胁迫对植物生理生化影响的研究大多集中在植株水平上进行，而细胞生理生化对Cd胁迫是如何反应这一研究领域的探索却相对较少。悬浮细胞具备很好的均一性，并且对环境胁迫的反应更为敏感和直接。为此，本研究以耐Cd性不同的大麦基因型(萎缩不知，耐Cd基因型；东17，Cd敏感基因型)为材料，在成功建立分散均匀、稳定的胚性悬浮细胞系的基础上，较为系统地研究了Cd胁迫对大麦细胞抗氧化系统的影响及其基因型差异；并进一步探讨了饲喂Zn、Fe、GSH和SA对大麦细胞Cd毒害的缓解效应与基因型差异及其生理生化机制。此外，我们还培育了大麦(PC1163)和小麦(PC998)悬浮细胞系，并采用24孔板培养方法，研究了盐(NaCl处理)和干旱(PEG处理)胁迫对细胞生长和渗透调节物质脯氨酸含量的影响，并从基因表达水平探讨了大小麦耐渗透胁迫差异的机理。主要研究结果如下：
1．以直径约2 mm的幼胚为外植体，建立了萎缩不知和东17两个大麦基因型的稳定均质的悬浮细胞系，初步研究了大麦悬浮细胞的生长特性，探讨了不同水平Cd胁迫对细胞活力的影响及基因型差异。结果表明，大麦悬浮细胞的生长可以明显分为3个阶段：迟滞期(0-3 d)、指数生长期(4-8 d)、静止期(9-12 d)，由此进一步确定了大麦细胞的最佳继代周期为7-8 d。大麦悬浮培养液pH值的变化与细胞的生长阶段存在一定的相关性，pH值变化的基本趋势是先迅速下降，再缓慢上升，最后稍有下降。随着Cd处理时间的延长和浓度的加大，大麦细胞活力逐步下降，通过细胞活力及MDA含量两项指标的测定比较，我们确定了Cd胁迫浓度50μM，处理时间5 d，作为后继生理生化研究的试验处理条件。
2．研究了不同浓度Zn、Fe对Cd胁迫下大麦细胞活力和抗氧化酶活性的影响及基因型差异。结果表明，Cd胁迫会导致大麦细胞活力下降、MDA含量上升，敏感基因型东17细胞较耐性基因型萎缩不知细胞受害严重。50μM Cd胁迫下，耐性细胞系萎缩不知的SOD、POD活性显著增强，但CAT活性受到抑制。敏感细胞系东17的SOD、CAT活性在Cd处理1d后有所上升，但处理5d后，活性显著下降；而POD活性在整个处理时期内均显著高于对照。缺Zn处理和缺Fe处理显著降低了Cd胁迫下大麦细胞活力，并导致MDA含量剧烈升高；同时也使得SOD、POD、CAT活性急剧下降。而300μM Zn和500μM Fe在一定程度上缓解了Cd胁迫对大麦细胞造成的氧化损伤，诱导大麦细胞抗氧化酶活性(SOD、POD、CAT)较单独Cd处理上升，同时MDA含量有所下降。
3．探讨了外源GSH和SA对Cd胁迫下大麦细胞抗氧化系统的影响及基因型差异。结果表明，50μM Cd胁迫诱导耐性基因型萎缩不知大麦细胞APX、MDHAR活性显著提高，在处理中后期GR、DHAR活性也显著上升；而敏感基因型东17在50μMCd胁迫下仅MDHAR活性显著增强，至处理中后期尽管GR活性有所上升，但APX活性显著下降，且DHAR活性在整个处理时期内均受到抑制。尽管50μM Cd胁迫降低了两基因型大麦悬浮细胞GSH、AsA含量，并且细胞内GSH／GSSG、AsA／DHA比值亦较对照有所下降，但耐性较强的萎缩不知胞内的GSH、AsA含量及GSH／GSSG、AsA／DHA水平较东17高。外源GSH和SA降低了Cd胁迫对大麦细胞造成的氧化伤害，使得大麦细胞MDA含量较单独Cd处理有所下降，而细胞活力稍有上升。外源GSH显著提高了Cd胁迫下两基因型大麦细胞APX、MDHAR活性及内源GSH含量和GSH／GSSG比率；而外源添加SA显著提高了两个大麦细胞系GSH含量和GSH／GSSG比率，同时对萎缩不知大麦细胞SOD等抗氧化保护酶、AsA-GSH循环关键酶类以及AsA、AsA／DHA比率也有一定的促进作用。
4．以大麦(PC1163)和小麦(PC998)悬浮细胞系为试验材料，采用24孔板培养方法，探讨了盐和干旱胁迫对细胞生长和渗透调节物质脯氨酸含量的影响，并进一步从基因表达水平探讨了大小麦耐渗透胁迫差异的机理。结果表明，大麦(PC1163)和小麦(PC998)细胞对渗透胁迫的耐性存在差异，其中大麦悬浮细胞对渗透胁迫的耐性较强。100 mM NaCl处理24h后，小麦(PC998)悬浮细胞系中的活细胞量显著下降，而大麦细胞则无显著变化。脯氨酸是禾本科植物细胞中重要的渗透调节剂之一，大小麦细胞中脯氨酸含量的分析结果显示，小麦(PC998)细胞中的脯氨酸水平为大麦(PC1163)细胞的3倍。NaCl胁迫下，两种类型细胞的脯氨酸含量均随处理时间的增加而升高；而PEG处理后，细胞内脯氨酸水平的增幅较小。本试验以Tubulin为内参，通过半定量RT-PCR检测分析了渗透胁迫下脯氨酸生物合成关键基因(P5CS和P5CR)在转录水平上的变化。NaCl和PEG处理下，小麦(PC998)细胞P5CS和P5CR的转录水平随胁迫时间的变化趋势与其游离脯氨酸含量测定值的变化较为一致；但在大麦(PC1163)细胞中并未得到相同的结果，NaCl和PEG处理下，大麦(PC1163)细胞中PSCS和P5CR的转录水平无显著变化，但其脯氨酸含量却随处理时间的延长而上升。进一步分析结果发现，大麦(PC1163)细胞中P5CS和P5CR的转录水平较小麦(PC998)高，而大麦(PC1163)细胞中的脯氨酸含量却显著低于小麦(PC998)细胞。由此推测，大麦(PC1163)细胞中脯氨酸生物合成总体水平较高，但大麦细胞中的脯氨酸具有较高的流通能力。而大麦(PC1163)细胞醇溶蛋白4个同源基因的转录水平的检测结果也证实了这一点，游离脯氨酸参与合成B3-Hordein，在降低细胞内脯氨酸含量并维持脯氨酸动态平衡方面起了重要作用。
Cadmium, one of the most toxic heavy metals in the environment, is easily absorbedand accumulated in plants. Excess accumulation of cadmium can seriously inhibit plantgrowth and development, and reduce the quantity and quality of crops. Furthermore, theaccumulation of cadmium do harm to human's health via food chains. Therefore, it is quiteimportant to understand the underlying mechanism of cadmium toxicity to plants and theresponse of plants to cadmium, for improving the quality of crops and inhibiting theinvolvement of cadmium in food chains. Up to now, most researches use the whole plant tostudy the biological effects of cadmium on plants. And it is unclear that how plant cellsrespond to the stress of cadmium. Suspension cells are highly homogeneous and moresensitive to stresses. Therefore, here the well-diffused and stable suspension cell lines weresuccessfully constructed for the two barley genotypes differing in cadmium tolerance. Thebiological effects of cadmium stress on antioxidant system of barley cells and the genotypedifference were systemically investigated by employing the newly constructed suspensioncell lines. The physiological and biochemical mechanism of alleviation and genotypedifference of Cd-toxicity by application of zinc, iron, GSH (reduced glutathione) and SA(salicylic acid) were performed respectively. In addition, the suspension cell lines of barley(PC1163) and wheat (PC988) were constructed. With these cell lines, the influence of salt(NaCl treated) and desiccation (PEG treated) stresses on cell growth and cellular prolinecontent were investigated, and the underlying response mechanisms were explained basedon transcriptional changes with or without the stresses. The main results were summarizedas follows:
1. Stable and homogeneous suspension cell lines of two barley genotypes (Weisuobuzhiand Dong 17) were successfully constructed, and the growth characteristics of cell lineswere investigated. In addition, the effects of different cadmium levels on cell viability werealso tested. Three phases in the growth of the barley suspension cell lines were found,including the lag phase (0-3 d), logarithmic phase (4-8d) and stationary phase (9-12d), indicating the best subculture cycle of barley suspension cells is 7-8 days. The pH valuechanges of the cell lines depended on the growth phase: an acute decrease firstly, a slowincrease secondly, and a modest decrease finally. Cell viability decreased with the increaseof treating time and cadmium level. A treatment condition, 50μM cadmium for 5 days, wasfound suitable for performing a further investigation of physiological and biochemicalresponse of cell lines, by comparing the cell viability and MDA content.
2. Cell viability and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the two cell lines ofWeisuobuzhi and Dong17 under cadmium stress with addition of a serial concentration ofzinc or iron were investigated. It was found that cadmium stress induced a significant lossof cell viability and MDA accumulation. And the sensitive genotype Dong 17 was foundmore sensitive to the stress than the cadmium-tolerant cell line Weisuobuzhi. With the stressof 50μM cadmium, SOD and POD activities in tolerant line Weisuobuzhi were remarkablyinduced, but CAT activity was repressed significantly. SOD and CAT activities of thesensitive cells Dong 17 increased strongly after treated with cadmium for 1 day, butdecreased in 5 days after treatment. However, POD activity in the treated cells was higher,compared to the untreated control. With the cadmium treatment, the absence of zinc or ironnot only aggravated the loss of barley cell viability and the increase of cellular MDA, butalso reduced the activities of SOD, POD and CAT. Interestingly, either 300μM zinc or 500μM iron could relieve the oxidative damage of cadmium and improve the activities ofantioxidant enzymes and reduce the cellular MDA accumulation.
3. We investigated the effect of exogenous GSH or SA on antioxidant system of the twocell lines of Weisuobuzhi and Dong17 under cadmium stress. It was found that 50μMcadmium can induce the activities of APX and MDHAR in the tolerant strain Weisuobuzhiand also make the activities of GR and DHAR significantly increase in later phase aftertreatment. However, the same treatment only enhanced MDHAR activity in the sensitivestrain Dong 17. In the later phase after treatment, GR activity increased a bit but APXactivity significantly decreased, while DHAR activity was repressed in the whole period.Although 50μM cadmium reduced GSH and AsA contents in the both cell lines, the cellular GSH and AsA contents and GSH/GSSG and AsA/DHA ratios in cadmium tolerant cellswere found higher than that in the sensitive one. Both of GSH and SA could reduce thecadmium-induced oxidative damage and make a lower content of cellular MDA comparedto the single treatment of cadmium, and also increase the cell viability. The exocellularGSH improved APX and MDHAR activities and enhanced the cellular GSH content andGSH/GSSG ratio in both cell lines. Similarly, SA also increased the cellular GSH contentand GSH/GSSG ratio in both cell lines, and improved the activities of the antioxidantenzymes, enzymes involved in the AsA-GHS cycle and the cellular ASA content andAsA/HDA ratio in the cadmium-tolerant cell lines.
4. Here, the effect of salt (NaCl treated) and drought (PEG treated) stresses on cellgrowth and cellular proline content were investigated using the suspension cells of barley(PC1163) and wheat (PC988), and the underlying mechanisms of the difference in osmotictolerance between barley and wheat were also explained basing on transcriptional changes.It was found that the osmotic tolerance of barley cells was stronger than that of wheat cells.After 24 h treatment of 100mM NaCl, the cell viability of wheat (PC998) significantlydecreased but barley cells did not. Proline is one of most important osmotic regulators inGramineae. The proline content in wheat cells is nearly 3 times higher than that in barleycells. The cellular proline contents in both cell lines were enhanced with increasing timeunder NaCl stress, however, it did not changed significantly with the treatment of PEG.With the treatments of NaCl and PEG, the transcriptional changes of two key genes (P5CSand P5CR) involved in proline synthesis were measured by RT-PCR and found to becorrelated to the cellular proline content in wheat cell lines. However, the transcriptionallevels of both genes did not significantly change in barley cells, but the proline content wasenhanced with increasing time. Furthermore, we found that the transcriptional levels ofboth genes in barley cells were higher than these in wheat cells, but the cellular prolinecontent in barley cells was found obviously lower than that in wheat cells. These resultssuggested that the synthesis of cellular proline in barley is higher than that in wheat cellsand the cellular proline in barley maintains a high level of flux. The result was also confirmed by measuring the transcriptional levels of four hordein homologous genes in thebarley cells. Free proline participates in the synthesis of B3-Hordein, which plays a key rolein regulating the balance of the cellular proline.
1．以直径约2 mm的幼胚为外植体，建立了萎缩不知和东17两个大麦基因型的稳定均质的悬浮细胞系，初步研究了大麦悬浮细胞的生长特性，探讨了不同水平Cd胁迫对细胞活力的影响及基因型差异。结果表明，大麦悬浮细胞的生长可以明显分为3个阶段：迟滞期(0-3 d)、指数生长期(4-8 d)、静止期(9-12 d)，由此进一步确定了大麦细胞的最佳继代周期为7-8 d。大麦悬浮培养液pH值的变化与细胞的生长阶段存在一定的相关性，pH值变化的基本趋势是先迅速下降，再缓慢上升，最后稍有下降。随着Cd处理时间的延长和浓度的加大，大麦细胞活力逐步下降，通过细胞活力及MDA含量两项指标的测定比较，我们确定了Cd胁迫浓度50μM，处理时间5 d，作为后继生理生化研究的试验处理条件。
2．研究了不同浓度Zn、Fe对Cd胁迫下大麦细胞活力和抗氧化酶活性的影响及基因型差异。结果表明，Cd胁迫会导致大麦细胞活力下降、MDA含量上升，敏感基因型东17细胞较耐性基因型萎缩不知细胞受害严重。50μM Cd胁迫下，耐性细胞系萎缩不知的SOD、POD活性显著增强，但CAT活性受到抑制。敏感细胞系东17的SOD、CAT活性在Cd处理1d后有所上升，但处理5d后，活性显著下降；而POD活性在整个处理时期内均显著高于对照。缺Zn处理和缺Fe处理显著降低了Cd胁迫下大麦细胞活力，并导致MDA含量剧烈升高；同时也使得SOD、POD、CAT活性急剧下降。而300μM Zn和500μM Fe在一定程度上缓解了Cd胁迫对大麦细胞造成的氧化损伤，诱导大麦细胞抗氧化酶活性(SOD、POD、CAT)较单独Cd处理上升，同时MDA含量有所下降。
3．探讨了外源GSH和SA对Cd胁迫下大麦细胞抗氧化系统的影响及基因型差异。结果表明，50μM Cd胁迫诱导耐性基因型萎缩不知大麦细胞APX、MDHAR活性显著提高，在处理中后期GR、DHAR活性也显著上升；而敏感基因型东17在50μMCd胁迫下仅MDHAR活性显著增强，至处理中后期尽管GR活性有所上升，但APX活性显著下降，且DHAR活性在整个处理时期内均受到抑制。尽管50μM Cd胁迫降低了两基因型大麦悬浮细胞GSH、AsA含量，并且细胞内GSH／GSSG、AsA／DHA比值亦较对照有所下降，但耐性较强的萎缩不知胞内的GSH、AsA含量及GSH／GSSG、AsA／DHA水平较东17高。外源GSH和SA降低了Cd胁迫对大麦细胞造成的氧化伤害，使得大麦细胞MDA含量较单独Cd处理有所下降，而细胞活力稍有上升。外源GSH显著提高了Cd胁迫下两基因型大麦细胞APX、MDHAR活性及内源GSH含量和GSH／GSSG比率；而外源添加SA显著提高了两个大麦细胞系GSH含量和GSH／GSSG比率，同时对萎缩不知大麦细胞SOD等抗氧化保护酶、AsA-GSH循环关键酶类以及AsA、AsA／DHA比率也有一定的促进作用。
4．以大麦(PC1163)和小麦(PC998)悬浮细胞系为试验材料，采用24孔板培养方法，探讨了盐和干旱胁迫对细胞生长和渗透调节物质脯氨酸含量的影响，并进一步从基因表达水平探讨了大小麦耐渗透胁迫差异的机理。结果表明，大麦(PC1163)和小麦(PC998)细胞对渗透胁迫的耐性存在差异，其中大麦悬浮细胞对渗透胁迫的耐性较强。100 mM NaCl处理24h后，小麦(PC998)悬浮细胞系中的活细胞量显著下降，而大麦细胞则无显著变化。脯氨酸是禾本科植物细胞中重要的渗透调节剂之一，大小麦细胞中脯氨酸含量的分析结果显示，小麦(PC998)细胞中的脯氨酸水平为大麦(PC1163)细胞的3倍。NaCl胁迫下，两种类型细胞的脯氨酸含量均随处理时间的增加而升高；而PEG处理后，细胞内脯氨酸水平的增幅较小。本试验以Tubulin为内参，通过半定量RT-PCR检测分析了渗透胁迫下脯氨酸生物合成关键基因(P5CS和P5CR)在转录水平上的变化。NaCl和PEG处理下，小麦(PC998)细胞P5CS和P5CR的转录水平随胁迫时间的变化趋势与其游离脯氨酸含量测定值的变化较为一致；但在大麦(PC1163)细胞中并未得到相同的结果，NaCl和PEG处理下，大麦(PC1163)细胞中PSCS和P5CR的转录水平无显著变化，但其脯氨酸含量却随处理时间的延长而上升。进一步分析结果发现，大麦(PC1163)细胞中P5CS和P5CR的转录水平较小麦(PC998)高，而大麦(PC1163)细胞中的脯氨酸含量却显著低于小麦(PC998)细胞。由此推测，大麦(PC1163)细胞中脯氨酸生物合成总体水平较高，但大麦细胞中的脯氨酸具有较高的流通能力。而大麦(PC1163)细胞醇溶蛋白4个同源基因的转录水平的检测结果也证实了这一点，游离脯氨酸参与合成B3-Hordein，在降低细胞内脯氨酸含量并维持脯氨酸动态平衡方面起了重要作用。
Cadmium, one of the most toxic heavy metals in the environment, is easily absorbedand accumulated in plants. Excess accumulation of cadmium can seriously inhibit plantgrowth and development, and reduce the quantity and quality of crops. Furthermore, theaccumulation of cadmium do harm to human's health via food chains. Therefore, it is quiteimportant to understand the underlying mechanism of cadmium toxicity to plants and theresponse of plants to cadmium, for improving the quality of crops and inhibiting theinvolvement of cadmium in food chains. Up to now, most researches use the whole plant tostudy the biological effects of cadmium on plants. And it is unclear that how plant cellsrespond to the stress of cadmium. Suspension cells are highly homogeneous and moresensitive to stresses. Therefore, here the well-diffused and stable suspension cell lines weresuccessfully constructed for the two barley genotypes differing in cadmium tolerance. Thebiological effects of cadmium stress on antioxidant system of barley cells and the genotypedifference were systemically investigated by employing the newly constructed suspensioncell lines. The physiological and biochemical mechanism of alleviation and genotypedifference of Cd-toxicity by application of zinc, iron, GSH (reduced glutathione) and SA(salicylic acid) were performed respectively. In addition, the suspension cell lines of barley(PC1163) and wheat (PC988) were constructed. With these cell lines, the influence of salt(NaCl treated) and desiccation (PEG treated) stresses on cell growth and cellular prolinecontent were investigated, and the underlying response mechanisms were explained basedon transcriptional changes with or without the stresses. The main results were summarizedas follows:
1. Stable and homogeneous suspension cell lines of two barley genotypes (Weisuobuzhiand Dong 17) were successfully constructed, and the growth characteristics of cell lineswere investigated. In addition, the effects of different cadmium levels on cell viability werealso tested. Three phases in the growth of the barley suspension cell lines were found,including the lag phase (0-3 d), logarithmic phase (4-8d) and stationary phase (9-12d), indicating the best subculture cycle of barley suspension cells is 7-8 days. The pH valuechanges of the cell lines depended on the growth phase: an acute decrease firstly, a slowincrease secondly, and a modest decrease finally. Cell viability decreased with the increaseof treating time and cadmium level. A treatment condition, 50μM cadmium for 5 days, wasfound suitable for performing a further investigation of physiological and biochemicalresponse of cell lines, by comparing the cell viability and MDA content.
2. Cell viability and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the two cell lines ofWeisuobuzhi and Dong17 under cadmium stress with addition of a serial concentration ofzinc or iron were investigated. It was found that cadmium stress induced a significant lossof cell viability and MDA accumulation. And the sensitive genotype Dong 17 was foundmore sensitive to the stress than the cadmium-tolerant cell line Weisuobuzhi. With the stressof 50μM cadmium, SOD and POD activities in tolerant line Weisuobuzhi were remarkablyinduced, but CAT activity was repressed significantly. SOD and CAT activities of thesensitive cells Dong 17 increased strongly after treated with cadmium for 1 day, butdecreased in 5 days after treatment. However, POD activity in the treated cells was higher,compared to the untreated control. With the cadmium treatment, the absence of zinc or ironnot only aggravated the loss of barley cell viability and the increase of cellular MDA, butalso reduced the activities of SOD, POD and CAT. Interestingly, either 300μM zinc or 500μM iron could relieve the oxidative damage of cadmium and improve the activities ofantioxidant enzymes and reduce the cellular MDA accumulation.
3. We investigated the effect of exogenous GSH or SA on antioxidant system of the twocell lines of Weisuobuzhi and Dong17 under cadmium stress. It was found that 50μMcadmium can induce the activities of APX and MDHAR in the tolerant strain Weisuobuzhiand also make the activities of GR and DHAR significantly increase in later phase aftertreatment. However, the same treatment only enhanced MDHAR activity in the sensitivestrain Dong 17. In the later phase after treatment, GR activity increased a bit but APXactivity significantly decreased, while DHAR activity was repressed in the whole period.Although 50μM cadmium reduced GSH and AsA contents in the both cell lines, the cellular GSH and AsA contents and GSH/GSSG and AsA/DHA ratios in cadmium tolerant cellswere found higher than that in the sensitive one. Both of GSH and SA could reduce thecadmium-induced oxidative damage and make a lower content of cellular MDA comparedto the single treatment of cadmium, and also increase the cell viability. The exocellularGSH improved APX and MDHAR activities and enhanced the cellular GSH content andGSH/GSSG ratio in both cell lines. Similarly, SA also increased the cellular GSH contentand GSH/GSSG ratio in both cell lines, and improved the activities of the antioxidantenzymes, enzymes involved in the AsA-GHS cycle and the cellular ASA content andAsA/HDA ratio in the cadmium-tolerant cell lines.
4. Here, the effect of salt (NaCl treated) and drought (PEG treated) stresses on cellgrowth and cellular proline content were investigated using the suspension cells of barley(PC1163) and wheat (PC988), and the underlying mechanisms of the difference in osmotictolerance between barley and wheat were also explained basing on transcriptional changes.It was found that the osmotic tolerance of barley cells was stronger than that of wheat cells.After 24 h treatment of 100mM NaCl, the cell viability of wheat (PC998) significantlydecreased but barley cells did not. Proline is one of most important osmotic regulators inGramineae. The proline content in wheat cells is nearly 3 times higher than that in barleycells. The cellular proline contents in both cell lines were enhanced with increasing timeunder NaCl stress, however, it did not changed significantly with the treatment of PEG.With the treatments of NaCl and PEG, the transcriptional changes of two key genes (P5CSand P5CR) involved in proline synthesis were measured by RT-PCR and found to becorrelated to the cellular proline content in wheat cell lines. However, the transcriptionallevels of both genes did not significantly change in barley cells, but the proline content wasenhanced with increasing time. Furthermore, we found that the transcriptional levels ofboth genes in barley cells were higher than these in wheat cells, but the cellular prolinecontent in barley cells was found obviously lower than that in wheat cells. These resultssuggested that the synthesis of cellular proline in barley is higher than that in wheat cellsand the cellular proline in barley maintains a high level of flux. The result was also confirmed by measuring the transcriptional levels of four hordein homologous genes in thebarley cells. Free proline participates in the synthesis of B3-Hordein, which plays a key rolein regulating the balance of the cellular proline.
引文
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