“90后”大学生网络社交中信任关系的研究
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摘要
信任是个历久弥新的话题。白人类社会出现以来,信任问题就一直存在于人类的各种关系之中。随着社会历史的发展,信任的形式也随之发生变化。在不同的时代及历史条件下,由于社会交往的范围、规模及性质的不同,相应的也就出现了不同的信任形式。网络信任是伴随着网络社会的来临而出现的一种新信任形式,与现实社会中的信任同属于信任的范畴。
网络信任是网络社会所特有的重要社会议题之一,是维系持久、稳定在线人际关系的重要因素。虽然网络信任如空气般看不见、摸不着,但却是“数字化生存”的必需品,亦如水分、空气之于生命般重要。然而,网络信任却是一种易碎的“奢侈品”,不易获得,却极易破坏。鉴于此,本研究选取了网络情境下的人际信任作为研究主题,以“90后”大学生为例探讨在线人际关系中的信任问题及“数字化”环境中成长起来的青年一代的社会生活价值取向。研究围绕三个中心问题展开,分别是：网络信任的构成要素、建构过程及影响因素。据此,论文具体分为以下几部分：
首先,研究伊始即围绕网络信任的问题描述了国内外的研究现状,并反思了当前国内研究中存在的不足及未来的突破点。相对于百年的传统信任研究而言,网络信任还是个崭新的研究领域,少有学者涉足其中,值得借鉴的成熟研究相对不多。不过,网络信任与现实信任有着极大的相似之处,部分既有的信任理论依然适用于网络情境之下,可以作为本研究的参考。以史为鉴,可以更深层、系统的认识与思考网络信任问题。因此,在综述国内外已有的网络信任研究现状之前,本研究根据问题所界定的范围首先简述了社会学及心理学领域中的经典信任研究。厘清信任的既有研究,对于已有信任研究的把握有助于我们更好的理解网络信任议题,清晰分析网络信任中所涉及的相关问题。
其次,本研究在借鉴与修订舒尔茨“情境信任结构模型”研究基础之上,构建了“网络信任情境结构模型”,并详细剖析了模型中网络信任的四个构成要素信任——“谁信任谁”、“何种信任”、“何处信任”、“为何信任”。其中,“谁信任谁”分析的是网络信任关系的主体；“何种信任”指涉的是网络信任的种类及维度；“何处信任”涉及的是网络信任的发生情境,也即是网络信任关系的客体；“为何信任”论述的是主体建立网络信任的原因。网络信任的施信者与被信者都是有目的的行动者所创建出来的虚拟角色。因此,网络信任关系的建立绝非是网络社交双方头脑发热、一时冲动的结果,而是主体在网络情境中,在一定目的的驱使下经过深思熟虑做出的选择与判断。同时,不同的网络社交对象会对应于不同类型及不同维度的网络信任。
再次,本研究在访谈的基础上就网络信任的建构过程进行了探索性研究。研究发现：网络信任并不是先验性的存在于网络互动个体之间,而是网络社交发展到一定阶段的产物。在网络信任的建构过程中,信任双方之间的相互依赖性及与信任相随的风险是前提条件,而双方在互动过程中的相互熟悉则是网络信任得以建立的基础。网络信任大致经历了建立、维系与深化、破裂等发展阶段,有的甚至会发展为现实信任。网络信任的建构是网络社交双方多次博弈的结果,在这个过程中不断涉及双方的认知与判断。由于个体的差异性,网络信任每个发展阶段的转折点也因人而异。同时,在不同的网络社交阶段,网络信任的维度及程度相应表现出一定的差异性。
最后,在有关“网络信任建构过程”的实证调查基础之上,围绕“网络信任的构成要素”,聚焦于从理论层面探讨人、情境及媒介三种因素在网络信任建构中的不同影响作用。研究尝试以社会学家戈夫曼的“自我呈现”理论为研究视角,详细论述了施信者及被信者的角色形塑如何对网络信任的建构产生影响作用；以社会学、心理学等学科领域的相关理论为出发点,尝试分析了现实社会因素及网络情境因素对网络信任的影响作用并探讨了交流媒介的不同属性的影响作用。在上述论述过程中,本研究并未论述所有因素的影响作用,而是以具体因素分析其影响作用。
篇末概括了研究结论,指出了研究的创新点,及研究中存在的不足与未来研究方向。
Trust is a timeless topic. Trust issues have existed in a variety of human relationships since the human society appeared, and its forms have been changing with the development of social history. In different eras and under different historical conditions, there have always been many different forms of trust due to the different scopes, scales and natures of social interaction. Trust online is a new form of trust which appears along with the advent of the network society, and it belongs to the same trust category with the issue of trust in real society.
Trust online is not only one of the specific social issues in the network society, but also an important factor to maintain lasting, stable interpersonal relationships online. Trust online is like air which can't be seen or touched, but it is a necessity of Being Digital, which is as important as water and air to life. However, trust online is a fragile luxury, not easy to get, but easy to damage. In view of this, this study chooses interpersonal trust in the network context as the research topic, takes post-90college students for example to discuss the trust in the interpersonal relationships online, and explores the value orientation of the social life of the young generation growing up in digital environment. It contains three central issues-the elements, the constructing process and the influential factors of trust online. Accordingly, this paper is specifically divided into the following sections.
Firstly, at the beginning of the study, it describes the research status at home and abroad of trust online, and reflects on the deficiencies in the current domestic research and the breakthrough in the future. With respect to the centuries of traditional trust research, trust online is a new research field, few scholars have got involved, and there have been few mature studies worth learning. However, trust online is similar to trust in reality, so part of the existing trust theory is still applicable to the network scenario, and can be used as references for this study. Learning from history, we can understand and consider the issue of trust online more deeply and systematically. Therefore, according to the defined scope of trust issues, this study first briefly describes the classic trust research in the field of sociology and psychology before summarizing the existing domestic and international research status of trust online. Clarifying the established research will help us to understand the issues of trust online, and to analyze the related problems of trust online.
Secondly, it constructs a web-based trust model on the basis of Schultz's "situational trust framework model", and details the four elements of the trust model-"who to trust","what to trust","where to trust", and "why to trust"."Who to trust" analyzes the subject of the trust online relationship;"What to trust" refers to the types and dimensions of trust online;"Where to trust" involves the occurring situations of trust online--the object of the trust online relationship;"Why to trust" discusses the main reasons of creating trust online. Both the trustors and the trustees of trust online are the virtual characters created by the purposeful actors. Therefore, the establishment of the trust online relationship is certainly not a hot-headed, impulsive result, but is a careful choice and decision made by the subjects in the network scenarios. Meanwhile, different subjects create different types and different dimensions of trust online.
Thirdly, it explores the construction process of trust online on the basis of the interviews. It finds that trust online is not a priori existence of interaction between individuals in the network, but is the product of social interaction during a certain stage. In the construction process of trust online, the interdependence between actors and the attendant risks are the prerequisites of constructing trust online, while the acquaintanceship during the interaction is the basis of constructing trust online. Trust online goes through several processes as following:the establishing stage, the maintaining and deepening stage, the broken stage and so on. and some even can develop into real trust. The construction of trust online is the result of actors'multiple games, and it involves the recognition and judgment of the two sides in this process. The turning point of each stage varies from person to person due to individual differences. Meanwhile. in different stages of network interaction, the dimensions and the degrees of trust online accordingly exhibit certain differences.
Finally, on the basis of empirical investigation about "the construction process of trust online" and around "the elements of trust online", it focuses on exploring the effects of three factors (including the individuals, the circumstances and the media) in the construction of trust online from the theoretical level. It attempts to apply the sociologist Goffman's "self-presentation theory" to discuss how the virtual characters of trustors and trustees impact on the construction of trust online. Meanwhile, it tries to analyze the effects of the real social factors and the network situational factors on trust online from the perspective of the theories of sociology, psychology and other disciplines, and explores the effects of different properties of the communicative media. In the above discussion, it does not discuss the effects of all factors, but analyzes the roles of specific factors.
At the end of this paper, it summarizes the research conclusions, and points out the innovation of the study, the inadequacy of the research and the research directions in the future.
网络信任是网络社会所特有的重要社会议题之一,是维系持久、稳定在线人际关系的重要因素。虽然网络信任如空气般看不见、摸不着,但却是“数字化生存”的必需品,亦如水分、空气之于生命般重要。然而,网络信任却是一种易碎的“奢侈品”,不易获得,却极易破坏。鉴于此,本研究选取了网络情境下的人际信任作为研究主题,以“90后”大学生为例探讨在线人际关系中的信任问题及“数字化”环境中成长起来的青年一代的社会生活价值取向。研究围绕三个中心问题展开,分别是：网络信任的构成要素、建构过程及影响因素。据此,论文具体分为以下几部分：
首先,研究伊始即围绕网络信任的问题描述了国内外的研究现状,并反思了当前国内研究中存在的不足及未来的突破点。相对于百年的传统信任研究而言,网络信任还是个崭新的研究领域,少有学者涉足其中,值得借鉴的成熟研究相对不多。不过,网络信任与现实信任有着极大的相似之处,部分既有的信任理论依然适用于网络情境之下,可以作为本研究的参考。以史为鉴,可以更深层、系统的认识与思考网络信任问题。因此,在综述国内外已有的网络信任研究现状之前,本研究根据问题所界定的范围首先简述了社会学及心理学领域中的经典信任研究。厘清信任的既有研究,对于已有信任研究的把握有助于我们更好的理解网络信任议题,清晰分析网络信任中所涉及的相关问题。
其次,本研究在借鉴与修订舒尔茨“情境信任结构模型”研究基础之上,构建了“网络信任情境结构模型”,并详细剖析了模型中网络信任的四个构成要素信任——“谁信任谁”、“何种信任”、“何处信任”、“为何信任”。其中,“谁信任谁”分析的是网络信任关系的主体；“何种信任”指涉的是网络信任的种类及维度；“何处信任”涉及的是网络信任的发生情境,也即是网络信任关系的客体；“为何信任”论述的是主体建立网络信任的原因。网络信任的施信者与被信者都是有目的的行动者所创建出来的虚拟角色。因此,网络信任关系的建立绝非是网络社交双方头脑发热、一时冲动的结果,而是主体在网络情境中,在一定目的的驱使下经过深思熟虑做出的选择与判断。同时,不同的网络社交对象会对应于不同类型及不同维度的网络信任。
再次,本研究在访谈的基础上就网络信任的建构过程进行了探索性研究。研究发现：网络信任并不是先验性的存在于网络互动个体之间,而是网络社交发展到一定阶段的产物。在网络信任的建构过程中,信任双方之间的相互依赖性及与信任相随的风险是前提条件,而双方在互动过程中的相互熟悉则是网络信任得以建立的基础。网络信任大致经历了建立、维系与深化、破裂等发展阶段,有的甚至会发展为现实信任。网络信任的建构是网络社交双方多次博弈的结果,在这个过程中不断涉及双方的认知与判断。由于个体的差异性,网络信任每个发展阶段的转折点也因人而异。同时,在不同的网络社交阶段,网络信任的维度及程度相应表现出一定的差异性。
最后,在有关“网络信任建构过程”的实证调查基础之上,围绕“网络信任的构成要素”,聚焦于从理论层面探讨人、情境及媒介三种因素在网络信任建构中的不同影响作用。研究尝试以社会学家戈夫曼的“自我呈现”理论为研究视角,详细论述了施信者及被信者的角色形塑如何对网络信任的建构产生影响作用；以社会学、心理学等学科领域的相关理论为出发点,尝试分析了现实社会因素及网络情境因素对网络信任的影响作用并探讨了交流媒介的不同属性的影响作用。在上述论述过程中,本研究并未论述所有因素的影响作用,而是以具体因素分析其影响作用。
篇末概括了研究结论,指出了研究的创新点,及研究中存在的不足与未来研究方向。
Trust is a timeless topic. Trust issues have existed in a variety of human relationships since the human society appeared, and its forms have been changing with the development of social history. In different eras and under different historical conditions, there have always been many different forms of trust due to the different scopes, scales and natures of social interaction. Trust online is a new form of trust which appears along with the advent of the network society, and it belongs to the same trust category with the issue of trust in real society.
Trust online is not only one of the specific social issues in the network society, but also an important factor to maintain lasting, stable interpersonal relationships online. Trust online is like air which can't be seen or touched, but it is a necessity of Being Digital, which is as important as water and air to life. However, trust online is a fragile luxury, not easy to get, but easy to damage. In view of this, this study chooses interpersonal trust in the network context as the research topic, takes post-90college students for example to discuss the trust in the interpersonal relationships online, and explores the value orientation of the social life of the young generation growing up in digital environment. It contains three central issues-the elements, the constructing process and the influential factors of trust online. Accordingly, this paper is specifically divided into the following sections.
Firstly, at the beginning of the study, it describes the research status at home and abroad of trust online, and reflects on the deficiencies in the current domestic research and the breakthrough in the future. With respect to the centuries of traditional trust research, trust online is a new research field, few scholars have got involved, and there have been few mature studies worth learning. However, trust online is similar to trust in reality, so part of the existing trust theory is still applicable to the network scenario, and can be used as references for this study. Learning from history, we can understand and consider the issue of trust online more deeply and systematically. Therefore, according to the defined scope of trust issues, this study first briefly describes the classic trust research in the field of sociology and psychology before summarizing the existing domestic and international research status of trust online. Clarifying the established research will help us to understand the issues of trust online, and to analyze the related problems of trust online.
Secondly, it constructs a web-based trust model on the basis of Schultz's "situational trust framework model", and details the four elements of the trust model-"who to trust","what to trust","where to trust", and "why to trust"."Who to trust" analyzes the subject of the trust online relationship;"What to trust" refers to the types and dimensions of trust online;"Where to trust" involves the occurring situations of trust online--the object of the trust online relationship;"Why to trust" discusses the main reasons of creating trust online. Both the trustors and the trustees of trust online are the virtual characters created by the purposeful actors. Therefore, the establishment of the trust online relationship is certainly not a hot-headed, impulsive result, but is a careful choice and decision made by the subjects in the network scenarios. Meanwhile, different subjects create different types and different dimensions of trust online.
Thirdly, it explores the construction process of trust online on the basis of the interviews. It finds that trust online is not a priori existence of interaction between individuals in the network, but is the product of social interaction during a certain stage. In the construction process of trust online, the interdependence between actors and the attendant risks are the prerequisites of constructing trust online, while the acquaintanceship during the interaction is the basis of constructing trust online. Trust online goes through several processes as following:the establishing stage, the maintaining and deepening stage, the broken stage and so on. and some even can develop into real trust. The construction of trust online is the result of actors'multiple games, and it involves the recognition and judgment of the two sides in this process. The turning point of each stage varies from person to person due to individual differences. Meanwhile. in different stages of network interaction, the dimensions and the degrees of trust online accordingly exhibit certain differences.
Finally, on the basis of empirical investigation about "the construction process of trust online" and around "the elements of trust online", it focuses on exploring the effects of three factors (including the individuals, the circumstances and the media) in the construction of trust online from the theoretical level. It attempts to apply the sociologist Goffman's "self-presentation theory" to discuss how the virtual characters of trustors and trustees impact on the construction of trust online. Meanwhile, it tries to analyze the effects of the real social factors and the network situational factors on trust online from the perspective of the theories of sociology, psychology and other disciplines, and explores the effects of different properties of the communicative media. In the above discussion, it does not discuss the effects of all factors, but analyzes the roles of specific factors.
At the end of this paper, it summarizes the research conclusions, and points out the innovation of the study, the inadequacy of the research and the research directions in the future.
引文
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“自我分类”理论产生的直接理论背景是Tajfel的社会认同理论(Social Identity Theory),是后者在理论上的延仲。该理论是针对社会自我概念、去人格化的前提条件和结果等的一系列假设,是从社会认知的角度阐释个体主动将群体心理化后,集体现象与自我的社会认知和相位的联结过程。该理论认知过程的核心部分就是去人格化,去人格化的完成包括形成内群体分类和自我分类显著两个前提条件以及去人格化的结果及各种具体的群体现象。“自我分类”过程中受两个基本动机的引导：自我提升(Self-enhancement)和减少不确定性(Uncertainty Reduction)。这两个动机表明了群体力争既好又独特的倾向。“自我分类”理论与“社会认同”理论的最大区别在于：(一)、关注重点的转移。社会认同理论重点对没有群际冲突情况下的内群体偏见进行解释,核心心理假设具有认知动机性,即个体寻求自己群体与其他群体的积极区分,从而产生积极社会认同。自我分类理论关注的不仅仅是解释某一具体群体行为,而是聚焦于解释某一个心理群体,阐释自我和他人的认同水平及类型如何随人们的动机、价值、期望、背景知识等发生差异。(二)、个人认同与社会认同的关系问题是两个理论的认知基础。社会认同理论假设：个人认同与社会认同是一个连续体的两极,社会行为沿着从人际到群际的连续体发生变化。而自我分类理论将显著的个人认同和社会认同倾向于对自我知觉具有相反作用并分别产生人格化和去人格化这一观点保留下来。
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“自我分类”理论产生的直接理论背景是Tajfel的社会认同理论(Social Identity Theory),是后者在理论上的延仲。该理论是针对社会自我概念、去人格化的前提条件和结果等的一系列假设,是从社会认知的角度阐释个体主动将群体心理化后,集体现象与自我的社会认知和相位的联结过程。该理论认知过程的核心部分就是去人格化,去人格化的完成包括形成内群体分类和自我分类显著两个前提条件以及去人格化的结果及各种具体的群体现象。“自我分类”过程中受两个基本动机的引导：自我提升(Self-enhancement)和减少不确定性(Uncertainty Reduction)。这两个动机表明了群体力争既好又独特的倾向。“自我分类”理论与“社会认同”理论的最大区别在于：(一)、关注重点的转移。社会认同理论重点对没有群际冲突情况下的内群体偏见进行解释,核心心理假设具有认知动机性,即个体寻求自己群体与其他群体的积极区分,从而产生积极社会认同。自我分类理论关注的不仅仅是解释某一具体群体行为,而是聚焦于解释某一个心理群体,阐释自我和他人的认同水平及类型如何随人们的动机、价值、期望、背景知识等发生差异。(二)、个人认同与社会认同的关系问题是两个理论的认知基础。社会认同理论假设：个人认同与社会认同是一个连续体的两极,社会行为沿着从人际到群际的连续体发生变化。而自我分类理论将显著的个人认同和社会认同倾向于对自我知觉具有相反作用并分别产生人格化和去人格化这一观点保留下来。
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