脆性岩石与有机玻璃受力红外辐射特征的比较
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摘要
近年来的遥感岩石力学研究表明,岩石受力及灾变过程存在规律性的红外辐射效应,岩石破裂前存在红外异常前兆。为更好了解岩石受力的红外辐射特征、并进一步探索其物理机制,基于实验结果对脆性岩石和有机玻璃受力的红外辐射特征进行分析比较,发现:(1)有机玻璃在加载过程中表面的红外辐射强度呈整体上升趋势,而多数岩石在临破裂前热像出现条带状的分异现象,条带与岩石破裂位置吻合;(2)两种材料虽然在不同的应力阶段都存在不同的AIRT变化特征,但规律不同。有机玻璃随压力的上升呈现分阶段的直线上升,而岩石呈现多种变化形式,且在破裂前存在AIRT的异常变化前兆。对两种材料受力红外辐射的机制讨论认为,岩石加载过程的热效应包括热弹效应、气体逸出吸热效应以及微破裂的摩擦热效应,而有机玻璃存在热弹效应、热塑效应和热黏效应。两种材料热力耦合机制不同是导致受力红外辐射特征差异的根本原因。
The studies on remote sensing rock mechanics(RSRM) in recent years show that rock has regular features of infrared radiation(IR) when the rock is loaded,and the anomalous IR phenomena appear before rock fracture. In order to understand the IR feature of loaded rock and its physical mechanism,the IR features of rock under uniaxial compression are compared with those of polymethyl mechacrylate(PMMA) under similar conditions. The results show that:(1) during the whole loading process,the radiation intensity of PMMA increases symmetrically and no local anomaly appears in the thermal image,but the anomalous radiation appears frequently in the thermal image of rock before fracture,and it appears in strips and the location of strips corresponds to those of rock fractures;and (2) different stress stages show different IR features,but the IR patterns of two materials are different. The average IR radiation temperature(AIRT) of PMMA rises in the form of sectional line with the variation of stress state. However,AIRT variation curve of rock with time presents diverse forms,and the anomalous AIRT precursors appear before rock fracture. The mechanism of thermomechanical coupling is discussed and the result shows that the thermomechanical coupling effects of rock include thermoelastic effect,endothermic effect caused by gas escaping,and friction heat effect due to generation of a mass of cracks. Comparatively,PMMA has thermoelastic effect,thermoplastic and thermoviscous effects. The difference of thermomechanical coupling effect is the cause to result in IR feature difference between rock and PMMA.
The studies on remote sensing rock mechanics(RSRM) in recent years show that rock has regular features of infrared radiation(IR) when the rock is loaded,and the anomalous IR phenomena appear before rock fracture. In order to understand the IR feature of loaded rock and its physical mechanism,the IR features of rock under uniaxial compression are compared with those of polymethyl mechacrylate(PMMA) under similar conditions. The results show that:(1) during the whole loading process,the radiation intensity of PMMA increases symmetrically and no local anomaly appears in the thermal image,but the anomalous radiation appears frequently in the thermal image of rock before fracture,and it appears in strips and the location of strips corresponds to those of rock fractures;and (2) different stress stages show different IR features,but the IR patterns of two materials are different. The average IR radiation temperature(AIRT) of PMMA rises in the form of sectional line with the variation of stress state. However,AIRT variation curve of rock with time presents diverse forms,and the anomalous AIRT precursors appear before rock fracture. The mechanism of thermomechanical coupling is discussed and the result shows that the thermomechanical coupling effects of rock include thermoelastic effect,endothermic effect caused by gas escaping,and friction heat effect due to generation of a mass of cracks. Comparatively,PMMA has thermoelastic effect,thermoplastic and thermoviscous effects. The difference of thermomechanical coupling effect is the cause to result in IR feature difference between rock and PMMA.
引文
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[13]WU X,LIU S J.Precursors for rock fracturing and failure—part II:IRRT-Curve abnormalities[J].Int.J.Rock Mech.and Min.Sci.,2006,43(3):483493.
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[17]DULIEU-BARTON J M,STANLEY P.Application of thermoelastic stress analysis to composite materials[J].Strain,1999,35(2):4148.
[2]崔承禹,邓明德,耿乃光.在不同压力下岩石光谱辐射特征研究[J].科学通报,1993,38(6):538541.(CUI Chengyu,DENG Mingde,GENG Naiguang.Rock spectral radiation signatures under different pressures[J].Chinese Sci.Bull.,1993,38(6):538541.(in Chinese))
[3]耿乃光,于萍,邓明德,等.热红外震兆成因的模拟实验研究[J].地震,1998,18(1):8388.(GENG Naiguang,YU Ping,DENG Mingde,et al.The simulated experimental studies on cause of thermal infrared precursor of earthquake[J].Earthquake,1998,18(1):8388.(in Chinese))
[4]邓明德,耿乃光,崔承禹,等.岩石力学状态改变引起岩石热状态改变的研究[J].中国地震,1997,13(2):179185.(DENG Mingde,GENG Naiguang,CUI Chengyu,et al.Study on the variation of thermal state of rocks caused by the variation of stress state of rocks[J].Earthquake Research in China,1997,13(2):179185.(in Chinese))
[5]WU L X,WANG J Z.Infrared radiation features of coal and rocks under loading[J].Int.J.Rock Mech.and Min.Sci.,1998,35(7):969976.
[6]WU L X,CUI C Y,GENG N G,et al.Remote sensing rock mechanics(RSRM)and associated experimental studies[J].Int.J.Rock Mech.and Min.Sci.,2000,37(6):879888.
[7]董玉芬,王来贵,刘向峰,等.岩石变形过程中红外辐射的试验研究[J].岩土力学,2001,22(2):134137.(DONG Yufeng,WANG Laigui,LIU Xiangfeng,et al.Experimental research on the infrared radiation in the process of rock deformation[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2001,22(2):134137.(in Chinese))
[8]刘培洵,刘力强,陈顺云,等.地表岩石变形引起热红外辐射的实验研究[J].地震地质,2004,26(3):503511.(LIU Peixun,LIU Liqiang,CHEN Shunyun,et al.An experiment on the infrared radiation of surficial rocks during deformation[J].Seismology and Geology,2004,26(3):503511.(in Chinese))
[9]谭志宏,唐春安,朱万成,等.含缺陷花岗岩破坏过程中的红外热像试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(16):29772981.(TAN Zhihong,TANG Chun′an,ZHU Wancheng,et al.Experimental study on infrared thermal image for failure process of granite with fracture[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(16):29772981.(in Chinese))
[10]刘善军,吴立新,吴焕萍,等.多暗色矿物类岩石单轴加载过程中红外辐射定量研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(11):15851589.(LIU Shanjun,WU Lixin,WU Huanping,et al.Quantitative study on thermal infrared radiation of dark mineral rock in condition of uniaxial loading[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2002,21(11):15851589.(in Chinese))
[11]刘善军,吴立新,王川婴,等.遥感岩石力学(VIII)——论岩石破裂的热红外前兆[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(10):16211627.(LIU Shanjun,WU Lixin,WANG Chuanying,et al.Remote sensingrock mechanics(VIII)—TIR omens of rock fracturing[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(10):16211627.(in Chinese))
[12]WU L X,LIU S J.Precursors for rock fracturing and failure—part I:IRR image abnormalities[J].Int.J.Rock Mech.and Min.Sci.,2006,43(3):473482.
[13]WU X,LIU S J.Precursors for rock fracturing and failure—part II:IRRT-Curve abnormalities[J].Int.J.Rock Mech.and Min.Sci.,2006,43(3):483493.
[14]FREUND F.On the electrical conductivity structure of the stable continental crust[J].Journal of Geodynamics,2003,35(3):353388
[15]THOMSON W.On the dynamical theory of heat[J].TRANS.R.Soc.Edinburgh,1853,20:83261.
[16]OFFERMANN S,BEAUDOIN J L,BISSIEUX C.Thermoelastic stress analysis under nonadiabatic conditions[J].Experimental Mechanics,1997,37(4):409413.
[17]DULIEU-BARTON J M,STANLEY P.Application of thermoelastic stress analysis to composite materials[J].Strain,1999,35(2):4148.
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