混凝土轴心受拉声发射Kaiser效应试验研究
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摘要
通过对48个试件进行轴拉声发射试验,研究混凝土试件在往复循环拉伸加载条件下Kaiser效应的有效性及其应力范围,探讨混凝土材料中Kaiser效应与Felicity效应的关系,并就Kaiser效应的影响因素进行系统全面的分析。结果表明:混凝土在轴心受拉试验中存在明显的Kaiser效应,其存在的机理是混凝土材料损伤不可逆的结果。Kaiser效应存在的应力上限值约为极限抗拉强度的80%。Felicity比随着相对应力水平的提高而单调下降,当达到较高的应力水平后,Felicity比迅速下降,Kaiser效应衰退,出现Felicity效应。加载速率对混凝土轴拉声发射Kaiser效应基本没有影响;而加载制度、应力水平、卸载后放置的时间以及干湿条件等对混凝土轴拉声发射Kaiser效应产生较大的影响。研究结果为应用声发射技术探讨混凝土拉伸破坏机理奠定基础,同时也为Kaiser效应的工程实际应用提供参考。
Acoustic emission tests are conducted on 48 specimens under uniaxial tension loading. The existence of Kaiser effect and the corresponding stress range in the concrete specimens under uniaxial cyclic tension loading are studied. The relationship between the Kaiser effect and the Felicity effect is discussed. The factors that influence the Kaiser effect of the concrete specimens are systemically analyzed. It can be concluded that the existence of Kaiser effect in concrete under uniaxial tension loading is valid. This is the result of the irreversibility of concrete damage. The upper limit of stress level under which Kaiser effect exists is about 80% of the ultimate tensile strength. Felicity ratio decreases monotonically with the increase of stress. When the stress is near the upper limit of stress level, Felicity ratio decreases rapidly, Felicity effect appears and Kaiser effect disappears. The loading rate has no effect on Kaiser effect in concrete. However, the loading pattern, stress level, time delay and wet-dry condition have great effects on Kaiser effect in concrete. The results are useful for explaining the failure mechanism of concrete under uniaxial tension loading and provide a reference for the application of Kaiser effect in engineering practice.
Acoustic emission tests are conducted on 48 specimens under uniaxial tension loading. The existence of Kaiser effect and the corresponding stress range in the concrete specimens under uniaxial cyclic tension loading are studied. The relationship between the Kaiser effect and the Felicity effect is discussed. The factors that influence the Kaiser effect of the concrete specimens are systemically analyzed. It can be concluded that the existence of Kaiser effect in concrete under uniaxial tension loading is valid. This is the result of the irreversibility of concrete damage. The upper limit of stress level under which Kaiser effect exists is about 80% of the ultimate tensile strength. Felicity ratio decreases monotonically with the increase of stress. When the stress is near the upper limit of stress level, Felicity ratio decreases rapidly, Felicity effect appears and Kaiser effect disappears. The loading rate has no effect on Kaiser effect in concrete. However, the loading pattern, stress level, time delay and wet-dry condition have great effects on Kaiser effect in concrete. The results are useful for explaining the failure mechanism of concrete under uniaxial tension loading and provide a reference for the application of Kaiser effect in engineering practice.
引文
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[13]Michihiro K,Hata K,Yoshioka H,et al.Determination of the initial stresses on rock mass using acoustic emission method[J].Journal of Acoustic Emission,1991/1992,10(1-2):63-76
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[15]Lavrov A.The Kaiser effect in rocks:principles and stress estimation techniques[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics&Mining Sciences,2003,40(1):151-171
[2]樊运晓.岩石单轴压缩试验Kaiser效应实质的研究[J].现代地质,2000,14(1):95-99(Fan Yunxiao.Nature of Kaiser effect of rocks under uniaxial cyclic loading[J].Geoscience,2000,14(1):95-99(in Chinese))
[3]樊运晓.单轴压缩试验下裂纹闭合阶段岩石Kaiser效应的研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2001,20(6):793-796(Fan Yunxiao.Research on Kaiser effect during closing period of rock cracks under uniaxial loading[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2001,20(6):793-796(in Chinese))
[4]张晖辉,颜玉定,余怀忠,等.循环载荷下大试件岩石破坏声发射实验——岩石破坏前兆的研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(21):3621-3628(Zhang Huihui,Yan Yuding,Yu Huaizhong,et al.Acoustic emission experimental research on large-scaled rock failure under cycling load——fracture precursor of rock[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(21):3621-3628(in Chinese))
[5]陈颙,于小红,戴恒昌,等.加载历史对岩石声发射的影响——关于水库地震机理的讨论[J].地震地磁观测与研究,1985,(1):1-7(Chen Yu,Yu Xiaohong,Dai Hengchang,et al.The effect of loading history on the acoustic emission in rocks[J].Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research,1985,(1):1-7(in Chinese))
[6]邹银辉.煤岩声发射机理初探[J].矿业安全与环保,2004,31(1):31-33(Zou Yinhui.Preliminary study on coal and rock acoustic emission mechanism and relevant experiments[J].Mining Safety&Environment Protection,2004,31(1):31-33(in Chinese))
[7]李为杜,童寿兴.混凝土受力声发射特性[J].无损检测,1987,9(5):125-128(Li Weidu,Tong Shouxing.Acoustic emission characteristics of concrete under applied stress[J].Nondestructive Testing,1987,9(5):125-128(in Chinese))
[8]McCabe M W,Koerner R M,Lord Jr A E.Acoustic emission behavior of concrete laboratory specimens[J].Journal of the American Concrete Institute,1976,73(7):367-371
[9]Tam M T,Weng C C.Acoustic-emission Kaiser effect in fly-ash cement mortar under compression[J].Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,1995,7(4):212-217
[10]赵方芳.利用声发射技术研究高聚物粘结炸药的损伤与断裂特性[D].绵阳:中国工程物理研究院,2000:1-20(Zhao Fangfang.Study on damage and fracture mechanismof PBX by acoustic emission[D].Mianyang:China Academy of Engineering Physics,2000:1-20(in Chinese))
[11]Kranz R L.Crack growth and development during creep of Barre granite[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics&Mining Sciences,1979,16(1):23-35
[12]Lavrov A.Kaiser effect observation in brittle rock cyclically loaded with different loading rates[J].Mechanics of Materials,2001,33(11):669-677
[13]Michihiro K,Hata K,Yoshioka H,et al.Determination of the initial stresses on rock mass using acoustic emission method[J].Journal of Acoustic Emission,1991/1992,10(1-2):63-76
[14]Yoshikawa S,Mogi K.Experimental studies on the effect of stress history on acoustic emission activity——a possibility for estimation of rock stress[J].Journal of Acoustic Emission,1989,8(4):113-123
[15]Lavrov A.The Kaiser effect in rocks:principles and stress estimation techniques[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics&Mining Sciences,2003,40(1):151-171
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