数值分析方法在混凝土坝安全评估中的应用综述
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摘要
当前我国是世界水电建设的中心,面临的许多混凝土高坝安全评估问题均为世界级难题,数值分析是当前混凝土高坝安全评估的主要手段。本文从混凝土材料的本构关系、数值分析方法的进展、有限元方法在混凝土坝安全评估中的应用3个层次对研究现状进行了简要的总结和评述,讨论了混凝土断裂力学本构模型和损伤力学本构模型的研究进展,比较了连续数值方法和非连续数值方法在混凝土坝安全评估中的优劣势,最后对混凝土坝安全评估的研究方向进行了展望。
Today,China has become the centre of hydropower project construction in the world.The Chinese dam engineers are facing more and more safety evaluation problems in high dam construction,many of them are in world-class.Numerical analysis is the primary approach for safety assessment of concrete dams.The paper presents a brief review on the current research status from the perspectives of the constitutive relations of concrete,numerical analysis methods and the application of finite element method in safety assessment of concrete dams.Discussion on progress of studies on concrete fracture mechanics models and concrete damage mechanics models is also given.Continuous numerical methods applied in safety assessment of concrete dams are compared with non-continuous numerical methods.Finally,the direction of future research on safety assessment of concrete dams is prospected.
Today,China has become the centre of hydropower project construction in the world.The Chinese dam engineers are facing more and more safety evaluation problems in high dam construction,many of them are in world-class.Numerical analysis is the primary approach for safety assessment of concrete dams.The paper presents a brief review on the current research status from the perspectives of the constitutive relations of concrete,numerical analysis methods and the application of finite element method in safety assessment of concrete dams.Discussion on progress of studies on concrete fracture mechanics models and concrete damage mechanics models is also given.Continuous numerical methods applied in safety assessment of concrete dams are compared with non-continuous numerical methods.Finally,the direction of future research on safety assessment of concrete dams is prospected.
引文
[1]国家自然科学基金委员会工程与材料科学部.学科发展战略研究报告-水利科学与海洋工程[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.
[2]周元德.混凝土非线性断裂力学模型与高拱坝开裂分析研究[D].北京:清华大学,2004.
[3]Bazant Z P,Bhat P.Endochronic theory of inelasticity and failure of concrete[J].J.Eng.Mech.Division,ASCE,1976,102(EM4).
[4]Kaplan M F.Crack propagation and the fracture of concrete[J].A.C.I.J,1961,58:591-610.
[5]Frantziskonis G,Desai C S.Elastoplastic model with damage for strain softening geomaterials[J].Acta Mechanica,1987,68(3-4):151-170.
[6]Chen W F.Concrete plasticity:Macro-and microapproaches[J].International Journal of Mechanical Sciences,1993,35(12):1097-1109.
[7]Mazars J,Pijaudier-Cabot G.From Damage to fracture mechanics and conversely:a combined approach[J].Int.J.SolidsStructures,1996,33(20-22):3327-3342.
[8]Hillerborg A,ModeAer M,Petersson P E.Analysis of crack formation and crack growth in concrete by means of fracturemechanics and finite elements[J].Cement and Concrete Research,1976,6(6):773-782.
[9]Bazant Z P,Cedolin L.Finite element modeling of crack band propagation[J].Journal of Structrual Engineering,1983,109(1):69-92.
[10]Sundara Raja,Iyengar K T,Raviraj S,et al.Analysis of crack propagation in strain-softening beams[J].EngineeringFracture Mechanics,2002,69(6):761-778.
[11]Carpinteri A,Valente S V,Ferrara G,et al.Experimental and numerical fracture modeling of a gravity dam[C]//FractureMechanics of Concrete Structure.Elsevier Applied Science,1992:351-360.
[12]Bazant Z P,Ozbolt J.Nonlocal microplane model for fracture,damage,and size effect in structures[J].Journal ofEngineering Mechanics,ASCE,1990,116:2485-2505.
[13]Bazant Z P.Concrete fracture models:testing and practice[J].Engineering Fracture Mechanics,2002,69:165-205.
[14]Dougill J W.On stable progressively fracturing solids[J].J.Appl.Math.Phy.,1976,(27):423-437.
[15]杜荣强.混凝土静动弹塑性损伤模型及在大坝分析中的应用[D].大连:大连理工大学,2006.
[16]Krajcinovic D.Damage mechanics:accomplishments,trends,and needs[J].Int.J.Solids Struct.,2000,37:267-277.
[17]Mazars J.Mechanical damage and fracture of concrete structures.Advances in Fracture[M].New York:Pergamon Press,4,1982:1499-1506.
[18]Lorrain M,Loland K E.Damage theory applied to concrete[C]//Wittman F H:Fracture mechanics of concrete,1983:341-369.
[19]Tao Xiaoya,Phillips D V.A simplified isotropic damage model for concrete under bi-axial stress states[J].Cement andConcrete Composites,2005,27:716-726.
[20]Ma G,Hao H,Lu Y.Modelling damage potential of high-frequency ground motions[J].Earthquake Engng.Struct.Dyn.,2003,32:1483-1503.
[21]Faria R,Oliver J,Cervera M.Modeling material failure in concrete structures under cyclic actions[J].Journal ofStructural Engineering,2004,130(12):1997-2005.
[22]朱伯芳.混凝土坝安全评估的有限元全程仿真与强度递减法[J].水利水电技术,2007,38(1):1-5.
[23]Mechtcherine V,Muler H S.Fractological investigation on the fracture in concrete[C]//Proceeding of the FourthInternational Conference on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures.Cachan,France,2001:81-88.
[24]孙立国,杜成斌,戴春霞.大体积混凝土随机骨料数值模拟[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(3):291-295.
[25]马怀发,芈书贞,陈厚群.一种混凝土随机凸多边形骨料模型生成方法[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2006,4(3):196-201.
[26]马怀发,陈厚群,周永发,等.大坝混凝土试件三维细观力学并行计算研究[J].工程力学,2007,24(10):74-79.
[27]贾金生,朱伯芳.拱坝体形选择的专家系统[J].水利学报,1992(8):25-31.
[28]厉易生,范修其.瑞拱坝优化设计[J].水利水电技术,1985(8):5-10.
[29]厉易生,陈玉夫,杨波,等.江口椭圆拱坝优化设计[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2003,1(3):221-225.
[30]寇晓东,周维垣,杨若琼.三维快速拉格朗日法进行小湾拱坝稳定分析[J].水利学报,2000(9):8-14.
[31]Rizzo F J.An integral equation approach to boundary value problem of classical elastostatics[J].Q.Appl.Math.,1967,25(1):83-95.
[32]金峰.结构-地基动力相互作用的FE-BE-IBE耦合模型及拱坝地震反应研究[D].北京:清华大学,1992.
[33]李瓒,龙云霄.重力坝、拱坝基础岩体抗滑稳定分析中一些问题的探讨[J].水利学报,2000(8):39-45.
[34]Cundall P A.A computer model for simulating progressive large-scale movements in block rock systems[C]//Proc.Symp.Int.Soci.Rock Mech.,Nancy France,1971.
[35]崔玉柱.连续与非连续介质的数值模拟与拱坝-地基系统安全分析[D].北京:清华大学,2001.
[36]张冲.三维模态变形体离散元方法及拱坝-坝肩整体稳定分析[D].北京:清华大学,2006.
[37]Genhua Shi,Goodman R E.Two dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis[J].International Journal for Numericaland Analysis Methods in Geomechanics,1985,9(6):541-556.
[38]张国新,金峰.用DDA进行重力坝稳定安全分析[J].水力发电学报,2004(1):10-14.
[39]Shi G H.Manifold method of material analysis[C]//Transaction of the Ninth Army conference on applied mathematics andcomputing.Minneapolis Minnesota,USA,1991.
[40]王芝银,王思敬,杨志法.岩石大变形分析的流形方法[J].岩石力学与工程学报,1997,16(5):399-404.
[41]Sasaki T,Morikwa S,Ishii D,et al.Elastic-plasitc analysis of jointed rock models by manifold Method[C]//Proceedingsof 2nd International Conference Analysis of Discontinuous Deformation.Kyoto,1997:309-316.
[42]Zhang G X,Sugiuta Y,Hasegawa H.Crack propagation and thermal fracture analysis by Manifold Method[C]//Proceedings of 2nd International Conference Analysis of Discontinuous Deformation.Kyoto,1997:282-297.
[43]Martin Wieland,Sujan Malla.Investigating stress concentration[J].International Water Power and Dam Construction,2007(1):28-32.
[44]葛劭卿,张国新,喻建清.自重与初次蓄水对特高拱坝应力的影响[J].水力发电,2006,32(9):25-27.
[45]Espandar R,Lotfi V.Comparison of non-orthogonl smeared crack and plasticity models for dynamic analysis of concretearch dams[J].Computers and Structures,2003,81(14):1461-1474.
[46]周元德,陈观福,尹显俊,等.用工程类比法研究高拱坝坝踵开裂稳定性[J].水力发电学报,2002,76:19-26.
[47]强天驰,杨若琼,沈大利,等.小湾双曲拱坝稳定三维非线性有限元分析[J].云南水力发电,2000,16(1):68-71.
[48]郑璀莹.混凝土坝中各种接触面的数值模拟方法研究及工程应用[D].北京:中国水利水电科学研究院,2006.
[49]张有天.岩石水力学与工程[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2005.
[50]朱伯芳.混凝土坝的温度计算[J].中国水利,1956,(11):8-20,(12):48-60.
[51]张国新,谢敏,赵文光,等.特高拱坝温度应力仿真与温度控制的几个问题探讨[C]//水电2006国际研讨会论文集.2006:187-193.
[52]张国新.碾压混凝土坝的温度控制[J].水利水电技术,2007,38(6):41-46.
[53]朱伯芳.混凝土坝的数字监控[J].水利水电技术,2008(2):15-18.
[2]周元德.混凝土非线性断裂力学模型与高拱坝开裂分析研究[D].北京:清华大学,2004.
[3]Bazant Z P,Bhat P.Endochronic theory of inelasticity and failure of concrete[J].J.Eng.Mech.Division,ASCE,1976,102(EM4).
[4]Kaplan M F.Crack propagation and the fracture of concrete[J].A.C.I.J,1961,58:591-610.
[5]Frantziskonis G,Desai C S.Elastoplastic model with damage for strain softening geomaterials[J].Acta Mechanica,1987,68(3-4):151-170.
[6]Chen W F.Concrete plasticity:Macro-and microapproaches[J].International Journal of Mechanical Sciences,1993,35(12):1097-1109.
[7]Mazars J,Pijaudier-Cabot G.From Damage to fracture mechanics and conversely:a combined approach[J].Int.J.SolidsStructures,1996,33(20-22):3327-3342.
[8]Hillerborg A,ModeAer M,Petersson P E.Analysis of crack formation and crack growth in concrete by means of fracturemechanics and finite elements[J].Cement and Concrete Research,1976,6(6):773-782.
[9]Bazant Z P,Cedolin L.Finite element modeling of crack band propagation[J].Journal of Structrual Engineering,1983,109(1):69-92.
[10]Sundara Raja,Iyengar K T,Raviraj S,et al.Analysis of crack propagation in strain-softening beams[J].EngineeringFracture Mechanics,2002,69(6):761-778.
[11]Carpinteri A,Valente S V,Ferrara G,et al.Experimental and numerical fracture modeling of a gravity dam[C]//FractureMechanics of Concrete Structure.Elsevier Applied Science,1992:351-360.
[12]Bazant Z P,Ozbolt J.Nonlocal microplane model for fracture,damage,and size effect in structures[J].Journal ofEngineering Mechanics,ASCE,1990,116:2485-2505.
[13]Bazant Z P.Concrete fracture models:testing and practice[J].Engineering Fracture Mechanics,2002,69:165-205.
[14]Dougill J W.On stable progressively fracturing solids[J].J.Appl.Math.Phy.,1976,(27):423-437.
[15]杜荣强.混凝土静动弹塑性损伤模型及在大坝分析中的应用[D].大连:大连理工大学,2006.
[16]Krajcinovic D.Damage mechanics:accomplishments,trends,and needs[J].Int.J.Solids Struct.,2000,37:267-277.
[17]Mazars J.Mechanical damage and fracture of concrete structures.Advances in Fracture[M].New York:Pergamon Press,4,1982:1499-1506.
[18]Lorrain M,Loland K E.Damage theory applied to concrete[C]//Wittman F H:Fracture mechanics of concrete,1983:341-369.
[19]Tao Xiaoya,Phillips D V.A simplified isotropic damage model for concrete under bi-axial stress states[J].Cement andConcrete Composites,2005,27:716-726.
[20]Ma G,Hao H,Lu Y.Modelling damage potential of high-frequency ground motions[J].Earthquake Engng.Struct.Dyn.,2003,32:1483-1503.
[21]Faria R,Oliver J,Cervera M.Modeling material failure in concrete structures under cyclic actions[J].Journal ofStructural Engineering,2004,130(12):1997-2005.
[22]朱伯芳.混凝土坝安全评估的有限元全程仿真与强度递减法[J].水利水电技术,2007,38(1):1-5.
[23]Mechtcherine V,Muler H S.Fractological investigation on the fracture in concrete[C]//Proceeding of the FourthInternational Conference on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures.Cachan,France,2001:81-88.
[24]孙立国,杜成斌,戴春霞.大体积混凝土随机骨料数值模拟[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(3):291-295.
[25]马怀发,芈书贞,陈厚群.一种混凝土随机凸多边形骨料模型生成方法[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2006,4(3):196-201.
[26]马怀发,陈厚群,周永发,等.大坝混凝土试件三维细观力学并行计算研究[J].工程力学,2007,24(10):74-79.
[27]贾金生,朱伯芳.拱坝体形选择的专家系统[J].水利学报,1992(8):25-31.
[28]厉易生,范修其.瑞拱坝优化设计[J].水利水电技术,1985(8):5-10.
[29]厉易生,陈玉夫,杨波,等.江口椭圆拱坝优化设计[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2003,1(3):221-225.
[30]寇晓东,周维垣,杨若琼.三维快速拉格朗日法进行小湾拱坝稳定分析[J].水利学报,2000(9):8-14.
[31]Rizzo F J.An integral equation approach to boundary value problem of classical elastostatics[J].Q.Appl.Math.,1967,25(1):83-95.
[32]金峰.结构-地基动力相互作用的FE-BE-IBE耦合模型及拱坝地震反应研究[D].北京:清华大学,1992.
[33]李瓒,龙云霄.重力坝、拱坝基础岩体抗滑稳定分析中一些问题的探讨[J].水利学报,2000(8):39-45.
[34]Cundall P A.A computer model for simulating progressive large-scale movements in block rock systems[C]//Proc.Symp.Int.Soci.Rock Mech.,Nancy France,1971.
[35]崔玉柱.连续与非连续介质的数值模拟与拱坝-地基系统安全分析[D].北京:清华大学,2001.
[36]张冲.三维模态变形体离散元方法及拱坝-坝肩整体稳定分析[D].北京:清华大学,2006.
[37]Genhua Shi,Goodman R E.Two dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis[J].International Journal for Numericaland Analysis Methods in Geomechanics,1985,9(6):541-556.
[38]张国新,金峰.用DDA进行重力坝稳定安全分析[J].水力发电学报,2004(1):10-14.
[39]Shi G H.Manifold method of material analysis[C]//Transaction of the Ninth Army conference on applied mathematics andcomputing.Minneapolis Minnesota,USA,1991.
[40]王芝银,王思敬,杨志法.岩石大变形分析的流形方法[J].岩石力学与工程学报,1997,16(5):399-404.
[41]Sasaki T,Morikwa S,Ishii D,et al.Elastic-plasitc analysis of jointed rock models by manifold Method[C]//Proceedingsof 2nd International Conference Analysis of Discontinuous Deformation.Kyoto,1997:309-316.
[42]Zhang G X,Sugiuta Y,Hasegawa H.Crack propagation and thermal fracture analysis by Manifold Method[C]//Proceedings of 2nd International Conference Analysis of Discontinuous Deformation.Kyoto,1997:282-297.
[43]Martin Wieland,Sujan Malla.Investigating stress concentration[J].International Water Power and Dam Construction,2007(1):28-32.
[44]葛劭卿,张国新,喻建清.自重与初次蓄水对特高拱坝应力的影响[J].水力发电,2006,32(9):25-27.
[45]Espandar R,Lotfi V.Comparison of non-orthogonl smeared crack and plasticity models for dynamic analysis of concretearch dams[J].Computers and Structures,2003,81(14):1461-1474.
[46]周元德,陈观福,尹显俊,等.用工程类比法研究高拱坝坝踵开裂稳定性[J].水力发电学报,2002,76:19-26.
[47]强天驰,杨若琼,沈大利,等.小湾双曲拱坝稳定三维非线性有限元分析[J].云南水力发电,2000,16(1):68-71.
[48]郑璀莹.混凝土坝中各种接触面的数值模拟方法研究及工程应用[D].北京:中国水利水电科学研究院,2006.
[49]张有天.岩石水力学与工程[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2005.
[50]朱伯芳.混凝土坝的温度计算[J].中国水利,1956,(11):8-20,(12):48-60.
[51]张国新,谢敏,赵文光,等.特高拱坝温度应力仿真与温度控制的几个问题探讨[C]//水电2006国际研讨会论文集.2006:187-193.
[52]张国新.碾压混凝土坝的温度控制[J].水利水电技术,2007,38(6):41-46.
[53]朱伯芳.混凝土坝的数字监控[J].水利水电技术,2008(2):15-18.
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