云冈石窟立柱岩体长期强度研究
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摘要
基于分级加载单轴抗压蠕变试验,研究世界文化遗产云冈石窟9,10,12窟窟前立柱岩体的长期强度,并对其长期承载力学性能进行评价。研究结果表明:(1)云冈石窟9,10,12窟窟前立柱岩体的岩性主要为砂岩,岩性单一,结构面不发育,属整体块状岩体结构类型,工程地质条件良好。(2)立柱岩体中粗粒砂岩的长期强度低于中粒、中细粒砂岩的长期强度。其根本原因在于,中粗粒砂岩的胶结物类型是泥质胶结;其中含有微量的蒙脱石,在长期的风化过程中,与水作用后,易发生淋滤作用和溶蚀作用,次生裂隙相对较发育。(3)高含水量状态下,中粗粒砂岩的长期强度为20.22MPa,比其在低含水量状态下的长期强度降低44.31%。按云冈石窟立柱应力最大值出现在10窟西柱的上部(1.31MPa)计,中粗粒砂岩立柱岩体的安全系数为15.4。因此,9,10,12窟窟前立柱岩体的长期承载力学性能良好。建议尽快修复和搭建窟檐,避免雨水对石窟的冲刷,同时还能调节窟内温度与湿度,减轻风化剥蚀。计算9,10,12窟窟前立柱最大可以承载的窟檐质量,供有关建筑设计和文物保护部门参考。这些研究结果和建议对于云冈石窟的保护具有一定的指导意义。
Based on the uniaxial creep experiment with step-loading,the long term strength of pillar rockmass before grottoes No.9,10,20 at the world culture heritage Yungang Grottoes is studied and the long term mechanical properties is also evaluated.The results show that:(1) the pillar rockmass mainly composed of sandstones is with a good geological environment such as a single type of rock and good structure without developed joint.(2) the long term strength of the medium coarse-grained sandstones is lower than that of the medium-grained and medium fine-grained sandstones.The reasons for these are that the medium coarse-grained sandstone is argillaceous cementing and it contains montmorilonites which easily make reactions with water molecules resulting in the rockmass joints relatively developed.and(3) under condition of high moist content,the long term strength of the medium coarse-grained sandstones is about 20.22 MPa dropping 44.31% than that under condition of low moist content,and the safety stability factor of the pillar rockmass is 15.4 if the maximum stress numerical value(1.31 MPa) occurs on the upper of the western pillar of the grotto No.10.It is suggested that the rehabilitating should be implemented as soon as possible for the protection of the grottoes from the rain erosion and weathering.The maximum quality the pillar rockmass can bear can be a reference for related departments of architectural design and relics protection.The study results and suggest possess guiding significance for protecting Yungang Grottoes.
Based on the uniaxial creep experiment with step-loading,the long term strength of pillar rockmass before grottoes No.9,10,20 at the world culture heritage Yungang Grottoes is studied and the long term mechanical properties is also evaluated.The results show that:(1) the pillar rockmass mainly composed of sandstones is with a good geological environment such as a single type of rock and good structure without developed joint.(2) the long term strength of the medium coarse-grained sandstones is lower than that of the medium-grained and medium fine-grained sandstones.The reasons for these are that the medium coarse-grained sandstone is argillaceous cementing and it contains montmorilonites which easily make reactions with water molecules resulting in the rockmass joints relatively developed.and(3) under condition of high moist content,the long term strength of the medium coarse-grained sandstones is about 20.22 MPa dropping 44.31% than that under condition of low moist content,and the safety stability factor of the pillar rockmass is 15.4 if the maximum stress numerical value(1.31 MPa) occurs on the upper of the western pillar of the grotto No.10.It is suggested that the rehabilitating should be implemented as soon as possible for the protection of the grottoes from the rain erosion and weathering.The maximum quality the pillar rockmass can bear can be a reference for related departments of architectural design and relics protection.The study results and suggest possess guiding significance for protecting Yungang Grottoes.
引文
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[14]YANG X J.Study on influence of microstructure of clay rock on its shear strength[J].Journal of China University of Mining and Technology,2000,10(2):154-156.
[15]SYUNNAN S.黏土矿物学[M].严寿鹤,刘万,贾克实译.北京:地质出版社,1981.(SYUNNAN S.Clay Mineralogy[M].Translated by YAN Shouhe,LIU Wan,JIA Keshi.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1981.(in Chinese))
[16]GORIUM R E.黏土矿物学[M].许冀泉译.北京:地质出版社,1960.(GELIMU R E.Clay mineralogy[M].Translated by XU Jiquan.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1960.(in Chinese))
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[18]晏鄂川,方云.云冈石窟立柱岩体安全性定量评价[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(增2):5046-5049.(YAN Echuan,FANG Yun.Quantitative evaluation on the safety of the column rock masses at Yungang Grottoes[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(Supp.2):5046-5049.(in Chinese))
[2]牟会宠,杨志法,伍法权.石质文物保护的工程地质力学研究[M].北京:地震出版社,2000.(MOU Huichong,YANG Zhifa,WU Faquan.Geotechnical study of the protection of the rock relics[M].Beijing:Earthquake Press,2000.(in Chinese))
[3]建设综合勘察研究设计院.云冈石窟防水保护工程岩土勘察报告[R].北京:建设综合勘察研究设计院,2005.(China Institute of Geotechnical Investigation and Surveying.Geotechnical investigation report on the waterproof and protection engineering of the Yungang Grottoes[R].Beijing:China Institute of Geotechnical Investigation and Surveying,2005.(in Chinese))
[4]QU Y X,HUANG K Z,XU X L,et al.A study of powder substances on the surface of carved stones and its effect on weathering at Yungang Grottoes,Datong city,Shanxi provice,China[C]//Contributions to the28th International Geology Congress.[S.l.]:[s.n.],1989:273-282.
[5]孙钧.岩石流变力学及其工程应用研究的若干进展[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(6):1081-1106.(SUN Jun.Researsh progress in rheological behavior in theory and engineering practice[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(6):1081-1106.(in Chinese))
[6]张忠亭,罗居剑.分级加载下的岩石蠕变特性研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(2):218-222.(ZHANG Zhongting,LUO Jujian.Study on creep properties of rock under step load[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(2):218-222.(in Chinese))
[7]崔希海,付志亮.岩石流变特性及长期强度的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(5):1021-1024.(CUI Xihuai,FU Zhiliang.Experimental study on rheology properties and long-term strength of rocks[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2006,25(5):1021-1024.(in Chinese))
[8]高延法,范庆忠,崔希海.岩石流变及其扰动效应试验研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.(GAO Yanfa,FAN Qingzhong,CUI Xihai.The experimental research of the rheological behavior with disturbance ofrocks[M].Beijing:Science Press,2007.(in Chinese))
[9]何满潮,杨晓杰,孙晓明.中国煤矿软岩黏土矿物研究[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,2006.(HE Manchao,YANG Xiaojie,SUN Xiaoming.The clay minerals characteristics of softrock in China mines[M].Beijing:China Coal Industry Publishing House,2006.(in Chinese))
[10]赵杏媛,张有瑜.黏土矿物与黏土矿物分析[M].北京:海洋出版社,1990.(ZHAO Xingyuan,ZHANG Youyu.Clay minerals and clay minerals analysis[M].Beijing:Ocean Press,1990.(in Chinese))
[11]HALL P L.Clays:their significance,properties,origins and uses[C]//A Handbook of Determinative Methods in Clay Mineralogy.New York:Chapman and HalL,1987:111-120.
[12]张咸恭,王思敬,张倬元,等.中国工程地质学[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.(ZHANG Xiangong,WANG Sijing,ZHANG Zhuoyuan,et al.China engineering geology[M].Beijing:Science Press,2000.(in Chinese))
[13]刘春原,朱济祥,郭抗美.工程地质学[M].北京:中国建材工业出版社,2000.(LIU Chunyuan,ZHU Jixiang,GUO Kangmei.Engineering geology[M].Beijing:China Building Material Industry Publishing House,2000.(in Chinese))
[14]YANG X J.Study on influence of microstructure of clay rock on its shear strength[J].Journal of China University of Mining and Technology,2000,10(2):154-156.
[15]SYUNNAN S.黏土矿物学[M].严寿鹤,刘万,贾克实译.北京:地质出版社,1981.(SYUNNAN S.Clay Mineralogy[M].Translated by YAN Shouhe,LIU Wan,JIA Keshi.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1981.(in Chinese))
[16]GORIUM R E.黏土矿物学[M].许冀泉译.北京:地质出版社,1960.(GELIMU R E.Clay mineralogy[M].Translated by XU Jiquan.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1960.(in Chinese))
[17]晏鄂川,唐辉明.工程岩体稳定性评价与利用[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,2002.(YAN Echuan,TANG Huiming.The determination and the use of the stability of engineering rockmass[M].Wuhan:China University of Geosciences,2002.(in Chinese))
[18]晏鄂川,方云.云冈石窟立柱岩体安全性定量评价[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(增2):5046-5049.(YAN Echuan,FANG Yun.Quantitative evaluation on the safety of the column rock masses at Yungang Grottoes[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(Supp.2):5046-5049.(in Chinese))
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