基于小波变换时-能密度分析的爆破开挖过程中地应力动态卸载振动到达时刻识别
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摘要
初步研究结果表明,高地应力条件下隧洞爆破开挖过程中围岩振动是由爆炸荷载所诱发的振动和开挖轮廓面上的地应力动态卸载所诱发的振动叠加而成,但在实测的时域振动波形中,这2种荷载所分别诱发的振动并没有明确的分界点,这给地应力动态卸载研究带来很大不便,而确定此分界点是分离动态卸载振动的关键一步。将爆炸荷载和地应力动态卸载均看作振动激励源,那么它们都将使振动信号的能量产生突变,而小波变换的时–能密度法具有突出被分析信号能量突变的特点。利用这一原理,通过对比分析瀑布沟水电站地下厂房爆破过程中实测单段围岩振动波形的能量随时间的分布情况,有效识别地应力动态卸载振动到达的时刻。分析结果表明,地应力动态卸载所诱发的围岩振动滞后爆炸荷载所诱发的围岩振动数十毫秒,滞后时间的长短主要受爆破台阶高度或者炮孔深度和炮孔间距的控制,台阶高度或者炮孔深度越大,滞后时间越长。该工作为从实测波形中分离出动卸载振动打下了基础。
The primary study indicates that the vibration monitored in the process of blasting-excavation in high geostress zone is constituted of vibration induced by blasting load(VIB)and vibration induced by geostress dynamic unloading(VIDU).But the two components of the monitored vibration have no clearly dividing point at time.It′s very inconvenient to study the VIDU.Achieving the time-dividing point between VIB and VIDU is the first procedure for separating the VIDU from the total vibration of surrounding rock.The blasting load and the dynamic unloading of geostress can be taken as the excitation source of vibration signals,and both of them will make the signals jump at the very time when they take place.The time-energy density analysis(TEDA)based on the wavelet transform has the character of making the abrupt change of signal energy prominently.So,the TEDA method is used to analyze the energy distribution of total vibration versus time monitored during the blasting-excavation in Pubugou hydropower station with high geostress,and the arriving moment of the VIDU in every delay of total vibration is identified effectually.The analysis result reveals that the arriving time of VIDU falls behind the VIB about several tens of milliseconds,and the time delay is determined by the height of blast-bench,the borehole-depth and the borehole-space.The larger the stage-height or the borehole-depth is,the larger the delay time is.The researches lay down a good foundation for separating the VIDU from field vibration of surrounding rock during blasting.
The primary study indicates that the vibration monitored in the process of blasting-excavation in high geostress zone is constituted of vibration induced by blasting load(VIB)and vibration induced by geostress dynamic unloading(VIDU).But the two components of the monitored vibration have no clearly dividing point at time.It′s very inconvenient to study the VIDU.Achieving the time-dividing point between VIB and VIDU is the first procedure for separating the VIDU from the total vibration of surrounding rock.The blasting load and the dynamic unloading of geostress can be taken as the excitation source of vibration signals,and both of them will make the signals jump at the very time when they take place.The time-energy density analysis(TEDA)based on the wavelet transform has the character of making the abrupt change of signal energy prominently.So,the TEDA method is used to analyze the energy distribution of total vibration versus time monitored during the blasting-excavation in Pubugou hydropower station with high geostress,and the arriving moment of the VIDU in every delay of total vibration is identified effectually.The analysis result reveals that the arriving time of VIDU falls behind the VIB about several tens of milliseconds,and the time delay is determined by the height of blast-bench,the borehole-depth and the borehole-space.The larger the stage-height or the borehole-depth is,the larger the delay time is.The researches lay down a good foundation for separating the VIDU from field vibration of surrounding rock during blasting.
引文
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[6]LU W B,PENG Y,ZHOU C B.Dynamic response induced by the sudden unloading of initial stress during rock excavation by blasting[C]//Proceedings of the4th Asian Rock Mechanics Symposium.Singapore:World Scientific Publishing,2006.
[7]张正宇,张文煊,吴新霞,等.现代水利水电工程爆破[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2003.(ZHANG Zhenyu,ZHANG Wengxuan,WU Xinxia,et al.The engineering blasting on water resource and hydropower nowadays[M].Beijing:China Water Power Press,2003.(in Chinese))
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[9]徐则民,黄润秋,罗杏春,等.静荷载理论在岩爆研究中的局限性及岩爆岩石动力学机制的初步分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(8):1255–1262.(XU Zemin,HUANG Runqiu,LUO Xinchun,et al.Limitations of static load theory in rockburst research and preliminary analysis on dynamics mechanism of rockburst[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2003,22(8):1255–1262.(in Chinese))
[10]蔡德文.二滩地下厂房围岩的变形特征[J].水电站设计,2000,16(4):54–61.(CAI Dewen.The deformation characters of the surrounding rock of Ertan underground power house[J].Design of Hydroelectric Power Station,2000,16(4):54–61.(in Chinese))
[11]何军,于亚伦,梁文基.爆破振动信号的小波分析[J].岩土工程学报,1998,20(1):47–50.(HE Jun,YU Yalun,LIANG Wenji.Wavelet analysis for blasting seismic signals[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1998,20(1):47–50.(in Chinese))
[12]黄文华,徐全军,沈蔚.小波变换在判断爆破地震危害中的应用[J].工程爆破,2001,7(1):24–27.(HUANG Wenhua,XU Quanjun,SHEN Wei,et al.Application of wavelet transform in evaluation of blasting vibration damage[J].Engineering Blasting,2001,7(1):24–27.(in Chinese))
[13]凌同华,李夕兵.基于小波变换的时能分布确定微差爆破的实际延迟时间[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(13):2260–2270.(LING Tonghua,LI Xibing.Time-energy analysis based on wavelet transform for identifying real delay time in millisecond blasting[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(13):2260–2270.(in Chinese))
[14]邹云屏,李潇.信号变换与处理[M].武汉:华中理工大学出版社,1993:8–10.(ZOU Yunping,LI Xiao.The signals transform and disposal[M].Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press,1993:8–10.(in Chinese))
[15]胡昌华,张军波,夏军,等.基于Matlab的系统分析与设计小波分析[R].西安:西安电子科技大学,2000:6–266.(HU Changhua,ZHANG Junbo,XIA Jun,et al.The wavelet analysis to system analysis and design based on Matlab[R].Xi′an:Xidan University,2000:6–266.(in Chinese))
[16]苏鹏云.瀑布沟地下厂房优化设计和洞室群围岩稳定数值模拟分析[硕士学位论文][D].武汉:武汉大学,2004.(SU Pengyun.The design and optimization of Pubugou underground powerhouse,and numerical simulation and analyses of wall rock's stabilization[M.S.Thesis][D].Wuhan:Wuhan University,2004.(in Chinese))
[17]BROBERG K B.Constant velocity crack propagation dependence on remote load[J].International Journal of Solids and Structures,2002,39:6403–6410.
[18]米克利亚耶夫ПГ.断裂动力学[M].陈石卿译.北京:国防工业出版社,1984.(MIKLIYEFUПГ.Dynamic cracking mechanics[M].Translated by CHEN Shiqing.Beijing:National Defense Industry Press,1984.(in Chinese))
[19]李清,杨仁树,李均雷,等.爆炸荷载作用下动态裂纹扩展试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(16):2912–2916.(LI Qing,YANG Renshu,LI Junlei.Experimental study on propagation of dynamic cracks under blasting loading[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(16):2912–2916.(in Chinese))
[20]陈静曦.裂纹扩展速度监测分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,1998,17(4):425–428.(CHEN Jingxi.Monitoring analysis for the velocity of crack propagation[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,1998,17(4):425–428.(in Chinese))
[21]张志呈,肖正学,郭学彬,等.断裂控制爆破裂纹扩展的高速摄影试验研究[J].西南工学院学报,2001,16(2):53–57.(ZHANG Zhicheng,XIAO Zhengxue,GUO Xuebin,et al.Experiment study of high-speed photography of crack development in fracture control blasting[J].Journal of Southwest Institute of Technology,2001,16(2):53–57.(in Chinese))
[22]卢文波,陶振宇.爆生气体驱动的裂纹扩展速度研究[J].爆炸与冲击,1994,14(7):264–268.(LU Wenbo,TAO Zhengyu.Astudy of fracture propogation drived by gases of explosion products[J].Explosion and Shock Waves,1994,14(7):264–268.(in Chinese))
[23]FELICE J J,BEATTIE T A,SPATHIS A T.Face velocity measurements using a microwave radar technique[C]//Proceedings of the Conference on Explosives and Blasting Technique.[S.l.]:[s.n.],1991:71–77.
[24]PREECE D S,EVANS R,RICHARDS A B.Coupled explosive gas flow and rock motion modeling with comparison to bench blast field data[C]//Proceedings of the4th Int.Symp.Rock Fragmentation by Blasting.Vienna,Austria:[s.n.],1993:239–248.
[2]CARTER J P,BOOKER J R.Sudden excavation of a long circular tunnel in elastic ground[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts,1990,27(2):129–132.
[3]易长平,卢文波,许红涛,等.岩体开挖过程初始应力的动态卸荷效应研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(增1):4750–4754.(YI Changping,LU Wenbo,XU Hongtao,et al.The dynamic unloading effect study of initial stress field in excavation process of large-scale rock mass structure[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(Supp.1):4750–4754.(in Chinese))
[4]卢文波,陈明,严鹏,等.高地应力条件下隧洞开挖诱发围岩震动特性研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(增1):3329–3334.(LU Wenbo,CHEN Ming,YAN Peng,et al.Study on the characteristics of vibration induced by tunnel excavation under high in-situ stress[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(Supp.1):3329–3334.(in Chinese))
[5]严鹏,卢文波,许红涛.高地应力条件下隧洞开挖动态卸荷的破坏机制初探[J].爆炸与冲击,2007,27(3):283–288.(YAN peng,LU Wenbo,XU Hongtao.Primary study on damage mechanism of initial stress dynamic unloading when excavating under high geostress condition[J].Explosion and Shock Waves,2007,27(3):283–288.(in Chinese))
[6]LU W B,PENG Y,ZHOU C B.Dynamic response induced by the sudden unloading of initial stress during rock excavation by blasting[C]//Proceedings of the4th Asian Rock Mechanics Symposium.Singapore:World Scientific Publishing,2006.
[7]张正宇,张文煊,吴新霞,等.现代水利水电工程爆破[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2003.(ZHANG Zhenyu,ZHANG Wengxuan,WU Xinxia,et al.The engineering blasting on water resource and hydropower nowadays[M].Beijing:China Water Power Press,2003.(in Chinese))
[8]罗先启,舒茂修.岩爆的动力断裂判据——D判据[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1996,7(2):1–5.(LUO Xianqi,SHU Maoxiu.Dynamic fracture criterion of rock blasting—D criterion[J].TheChinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,1996,7(2):1–5.(in Chinese))
[9]徐则民,黄润秋,罗杏春,等.静荷载理论在岩爆研究中的局限性及岩爆岩石动力学机制的初步分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(8):1255–1262.(XU Zemin,HUANG Runqiu,LUO Xinchun,et al.Limitations of static load theory in rockburst research and preliminary analysis on dynamics mechanism of rockburst[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2003,22(8):1255–1262.(in Chinese))
[10]蔡德文.二滩地下厂房围岩的变形特征[J].水电站设计,2000,16(4):54–61.(CAI Dewen.The deformation characters of the surrounding rock of Ertan underground power house[J].Design of Hydroelectric Power Station,2000,16(4):54–61.(in Chinese))
[11]何军,于亚伦,梁文基.爆破振动信号的小波分析[J].岩土工程学报,1998,20(1):47–50.(HE Jun,YU Yalun,LIANG Wenji.Wavelet analysis for blasting seismic signals[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1998,20(1):47–50.(in Chinese))
[12]黄文华,徐全军,沈蔚.小波变换在判断爆破地震危害中的应用[J].工程爆破,2001,7(1):24–27.(HUANG Wenhua,XU Quanjun,SHEN Wei,et al.Application of wavelet transform in evaluation of blasting vibration damage[J].Engineering Blasting,2001,7(1):24–27.(in Chinese))
[13]凌同华,李夕兵.基于小波变换的时能分布确定微差爆破的实际延迟时间[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(13):2260–2270.(LING Tonghua,LI Xibing.Time-energy analysis based on wavelet transform for identifying real delay time in millisecond blasting[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(13):2260–2270.(in Chinese))
[14]邹云屏,李潇.信号变换与处理[M].武汉:华中理工大学出版社,1993:8–10.(ZOU Yunping,LI Xiao.The signals transform and disposal[M].Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press,1993:8–10.(in Chinese))
[15]胡昌华,张军波,夏军,等.基于Matlab的系统分析与设计小波分析[R].西安:西安电子科技大学,2000:6–266.(HU Changhua,ZHANG Junbo,XIA Jun,et al.The wavelet analysis to system analysis and design based on Matlab[R].Xi′an:Xidan University,2000:6–266.(in Chinese))
[16]苏鹏云.瀑布沟地下厂房优化设计和洞室群围岩稳定数值模拟分析[硕士学位论文][D].武汉:武汉大学,2004.(SU Pengyun.The design and optimization of Pubugou underground powerhouse,and numerical simulation and analyses of wall rock's stabilization[M.S.Thesis][D].Wuhan:Wuhan University,2004.(in Chinese))
[17]BROBERG K B.Constant velocity crack propagation dependence on remote load[J].International Journal of Solids and Structures,2002,39:6403–6410.
[18]米克利亚耶夫ПГ.断裂动力学[M].陈石卿译.北京:国防工业出版社,1984.(MIKLIYEFUПГ.Dynamic cracking mechanics[M].Translated by CHEN Shiqing.Beijing:National Defense Industry Press,1984.(in Chinese))
[19]李清,杨仁树,李均雷,等.爆炸荷载作用下动态裂纹扩展试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(16):2912–2916.(LI Qing,YANG Renshu,LI Junlei.Experimental study on propagation of dynamic cracks under blasting loading[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(16):2912–2916.(in Chinese))
[20]陈静曦.裂纹扩展速度监测分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,1998,17(4):425–428.(CHEN Jingxi.Monitoring analysis for the velocity of crack propagation[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,1998,17(4):425–428.(in Chinese))
[21]张志呈,肖正学,郭学彬,等.断裂控制爆破裂纹扩展的高速摄影试验研究[J].西南工学院学报,2001,16(2):53–57.(ZHANG Zhicheng,XIAO Zhengxue,GUO Xuebin,et al.Experiment study of high-speed photography of crack development in fracture control blasting[J].Journal of Southwest Institute of Technology,2001,16(2):53–57.(in Chinese))
[22]卢文波,陶振宇.爆生气体驱动的裂纹扩展速度研究[J].爆炸与冲击,1994,14(7):264–268.(LU Wenbo,TAO Zhengyu.Astudy of fracture propogation drived by gases of explosion products[J].Explosion and Shock Waves,1994,14(7):264–268.(in Chinese))
[23]FELICE J J,BEATTIE T A,SPATHIS A T.Face velocity measurements using a microwave radar technique[C]//Proceedings of the Conference on Explosives and Blasting Technique.[S.l.]:[s.n.],1991:71–77.
[24]PREECE D S,EVANS R,RICHARDS A B.Coupled explosive gas flow and rock motion modeling with comparison to bench blast field data[C]//Proceedings of the4th Int.Symp.Rock Fragmentation by Blasting.Vienna,Austria:[s.n.],1993:239–248.
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