2013年芦山地震滑坡空间分布分析——以太平镇东北方向的一个典型矩形区为例
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摘要
选择2013年芦山地震中受到强烈地震动的太平镇东北方向一个20km×10km的矩形区作为研究区,开展芦山地震滑坡空间分析工作。基于震后野外调查与高分辨率航片人工目视解译法,建立了研究区内地震滑坡空间分布图。结果表明,在研究区内芦山地震至少触发了688处滑坡,区域内滑坡点密度为3.44个/km2。统计了地震滑坡密度与地形因子、地层岩性、地震因子的关系。滑坡最易发高程为1600～1800m;滑坡密度大体随着坡度的增加而增加;E与SE方向是地震滑坡的易发坡向与高发坡向;凸坡的地震滑坡易发性最高。二叠系阳新组(Py)的灰岩与白云岩、元古界花岗岩(Pt)是地震滑坡的易发岩性。地震因子与滑坡密度的统计结果表明,大体上PGA值越大,地震烈度越高,地震滑坡越易发生;地震滑坡与距离双石-大川断裂的统计结果表明在双石-大川断裂的出露处地震滑坡密度未发生突变。因子的交互统计结果表明了坡度与PGA这2个因子作用于地震滑坡的独立性。
In this paper,a rectangle area of 20km × 10km at the northeast of Taiping Town,which suffered strong shaking during the April 20,2013 MS 7. 0 Lushan earthquake,was selected as the study area for spatial analyses of landslides triggered by the earthquake. Landslide distribution map of the study area was prepared based on quick field investigations and visual interpretation of high-resolutions aerial photographs. It is showed that at least 688 landslides were triggered by the Lushan earthquake and the landslide number density( LND) of the study area is 3. 44 landslides /km2 . Correlations of landslide number density with topographic,geologic and seismic parameters were analyzed based on the landslide inventory. The results show that the steeper the slopes,the greater the landslide number density values; the highest LND value appears at ranges from 1 600m to 1 800m in elevation. The landslides have preferred orientations,dominated by the east and SE directions. LND values of convex slopes are relatively higher. The limestone and dolomite of the Yangxin Group,Permian ( Py) and granitic rocks of Proterozoic( Pt) experienced more concentrated landslides. In general,the higher the PGA value and seismic intensity zone,the greater the LND value. Correlation of landslide number density with distance from the Shuangshi-Dachuan Fault shows that there was not sudden change of LND value near the fault. The factor interaction statistics show that the slope angle and PGA affect the occurrence of earthquake-triggered landslides independently.
In this paper,a rectangle area of 20km × 10km at the northeast of Taiping Town,which suffered strong shaking during the April 20,2013 MS 7. 0 Lushan earthquake,was selected as the study area for spatial analyses of landslides triggered by the earthquake. Landslide distribution map of the study area was prepared based on quick field investigations and visual interpretation of high-resolutions aerial photographs. It is showed that at least 688 landslides were triggered by the Lushan earthquake and the landslide number density( LND) of the study area is 3. 44 landslides /km2 . Correlations of landslide number density with topographic,geologic and seismic parameters were analyzed based on the landslide inventory. The results show that the steeper the slopes,the greater the landslide number density values; the highest LND value appears at ranges from 1 600m to 1 800m in elevation. The landslides have preferred orientations,dominated by the east and SE directions. LND values of convex slopes are relatively higher. The limestone and dolomite of the Yangxin Group,Permian ( Py) and granitic rocks of Proterozoic( Pt) experienced more concentrated landslides. In general,the higher the PGA value and seismic intensity zone,the greater the LND value. Correlation of landslide number density with distance from the Shuangshi-Dachuan Fault shows that there was not sudden change of LND value near the fault. The factor interaction statistics show that the slope angle and PGA affect the occurrence of earthquake-triggered landslides independently.
引文
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许冲,徐锡伟.2012a.俯冲带地区压扭断裂型地震触发滑坡及其剥蚀厚度空间分布规律分析[J].工程地质学报,20(5):732—744.XU Chong,XU Xi-wei.2012a.Spatial distribution of seismic landslides and their erosion thickness related with atranspressional fault caused earthquake of subduction zone[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,20(5):732—744(in Chinese).
许冲,徐锡伟.2012b.走滑断裂型地震诱发的滑坡在断裂两盘的空间分布差异[J].地质通报,31(4):532—540.XU Chong,XU Xi-wei.2012b.Spatial distribution difference of landslides triggered by slipping-fault type earthquake ontwo sides of the fault[J].Geological Bulletin of China,31(4):532—540(in Chinese).
许冲,徐锡伟,于贵华.2012a玉树地震滑坡分布调查及其特征与形成机制[J].地震地质,34(1):47—62.XU Chong,XU Xi-wei,YU Gui-hua.2012a.Study on the characteristics,mechanism,and spatial distribution of Yushuearthquake triggered landslides[J].Seismology and Geology,34(1):47—62(in Chinese).doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2012.01.006.
许冲,徐锡伟,于贵华,等.2012b.玉树地震滑坡影响因子敏感性分析[J].科技导报,30(1):18—24.XU Chong,XU Xi-wei,YU Gui-hua,et al.2012b.Susceptibility analysis of impact factors of landslides triggered byYushu earthquake[J].Science&Technology Review,30(1):18—24(in Chinese).
许冲,徐锡伟,郑文俊,等.2013a.四川省芦山“4·20”7.0级强烈地震触发滑坡研究[J].地震地质,待刊.XU Chong,XU Xi-wei,ZHENG Wen-jun,et al.2013a.Study on landslides triggered by the April20,2013Lushan,Sichuan Province MS7.0strong earthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,(in press)(in Chinese).
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许冲,徐锡伟,于贵华.2013c.基于证据权方法的玉树地震滑坡危险性评价[J].地震地质,35(1):151—164.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2013.01.013.XU Chong,XU Xi-wei,YU Gui-hua.2013c.The Yushu earthquake triggered landslide hazard evaluation based onweight of evidence method[J].Seismology and Geology,35(1):151—164(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,韩竹军,李传友,等.2013.四川芦山7.0级强震:一次典型的盲逆断层型地震[J].科学通报,待刊.XU Xi-wei,HAN Zhu-jun,LI Chuan-you,et al.2013.Lushan MS7.0earthquake:A blind reserve-fault earthquake[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,(in press)(in Chinese).
殷跃平,张永双,马寅生,等.2010.青海玉树MS7.1级地震地质灾害主要特征[J].工程地质学报,18(3):289—296.YIN Yue-ping,ZHANG Yong-shuang,MA Yin-sheng,et al.2010.Research on major characteristics of geohazardsinduced by the Yushu MS7.1earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,18(3):289—296(in Chinese).
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Dai F C,Xu C,Yao X,et al.2011.Spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the2008MS8.0Wenchuanearthquake,China[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,40(4):883—895.
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Gorum T,van Westen C J,Korup O,et al.2013.Complex rupture mechanism and topography control symmetry of mass-wasting pattern,2010Haiti earthquake[J].Geomorphology,184:127—138.
Guzzetti F,Mondini A C,Cardinali M,et al.2012.Landslide inventory maps:New tools for an old problem[J].Earth-Science Reviews,112(1-2):42—66.
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Parise M,Jibson R W.2000.A seismic landslide susceptibility rating of geologic units based on analysis ofcharacteristics of landslides triggered by the17January,1994Northridge,California earthquake[J].EngineeringGeology,58(3-4):251—270.
Qi S W,Xu Q,Lan H X,et al.2010.Spatial distribution analysis of landslides triggered by2008.5.12Wenchuanearthquake,China[J].Engineering Geology,116(1-2):95—108.
Sato H P,Hasegawa H,Fujiwara S,et al.2007.Interpretation of landslide distribution triggered by the2005NorthernPakistan earthquake using SPOT5imagery[J].Landslides,4(2):113—122.
USGS.2013.M6.6～52km WSW of Linqiong,China[EB/OL].http:∥earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usb000gcdd(last accessed May1,2013).
Wang W N,Wu H L,Nakamura H,et al.2003.Mass movements caused by recent tectonic activity:The1999Chi-Chiearthquake in central Taiwan[J].The Island Arc,12(4):325—334.
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国家地震局震害防御司.1995.中国历史强震目录(公元前23世纪—公元1911年)[M].北京.地震出版社.Disaster Prevention Department of National Seismological Bureau.1995.Catalog of Strong Historical Earthquake ofChina(23Century BC—1911AD)[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
黄润秋,李为乐.2008.“5.12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育分布规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,27(12):2585—2592.HUANG Run-qiu,LI Wei-le.2008.Research on development and distribution rules of geohazards induced by Wenchuanearthquake on12thMay,2008[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,27(12):2585—2592(inChinese).
许冲.2012.汶川地震滑坡详细编录及其与全球其他地震滑坡事件对比[J].科技导报,30(25):18—26.XU Chong.2012.Detailed inventory of landslides triggered by the2008Wenchuan.earthquake and its comparison withother earthquake events in the world[J].Science&Technology Review,30(25):18—26(in Chinese).
许冲,戴福初,徐锡伟.2010a.汶川地震滑坡灾害研究综述[J].地质论评,56(6):860—874.XU Chong,DAI Fu-chu,XU Xi-wei.2010a.Wenchuan earthquake induced landslides:An overview[J].GeologicalReview,56(6):860—874(in Chinese).
许冲,戴福初,姚鑫,等.2010b.汶川地震滑坡在2个典型区域内的分布研究[J].中国科学院研究生院学报,27(5):621—631.XU Chong,DAI Fu-chu,YAO Xin,et al.2010b.Study on the distribution of landslides triggered by the May12,2008Wenchuan earthquake in two square typical regions[J].Journal of the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy ofSciences,27(5):621—631(in Chinese).
许冲,戴福初,姚鑫,等.2010c.基于GIS的汶川地震滑坡灾害影响因子确定性系数分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,29(S1):2972—2981.XU Chong,DAI Fuchu,YAO Xin,et al.2010c.GIS based certainty factor analysis of landslide triggering factors inWenchuan earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,29(S1):2972—2981(inChinese).
许冲,徐锡伟.2012a.俯冲带地区压扭断裂型地震触发滑坡及其剥蚀厚度空间分布规律分析[J].工程地质学报,20(5):732—744.XU Chong,XU Xi-wei.2012a.Spatial distribution of seismic landslides and their erosion thickness related with atranspressional fault caused earthquake of subduction zone[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,20(5):732—744(in Chinese).
许冲,徐锡伟.2012b.走滑断裂型地震诱发的滑坡在断裂两盘的空间分布差异[J].地质通报,31(4):532—540.XU Chong,XU Xi-wei.2012b.Spatial distribution difference of landslides triggered by slipping-fault type earthquake ontwo sides of the fault[J].Geological Bulletin of China,31(4):532—540(in Chinese).
许冲,徐锡伟,于贵华.2012a玉树地震滑坡分布调查及其特征与形成机制[J].地震地质,34(1):47—62.XU Chong,XU Xi-wei,YU Gui-hua.2012a.Study on the characteristics,mechanism,and spatial distribution of Yushuearthquake triggered landslides[J].Seismology and Geology,34(1):47—62(in Chinese).doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2012.01.006.
许冲,徐锡伟,于贵华,等.2012b.玉树地震滑坡影响因子敏感性分析[J].科技导报,30(1):18—24.XU Chong,XU Xi-wei,YU Gui-hua,et al.2012b.Susceptibility analysis of impact factors of landslides triggered byYushu earthquake[J].Science&Technology Review,30(1):18—24(in Chinese).
许冲,徐锡伟,郑文俊,等.2013a.四川省芦山“4·20”7.0级强烈地震触发滑坡研究[J].地震地质,待刊.XU Chong,XU Xi-wei,ZHENG Wen-jun,et al.2013a.Study on landslides triggered by the April20,2013Lushan,Sichuan Province MS7.0strong earthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,(in press)(in Chinese).
许冲,徐锡伟,吴熙彦,等.2013b.2008年汶川地震滑坡详细编目及其空间分布规律分析[J].工程地质学报,21(1):1—20.XU Chong,XU Xi-wei,WU Xi-yan,et al.2013b.Detailed inventories of landslides triggered by the2008Wenchuanearthquake and their spatial distribution statistical analyses[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,21(1):1—20(in Chinese).
许冲,徐锡伟,于贵华.2013c.基于证据权方法的玉树地震滑坡危险性评价[J].地震地质,35(1):151—164.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2013.01.013.XU Chong,XU Xi-wei,YU Gui-hua.2013c.The Yushu earthquake triggered landslide hazard evaluation based onweight of evidence method[J].Seismology and Geology,35(1):151—164(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,韩竹军,李传友,等.2013.四川芦山7.0级强震:一次典型的盲逆断层型地震[J].科学通报,待刊.XU Xi-wei,HAN Zhu-jun,LI Chuan-you,et al.2013.Lushan MS7.0earthquake:A blind reserve-fault earthquake[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,(in press)(in Chinese).
殷跃平,张永双,马寅生,等.2010.青海玉树MS7.1级地震地质灾害主要特征[J].工程地质学报,18(3):289—296.YIN Yue-ping,ZHANG Yong-shuang,MA Yin-sheng,et al.2010.Research on major characteristics of geohazardsinduced by the Yushu MS7.1earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,18(3):289—296(in Chinese).
中国地震局震害防御司.1999.中国近代地震目录(公元1912年—1990年MS≥4.7)[M].北京.中国科学技术出版社.Disaster Prevention Department of China Earthquake Administration.1999.Catalog of Modern Earthquake of China(1912AD-1990AD)[M].China Science and Technology Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
Harp E L,Keefer D K,Sato H P,et al.2011.Landslide inventories:The essential part of seismic landslide hazardanalyses[J].Engineering Geology,122(1):9—21.
Dai F C,Xu C,Yao X,et al.2011.Spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the2008MS8.0Wenchuanearthquake,China[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,40(4):883—895.
Gorum T,Fan X M,van Westen C J,et al.2011.Distribution pattern of earthquake-induced landslides triggered by the12May2008Wenchuan earthquake[J].Geomorphology,133(3-4):152—167.
Gorum T,van Westen C J,Korup O,et al.2013.Complex rupture mechanism and topography control symmetry of mass-wasting pattern,2010Haiti earthquake[J].Geomorphology,184:127—138.
Guzzetti F,Mondini A C,Cardinali M,et al.2012.Landslide inventory maps:New tools for an old problem[J].Earth-Science Reviews,112(1-2):42—66.
Harp E L,Jibson R W.1996.Landslides triggered by the1994Northridge,California,earthquake[J].Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America,86(1B):S319—S332.
Keefer D K.1984.Landslides caused by earthquakes[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,95(4):406—421.
Keefer D K.2002.Investigating landslides caused by earthquakes-A historical review[J].Surveys in Geophysics,23(6):473—510.
Lee C T,Huang C C,Lee J F,et al.2008.Statistical approach to earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility[J].Engineering Geology,100(1-2):43—58.
Parise M,Jibson R W.2000.A seismic landslide susceptibility rating of geologic units based on analysis ofcharacteristics of landslides triggered by the17January,1994Northridge,California earthquake[J].EngineeringGeology,58(3-4):251—270.
Qi S W,Xu Q,Lan H X,et al.2010.Spatial distribution analysis of landslides triggered by2008.5.12Wenchuanearthquake,China[J].Engineering Geology,116(1-2):95—108.
Sato H P,Hasegawa H,Fujiwara S,et al.2007.Interpretation of landslide distribution triggered by the2005NorthernPakistan earthquake using SPOT5imagery[J].Landslides,4(2):113—122.
USGS.2013.M6.6～52km WSW of Linqiong,China[EB/OL].http:∥earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usb000gcdd(last accessed May1,2013).
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