地震电磁前兆的观测
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摘要
地震的电磁前兆现象越来越受到人们的关注,地震电磁观测技术也在不断地得到发展和改进,已经由被动的观测发展到主动的观测,由地面局部的观测扩展到空间卫星全球范围的观测。文中介绍当前国内外在地震电磁观测方面的研究进展和实例,展望了我国未来地震电磁观测技术的发展。
As seismo-electromagnetic phenomena have been studied intensively, the observation technology also has a great development. The observation method has been developed to activeness from passivity and the research field has been extended to space from ground. This paper mainly introduces the current domestic and foreign study on seismo-electromagnetic phenomena, and puts forward the basic thought for our future electromagnetic observations technology.
As seismo-electromagnetic phenomena have been studied intensively, the observation technology also has a great development. The observation method has been developed to activeness from passivity and the research field has been extended to space from ground. This paper mainly introduces the current domestic and foreign study on seismo-electromagnetic phenomena, and puts forward the basic thought for our future electromagnetic observations technology.
引文
[1]Hayakawa M.Atmospheric and ionospheric electromagnetic phenomena associated with earthquakes.Tokyo:TERRAPUB,1999:997
[2]Hayakawa M,Molchanov O A.Seismo-Electromagnetics:Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling.Toky-o:TERRAPUB,2002:477
[3]Fraser-Smith A C,Bernardi A,McGill P R,Ladd ME,Helliwell R A,Villard Jr.O G.Low-frequency mag-netic field measurements near the epicenter of theMS7.1Loma Prieta earthquake.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1990,17:1465-1468
[4]Bernardi A,Fraser-Smith A C,McGill P R,Villard Jr.O G.ULF magnetic field measurements near the epi-center of theMS7.1Loma Prieta earthquake.Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,1991,68:45-63
[5]Hayakawa M,Kawate R,Molchanov O A,Yumoto K.Results of ultra-low-frequency magnetic field measure-ments during the Guam earthquake of8August1993.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1996,23:241-244
[6]Gokhberg MB,Morgounov V A,Yoshino T,Tomizawa I.Experimental measurement of electromagnetic emis-sions possibly related to earthquakes in Japan.J.Geophys.Res.,1982,87:7824-7828
[7]Hayakawa M,Kawate R,Molchanov O A,Yumoto K.Results of ultra-low-frequency magnetic field measure-ments during the Guam earthquake of8August1993.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1996,23:241-244
[8]Molchanov O A,Hayakawa M.Subionospheric VLF signal perturbations possibly related to earthquakes.J.Geophys.Res.,1998,103:17489-17504
[9]Larkina V I,Nalivayko A V,Gershenzon N I,Gokhberg M B,Liperovsky V A and Shalimov S L.Observa-tions of VLF emission related with seismic activity on the Interkosmos-19satellites.Geomagn.Aeron.,1983,23:684-687
[10]Parrot M,Lefeuvre F.Statistical study of the propagation characteristics of ELF hiss observation on GEOS-1,inside and outside the pasmasphere.Ann.Geophysicae,1986,4:363
[11]Chmyrev V M,Isaev N V,Bilichenko S V,et al.Observation by space-borne detectors of electic fields and hydromagnetic waves in the ionosphere over an earthquake centre.Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,1989,57:110-114
[12]Serebryakova O N,Bdichenko S V,Chmyrev V M,et al.Electromagnetic ELF radiation from earthquake re-gions as observed by low-latitude satellite.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1992,19:19-94
[13]Molchanov O A,Kopytenko Y A,Voronov P M,Kopytenko E A,Matiashvili TG,Fraser-Smith AC,Bernardi A.Results of ULF magnetic field measurements near the epicenters of the Spitak(MS6.9)and Loma Prieta(MS7.1)earthquakes:Comparative analysis.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1992,19:1495-1498
[14]Hayakawa M,Itoh T,Hattori K,Yumoto K.ULF electromagnetic precursors for an earthquake at Biak,Indo-nesia on February17,1996.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2000,27:1531-1534
[15]Hattori K,Takahashi I,Yoshino C,et al.ULF geomagnetic field measurements in Japan and some recent re-sults associated with Iwateken Nairiku Hokubu earthquake in1998.Physics and Chemistry of the Earth.,2004,29:481-494
[16]Hayakawa M,Ohta K,Nickolaenko A P,et al.Anomalous effect in Schumann resonance phenomena observed in Japan,possibly associated with the Chi-chi earthquake in Taiwan.Annales Geophysicae,2005,23:1335-1346
[17]Nickolaenko A P,Hayakawa M,Sekiguchi M,et al.Model modifications in Schumann resonance intensity caused by a localized ionosphere disturbance over the earthquake epicenter Ann.Geophys.,2006,24:567-575
[18]Hayakawa M,Molchanov O A.Seismo-Electromagnetics:Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling.Toky-o:TERRAPUB,2002:477
[19]Hayakawa M,Molchanov O A,NASDA/UEC team.Achievements of NASDA’s Earthquake Remote Sensing Frontier Project.TAO,2004,15,NO.3:311-327
[20]Yoshida M,Yamauchi T,Horie T,et al.On the generation mechanism of terminator times in subionospheric VLF/LF propagation and its possible application to seismogenic effects.Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.Sci.,2008,8:129-134
[21]Masashi Hayakawa.VLF/LF Radio Sounding of Ionospheric Perturbations Associated with Earthquakes.Sen-sors,2007,7:1141-1158
[22]Yasuda Y,Ida Y,Goto T,Hayakawa M.Interferometric direction finding of over-horizon VHF transmitter sig-nals and natural VHF radio emissions possibly associated with earthquakes.Radio Sci.,doi:10.1029/2008RS003884,in press(2009)(accepted29December2008)
[23]Molchanov O,Rozhnoi A,Solovieva M,Akentieva O,Berthelier J J,Parrot M,Lefeuvre F,Biagi P F,Cas-tellana L and Hayakawa M.Global diagnostics of the ionospheric perturbations related to the seismic activity u-sing the VLF radio signals collected on the DEMETER satellite,Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.Sci.,2006,6:745-753
[24]Rozhnoi A,Molchanov O,Solovieva M,et al.Possible seismo-ionosphere perturbations revealed by VLF sig-nals collected on ground and on a satellite.Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.Sci.,2007,7:617-624
[25]Nemec F,Santolk O,Parrot M Berthelier J J.Spacecraft observations of electromagnetic perturbations con-nected with seismic activity.Geophys.Res.Lett.,VOL.35,L05109,doi:10.1029/2007GL032517,2008
[2]Hayakawa M,Molchanov O A.Seismo-Electromagnetics:Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling.Toky-o:TERRAPUB,2002:477
[3]Fraser-Smith A C,Bernardi A,McGill P R,Ladd ME,Helliwell R A,Villard Jr.O G.Low-frequency mag-netic field measurements near the epicenter of theMS7.1Loma Prieta earthquake.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1990,17:1465-1468
[4]Bernardi A,Fraser-Smith A C,McGill P R,Villard Jr.O G.ULF magnetic field measurements near the epi-center of theMS7.1Loma Prieta earthquake.Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,1991,68:45-63
[5]Hayakawa M,Kawate R,Molchanov O A,Yumoto K.Results of ultra-low-frequency magnetic field measure-ments during the Guam earthquake of8August1993.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1996,23:241-244
[6]Gokhberg MB,Morgounov V A,Yoshino T,Tomizawa I.Experimental measurement of electromagnetic emis-sions possibly related to earthquakes in Japan.J.Geophys.Res.,1982,87:7824-7828
[7]Hayakawa M,Kawate R,Molchanov O A,Yumoto K.Results of ultra-low-frequency magnetic field measure-ments during the Guam earthquake of8August1993.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1996,23:241-244
[8]Molchanov O A,Hayakawa M.Subionospheric VLF signal perturbations possibly related to earthquakes.J.Geophys.Res.,1998,103:17489-17504
[9]Larkina V I,Nalivayko A V,Gershenzon N I,Gokhberg M B,Liperovsky V A and Shalimov S L.Observa-tions of VLF emission related with seismic activity on the Interkosmos-19satellites.Geomagn.Aeron.,1983,23:684-687
[10]Parrot M,Lefeuvre F.Statistical study of the propagation characteristics of ELF hiss observation on GEOS-1,inside and outside the pasmasphere.Ann.Geophysicae,1986,4:363
[11]Chmyrev V M,Isaev N V,Bilichenko S V,et al.Observation by space-borne detectors of electic fields and hydromagnetic waves in the ionosphere over an earthquake centre.Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,1989,57:110-114
[12]Serebryakova O N,Bdichenko S V,Chmyrev V M,et al.Electromagnetic ELF radiation from earthquake re-gions as observed by low-latitude satellite.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1992,19:19-94
[13]Molchanov O A,Kopytenko Y A,Voronov P M,Kopytenko E A,Matiashvili TG,Fraser-Smith AC,Bernardi A.Results of ULF magnetic field measurements near the epicenters of the Spitak(MS6.9)and Loma Prieta(MS7.1)earthquakes:Comparative analysis.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1992,19:1495-1498
[14]Hayakawa M,Itoh T,Hattori K,Yumoto K.ULF electromagnetic precursors for an earthquake at Biak,Indo-nesia on February17,1996.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2000,27:1531-1534
[15]Hattori K,Takahashi I,Yoshino C,et al.ULF geomagnetic field measurements in Japan and some recent re-sults associated with Iwateken Nairiku Hokubu earthquake in1998.Physics and Chemistry of the Earth.,2004,29:481-494
[16]Hayakawa M,Ohta K,Nickolaenko A P,et al.Anomalous effect in Schumann resonance phenomena observed in Japan,possibly associated with the Chi-chi earthquake in Taiwan.Annales Geophysicae,2005,23:1335-1346
[17]Nickolaenko A P,Hayakawa M,Sekiguchi M,et al.Model modifications in Schumann resonance intensity caused by a localized ionosphere disturbance over the earthquake epicenter Ann.Geophys.,2006,24:567-575
[18]Hayakawa M,Molchanov O A.Seismo-Electromagnetics:Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling.Toky-o:TERRAPUB,2002:477
[19]Hayakawa M,Molchanov O A,NASDA/UEC team.Achievements of NASDA’s Earthquake Remote Sensing Frontier Project.TAO,2004,15,NO.3:311-327
[20]Yoshida M,Yamauchi T,Horie T,et al.On the generation mechanism of terminator times in subionospheric VLF/LF propagation and its possible application to seismogenic effects.Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.Sci.,2008,8:129-134
[21]Masashi Hayakawa.VLF/LF Radio Sounding of Ionospheric Perturbations Associated with Earthquakes.Sen-sors,2007,7:1141-1158
[22]Yasuda Y,Ida Y,Goto T,Hayakawa M.Interferometric direction finding of over-horizon VHF transmitter sig-nals and natural VHF radio emissions possibly associated with earthquakes.Radio Sci.,doi:10.1029/2008RS003884,in press(2009)(accepted29December2008)
[23]Molchanov O,Rozhnoi A,Solovieva M,Akentieva O,Berthelier J J,Parrot M,Lefeuvre F,Biagi P F,Cas-tellana L and Hayakawa M.Global diagnostics of the ionospheric perturbations related to the seismic activity u-sing the VLF radio signals collected on the DEMETER satellite,Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.Sci.,2006,6:745-753
[24]Rozhnoi A,Molchanov O,Solovieva M,et al.Possible seismo-ionosphere perturbations revealed by VLF sig-nals collected on ground and on a satellite.Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.Sci.,2007,7:617-624
[25]Nemec F,Santolk O,Parrot M Berthelier J J.Spacecraft observations of electromagnetic perturbations con-nected with seismic activity.Geophys.Res.Lett.,VOL.35,L05109,doi:10.1029/2007GL032517,2008
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