5.12汶川大地震损毁城镇的震害效应与重建选址问题
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摘要
汶川大地震严重损毁城镇的震害效应主要有断层错动效应、场地及地基效应、地形震动放大效应及地质灾害效应等类型。损毁城镇重建选址问题涉及地震断裂、地质灾害及社会民生、经济发展等诸方面因素,是一个复杂的系统工程问题。考虑问题的基本原则应是:对于位于地震断裂带上且地质环境恶化、存在严重地质灾害隐患的城镇,必须异地迁建;对于虽然损毁较严重、但远离断裂带且不存在致命地质灾害隐患的城镇,应按照"科学规划,规范避让,合理调整抗震设防标准"的原则,原址重建。重建选址还应重视地质灾害的隐蔽性、诱发因素的多重性与长期持续性等问题,加强地质环境的适宜性评价及地质灾害的风险性评估。
During Wenchuan earthquake,earthquake damage effects which severely damaged towns mainly include fault dislocation effect,site and foundation effect,amplification effect of ground motion and geological hazard effect.Site selection problem involves with complex factors,such as earthquake faults,geological hazards,national well-being and the people's livelihood,economic development,and so on.It is a complicated system engineering.The basic principle of solving the problems is described as follows.For the towns located in earthquake fault zones and deteriorative geological environment with severe hidden trouble of geological hazard,they must be moved to other places;for the town without severe hidden trouble of geological hazard,damaged seriously but far away from earthquake fault zones,they should be in-situ reconstruction according to the principles of "scientific planning,norms avoidance,reasonable adjustment to the aseismic standards".During reconstruction site selection,attention should be paid to potential geological hazards,multiplicity of inducing factors and long-term sustainability,and suitability evaluation on geological environment and risk assessment of geologic hazard should be strengthened.
During Wenchuan earthquake,earthquake damage effects which severely damaged towns mainly include fault dislocation effect,site and foundation effect,amplification effect of ground motion and geological hazard effect.Site selection problem involves with complex factors,such as earthquake faults,geological hazards,national well-being and the people's livelihood,economic development,and so on.It is a complicated system engineering.The basic principle of solving the problems is described as follows.For the towns located in earthquake fault zones and deteriorative geological environment with severe hidden trouble of geological hazard,they must be moved to other places;for the town without severe hidden trouble of geological hazard,damaged seriously but far away from earthquake fault zones,they should be in-situ reconstruction according to the principles of "scientific planning,norms avoidance,reasonable adjustment to the aseismic standards".During reconstruction site selection,attention should be paid to potential geological hazards,multiplicity of inducing factors and long-term sustainability,and suitability evaluation on geological environment and risk assessment of geologic hazard should be strengthened.
引文
[1]杨主恩,邓志辉,马文涛,等.汶川8.0级强震极震区破坏情况与烈度[J].地震地质,2008,30(2):349-354.(YANG Zhuen,DENG Zhihui,MA Wentao,et al.Some destruction and its seismic intensity in meizoseismal region of Wenchuan earthquake with magnitude8.0,Sichuan,China[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(2):349-354.(in Chinese))
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[5]徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.汶川MS8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):597-629.(XU Xiwei,WEN Xueze,YE Jianqing,et al.The MS8.0Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3):597-629.(in Chinese))
[6]周庆,徐锡伟,于贵华,等.汶川8.0级地震地表破裂带宽度调查[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):778-788.(ZHOU Qing,XU Xiwei,YU Guihua,et al.Investigation on widths of surface rupture zones of the M8.0Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan Province,China[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3):778-788.(in Chinese))
[7]刘启元,陈九辉,李顺成,等.汶川MS8.0地震:川西流动地震台阵观测数据的初步分析[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):584-596.(LIU Qiyuan,CHEN Jiuhui,LI Shuncheng,et al.The MS8.0Wenchuan earthquake:preliminary results from the Western Sichuan mobile seismic array observations[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3):584-596.(in Chinese))
[8]IDRISS I M,SEED H B.Response of earth banks during earthquakes[J].Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division,ASCE,1967,93(3):61-82.
[9]曾心传,秦小军.土层对地震的随机反应分析[J].地震工程与工程地震,1998,18(3):27-39.(ZENG Xinzhuan,QIN Xiaojun.Analysis of random response of soil layer to earthquake[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,1998,18(3):27-39.(in Chinese))
[10]IDRISS I M,SEED H B.Seismic response of horizontal soil layers[J].Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division,ASCE,1968,94(4):1003-1034.
[11]WIEGEL R L.Earthquake engineering[M].Englewood Cliffs,USA:Prentice Hall,1970.
[12]黄润秋,王士天,张倬元,等.中国西南地壳浅表层动力学过程及其工程环境效应研究[M].成都:四川大学出版社,2001.(HUANG Runqiu,WANG Shitian,ZHANG Zhuoyuan,et al.The dynamic process of earth′s superficial crust and its engineering environmental effects[M].Chengdu:Sichuan University Press,2001.(in Chinese))
[13]王士天.复杂环境中地质工程问题分析的理论与实践[M].成都:四川大学出版社,2002.(WANG Shitian.Theory and practice of geology engineering problem analysis in complicated environment[M].Chengdu:Sichuan University Press,2002.(in Chinese))
[14]李渝生,黄润秋.中国汶川特大地震损毁城镇恢复重建选址的工程地质评价[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):764-773.(LI Yusheng,HUANG Runqiu.Engineering geological assessments of reconstruction sites for cities and towns destroyed by Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(6):764-773.(in Chinese))
[2]李志强,袁一凡,李晓丽,等.对汶川地震宏观震中和极震区的认识[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):768-777.(LI Zhiqiang,YUAN Yifan,LI Xiaoli,et al.Some insights into the macro-epicenter and meizoseismal region of Wenchuan earthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3):768-777.(in Chinese))
[3]王钟琦,谢君斐,石兆吉.地震工程地质导论[M].北京:地震出版社,1983.(WANG Zhongqi,XIE Junfei,SHI Zhaoji.Introduction to seismic engineering geology[M].Beijing:Earthquake Press,1983.(in Chinese))
[4]张倬元,王士天,王兰生.工程地质分析原理[M].2版.北京:地质出版社,1994.(ZHANG Zhuoyuan,WANG Shitian,WANG Lansheng.Principles of engineering geology analysis[M].2nd ed.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1994.(in Chinese))
[5]徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.汶川MS8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):597-629.(XU Xiwei,WEN Xueze,YE Jianqing,et al.The MS8.0Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3):597-629.(in Chinese))
[6]周庆,徐锡伟,于贵华,等.汶川8.0级地震地表破裂带宽度调查[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):778-788.(ZHOU Qing,XU Xiwei,YU Guihua,et al.Investigation on widths of surface rupture zones of the M8.0Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan Province,China[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3):778-788.(in Chinese))
[7]刘启元,陈九辉,李顺成,等.汶川MS8.0地震:川西流动地震台阵观测数据的初步分析[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):584-596.(LIU Qiyuan,CHEN Jiuhui,LI Shuncheng,et al.The MS8.0Wenchuan earthquake:preliminary results from the Western Sichuan mobile seismic array observations[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3):584-596.(in Chinese))
[8]IDRISS I M,SEED H B.Response of earth banks during earthquakes[J].Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division,ASCE,1967,93(3):61-82.
[9]曾心传,秦小军.土层对地震的随机反应分析[J].地震工程与工程地震,1998,18(3):27-39.(ZENG Xinzhuan,QIN Xiaojun.Analysis of random response of soil layer to earthquake[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,1998,18(3):27-39.(in Chinese))
[10]IDRISS I M,SEED H B.Seismic response of horizontal soil layers[J].Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division,ASCE,1968,94(4):1003-1034.
[11]WIEGEL R L.Earthquake engineering[M].Englewood Cliffs,USA:Prentice Hall,1970.
[12]黄润秋,王士天,张倬元,等.中国西南地壳浅表层动力学过程及其工程环境效应研究[M].成都:四川大学出版社,2001.(HUANG Runqiu,WANG Shitian,ZHANG Zhuoyuan,et al.The dynamic process of earth′s superficial crust and its engineering environmental effects[M].Chengdu:Sichuan University Press,2001.(in Chinese))
[13]王士天.复杂环境中地质工程问题分析的理论与实践[M].成都:四川大学出版社,2002.(WANG Shitian.Theory and practice of geology engineering problem analysis in complicated environment[M].Chengdu:Sichuan University Press,2002.(in Chinese))
[14]李渝生,黄润秋.中国汶川特大地震损毁城镇恢复重建选址的工程地质评价[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):764-773.(LI Yusheng,HUANG Runqiu.Engineering geological assessments of reconstruction sites for cities and towns destroyed by Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(6):764-773.(in Chinese))
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