土石坝坝体和地基液化分析方法与评价
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摘要
对应用于土石坝坝体和地基的液化分析方法进行了评述,指出了在应用规范方法和动力反应分析法判断坝体和地基液化时应注意的问题。水工建筑物基础埋深和影响深度比较大,水利水电工程领域不采用上覆非液化土层厚度作为液化初判指标是合适的。采用相对含水率判别少黏性土的液化,对9度区以下(包括9度)区域是有效的,对于9度以上区域,则难以涵盖可能液化的土类。采用动力反应分析进行液化判别时,结果合理与否很大程度上取决于所采用的本构模型,以及本构模型参数的确定是否合理,且不同的分析方法对液化的评价标准不同,可能会得到不同的判别结果,需要进行综合判断。对于坝基覆盖层可能液化土体,由于受试验控制密度、级配和原位结构性等的影响,室内试验准确确定覆盖层静动力计算参数困难很大。此外,试样和试验结果的代表性也是人们关注的问题。因此,对于包括复杂深厚覆盖层地基的土石坝工程,建议同时采用多种方法,在比较分析的基础上综合确定其液化可能性。
This paper presents a discussion on the methods commonly used for liquefaction potential evaluation of dam foundation and embankment,and reveals some issues that need great attention in using these methods specified by the Codes of Engineering Geological Investigation of Water Resources and Hydropower(GB50487-2008) and the methods of dynamic response analysis.The buried depth of hydraulic structures and their influence depth are deep,and thus the thickness of overburden layer should not be taken as a preliminary index for soil liquefaction.Relative moisture content is an effective index for evaluation of soils liquefaction potential in the areas of seismic intensity not higher than 9 degree,while it can not be used for all types of soils in an area above 9 degree.If seismic response analysis is used for the evaluation,two issues should be noticed.(1) The validity of evaluation depends on the constitutive model and its parameters,and(2) a comprehensive judgment is needed as the methods that adopt different liquefaction criteria often lead to different results.Under the influence of density and gradation controls in tests and in-situ soil structure,an accurate determination of static and dynamic parameters of liquefiable soils in the overburden layers is very difficult.Besides,the representativeness of samples and their test results are also a serious issue.In liquefaction potential evaluation of the earth-rockfill dam with deep overburden layer,multiple approaches should be used with a great care.
This paper presents a discussion on the methods commonly used for liquefaction potential evaluation of dam foundation and embankment,and reveals some issues that need great attention in using these methods specified by the Codes of Engineering Geological Investigation of Water Resources and Hydropower(GB50487-2008) and the methods of dynamic response analysis.The buried depth of hydraulic structures and their influence depth are deep,and thus the thickness of overburden layer should not be taken as a preliminary index for soil liquefaction.Relative moisture content is an effective index for evaluation of soils liquefaction potential in the areas of seismic intensity not higher than 9 degree,while it can not be used for all types of soils in an area above 9 degree.If seismic response analysis is used for the evaluation,two issues should be noticed.(1) The validity of evaluation depends on the constitutive model and its parameters,and(2) a comprehensive judgment is needed as the methods that adopt different liquefaction criteria often lead to different results.Under the influence of density and gradation controls in tests and in-situ soil structure,an accurate determination of static and dynamic parameters of liquefiable soils in the overburden layers is very difficult.Besides,the representativeness of samples and their test results are also a serious issue.In liquefaction potential evaluation of the earth-rockfill dam with deep overburden layer,multiple approaches should be used with a great care.
引文
[1]《水利水电工程地质勘察规范》(GB50487-2008).Code for engineering geological investigation of water resources and hydropower(GB50487-2008).(in Chinese)
[2]《建筑抗震设计规范》(GB50011-2010).Code for seismic design of buildings(GB50011-2010).(in Chinese)
[3]Toshio lwasaki.Soil liquefaction studies in Japan:State-of-the-art,Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,1986,5(1).
[4]Ministry of Transport Japan(1999).Design standard for port and harbour facilities and commentaries,Japan Port and Harbour Association.(in Japanese)
[5]汪闻韶,黄锦德.中国水利震害资料汇编(1961-1985)[R].中国科学院水利电力部水利水电科学研究院抗震防护研究所.WANG Wenshao,HUANG Jinde.Earthquake damage documentation of water conservancy project in China(1961-1985)[R].Seismic Protection Department of Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research of Chinese Academy of Sciences andMinistry of Conservancy Power.(in Chinese)
[6]刘令瑶,李桂芬.密云水库大坝砂砾料振动液化试验研究[R].水利水电科学研究院,1978,6.LIU Lingyao,LI Guifen.Study on vibration liquifaction test of gravels of Miyun reservoir dam[R].Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research.1978,6.(in Chinese)
[7]俞培基等.红山水库主坝抗震稳定试验研究[R].水利水电科学研究院,1987,1.YU Peiji et al.Study on seismic stability of Hongshan reservoir dam[R].Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,1987,1.(in Chinese)
[8]郭锡荣等,瀑布沟工程坝基上、下游砂层透镜体液化可能性综合评价[R].水利水电科学研究院,1992,12.
[9]Farshad Amini and Zhenyang Duan.Centrifuge and numerical modeling of soil liquefyaction of soil liquefyaction at very large depth[C].//15th ASCE Engineering Mechanics Conference,2002,Columbia University,New York,NY:1～8.
[10]Gonzalez L,Abdoum T.Physical modeling and visualization of soil liquefaction under high confining stress[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2005,4(1):47～56.
[11]袁晓铭,曹振中,孙锐等.汶川8.0级地震液化特征初步研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(6):1288～1296.YUAN Xiaoming,CAO Zhenzhong,SUN Rui,et al.Preliminary research on liquefaction characteristics of Wenchuan8.0earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering.2009,28(6):1288～1296.(in Chinese)
[12]Yokel,F Y,et al.Liquefaction of sands during earthquake,the cyclic strain approach.[C]//Proceeding of the international symposium on soils under cyclic and transient loading,Swanesea,U.K.,1980,1:571～580.
[13]汪闻韶.关于饱和砂土液化机理和判别方法的某些探讨[C]//水利水电科学研究院科学研究论文集,第16集,北京:水利电力出版社,1984年1月:1～8.WANG Wenshao.Some discussion on liquefaction mechanism of saturated sand and methods for liquefaction potential evaluation[C].//Scientific Research Proceedings of Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research(Volume16).Beijing:Water Conservancy Power Press1984.1:1～8.(in Chinese)
[14]石兆吉.判别水平土层液化势的剪切波速法[J].水文地质工程地质,1986,(1):1～8.SHI Zhaoji.Liquefaction potential evaluation for level ground by shear wave velocity[J].Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,1986,(1):1～8.
[15]石兆吉,郁寿松,丰万玲.土壤液化势的剪切波速判别法[J].岩土工程学报,1993,(1).SHI Zhaoji,YU Shousong,FENG Wanling.Shear wave velocity method for soil liquefaction potential evaluateon[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1993,(1).
[16]丁伯阳,张树清,李藩文.适合西北地区的Vs波预测砂土液化势公式[C]//第三届全国土动力学学术会议论文集,上海:同济大学出版社,1990.DING Boyang,ZHANG Shuqing,LI Fanwen.Vs formula suitable for northwest areas for sand liquefaction potential prediction[C]//The third national conference on soil dynamics,Shanghai:The Publishing Company of Tongji University,1990.
[17]谢生荪.剪切波速判别饱和砂土和轻亚黏土液化[C]//第三届全国土动力学学术会议论文集,上海:同济大学出版社,1990.XIE Shengsun.Application of shear wave velocity in prediction of saturated sand and clayey soil liquefaction[C]//The third national conference on soil dynamics,Shanghai:The Publishing Company of Tongji University,1990.
[18]Andrus,R D,and Stokoe,K H,II.(2000).“Liquefaction resistance of soils from shear-wave velocity.”J.Geotech.and Geoenvir.Engrg.,ASCE,126(11),1015～1025.
[19]Youd T L,Idriss I M,Andrus,et al,Liquefaction resistance of soils:summary report.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,ASCE,2001,127(4):297～313.
[20]汪闻韶.土的液化机理[J].水利学报,1981,(5):22～24.WANG Wenshao.Soil liquefaction mechanism[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1981,(5):22～24.
[21]汪闻韶.水工建筑物抗震设计中的地基问题[C]//《汪闻韶院士土工问题论文选集》编委会.汪闻韶院士土工问题论文选集.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1999:30～45.WANG Wenshao.Soil foundation problems in seismic design of hydraulic structures[C]//WANG Wenshao’s Proceedings about geotechnical engineering.Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,1999:30～45.
[22]Bray,J D,Sancio,R B,Durgunoglu,H T,Onalp,A,Seed,R B,Stewart,J P,Youd,T L,Baturay,M L,Cetin,K O,Christensen,C,Karadayilar,T and Emrem,C(2001).“Ground Failure In Adapazari,Turkey.”Proceedings of Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering Satellite Conference of the XVth International Conference on Soil Mechanics&Geotechnical Engineering,Istanbul,Turkey,August24～25.
[23]Seed,H B,and Idriss,I M(1982).Ground motions and soil liquefaction during earthquakes,Earthquake Engineering Research Institute,Berkeley,CA,134pp.
[24]Andrews,D C,&Martin,G R(2000).Criteria for liquefaction of silty soils.12th World Conf.on Earthquake Engineering(p.Paper No.0312).Upper Hutt,New Zealand:NZ Soc.for EQ Engrg.
[25]Seed R B,Cetin K O,Moss R E,et al.Recent advances in soil liquefaction engineering:a unified and consistent framework[A].26th Annual ASCE Los Angeles Geotechnical Spring Seminar[C].Keynote Presentation,H M S Queen Mary,Long Beach,California,2003.1～71.
[26]Bray,J D,Sancio,R B,Durgunoglu,T,Onalp,A,Youd,T L,Stewart,J P,Seed,R B,Cetin,K O,Bol,E,Baturay,M B,and Christensen,C(2003).“Subsurface Characterization at Ground Failure Sites in Adapazari,Turkey.”Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,submitted.
[27]Bray,J D,&Sancio,R B(2006).Assessment of the liquefaction susceptibility of fine-grained soils.J.Geotech.Geoenviron.Eng.,132,1165～1177.
[28]Boulanger,R W,&Idriss,I M(2004).Evaluating the liquefaction or cyclic failure of silts and clays.Univ.of Calif.,Davis,Calif.,Center for Geotech.Modeling.
[29]Boulanger,R W,&Idriss,R W(2006).Liquefaction Susceptibility Criteria for Silts and Clays.J.of Geotech.and Geoenviron.Eng.,132:11,1413～1424.
[30]Sancio,R B(2003).“Ground Failure and Building Performance in Adapazari,Turkey”,Ph.D.Dissertation(in progress),supervised by Prof.J D Bray,University of California,Berkeley.
[31]Bray,J D,Sancio,R B,Riemer,M F,and Durgunoglu,T(2004).“Liquefaction susceptibility of fine-grained soils.”11th Int.Conf.on Soil Dynamics&Earthquake Engrg.&3rd Int.Conf.on Earthquake Geotechnical Engrg.,Stallion Press,pp655～662.
[2]《建筑抗震设计规范》(GB50011-2010).Code for seismic design of buildings(GB50011-2010).(in Chinese)
[3]Toshio lwasaki.Soil liquefaction studies in Japan:State-of-the-art,Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,1986,5(1).
[4]Ministry of Transport Japan(1999).Design standard for port and harbour facilities and commentaries,Japan Port and Harbour Association.(in Japanese)
[5]汪闻韶,黄锦德.中国水利震害资料汇编(1961-1985)[R].中国科学院水利电力部水利水电科学研究院抗震防护研究所.WANG Wenshao,HUANG Jinde.Earthquake damage documentation of water conservancy project in China(1961-1985)[R].Seismic Protection Department of Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research of Chinese Academy of Sciences andMinistry of Conservancy Power.(in Chinese)
[6]刘令瑶,李桂芬.密云水库大坝砂砾料振动液化试验研究[R].水利水电科学研究院,1978,6.LIU Lingyao,LI Guifen.Study on vibration liquifaction test of gravels of Miyun reservoir dam[R].Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research.1978,6.(in Chinese)
[7]俞培基等.红山水库主坝抗震稳定试验研究[R].水利水电科学研究院,1987,1.YU Peiji et al.Study on seismic stability of Hongshan reservoir dam[R].Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,1987,1.(in Chinese)
[8]郭锡荣等,瀑布沟工程坝基上、下游砂层透镜体液化可能性综合评价[R].水利水电科学研究院,1992,12.
[9]Farshad Amini and Zhenyang Duan.Centrifuge and numerical modeling of soil liquefyaction of soil liquefyaction at very large depth[C].//15th ASCE Engineering Mechanics Conference,2002,Columbia University,New York,NY:1～8.
[10]Gonzalez L,Abdoum T.Physical modeling and visualization of soil liquefaction under high confining stress[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2005,4(1):47～56.
[11]袁晓铭,曹振中,孙锐等.汶川8.0级地震液化特征初步研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(6):1288～1296.YUAN Xiaoming,CAO Zhenzhong,SUN Rui,et al.Preliminary research on liquefaction characteristics of Wenchuan8.0earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering.2009,28(6):1288～1296.(in Chinese)
[12]Yokel,F Y,et al.Liquefaction of sands during earthquake,the cyclic strain approach.[C]//Proceeding of the international symposium on soils under cyclic and transient loading,Swanesea,U.K.,1980,1:571～580.
[13]汪闻韶.关于饱和砂土液化机理和判别方法的某些探讨[C]//水利水电科学研究院科学研究论文集,第16集,北京:水利电力出版社,1984年1月:1～8.WANG Wenshao.Some discussion on liquefaction mechanism of saturated sand and methods for liquefaction potential evaluation[C].//Scientific Research Proceedings of Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research(Volume16).Beijing:Water Conservancy Power Press1984.1:1～8.(in Chinese)
[14]石兆吉.判别水平土层液化势的剪切波速法[J].水文地质工程地质,1986,(1):1～8.SHI Zhaoji.Liquefaction potential evaluation for level ground by shear wave velocity[J].Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,1986,(1):1～8.
[15]石兆吉,郁寿松,丰万玲.土壤液化势的剪切波速判别法[J].岩土工程学报,1993,(1).SHI Zhaoji,YU Shousong,FENG Wanling.Shear wave velocity method for soil liquefaction potential evaluateon[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1993,(1).
[16]丁伯阳,张树清,李藩文.适合西北地区的Vs波预测砂土液化势公式[C]//第三届全国土动力学学术会议论文集,上海:同济大学出版社,1990.DING Boyang,ZHANG Shuqing,LI Fanwen.Vs formula suitable for northwest areas for sand liquefaction potential prediction[C]//The third national conference on soil dynamics,Shanghai:The Publishing Company of Tongji University,1990.
[17]谢生荪.剪切波速判别饱和砂土和轻亚黏土液化[C]//第三届全国土动力学学术会议论文集,上海:同济大学出版社,1990.XIE Shengsun.Application of shear wave velocity in prediction of saturated sand and clayey soil liquefaction[C]//The third national conference on soil dynamics,Shanghai:The Publishing Company of Tongji University,1990.
[18]Andrus,R D,and Stokoe,K H,II.(2000).“Liquefaction resistance of soils from shear-wave velocity.”J.Geotech.and Geoenvir.Engrg.,ASCE,126(11),1015～1025.
[19]Youd T L,Idriss I M,Andrus,et al,Liquefaction resistance of soils:summary report.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,ASCE,2001,127(4):297～313.
[20]汪闻韶.土的液化机理[J].水利学报,1981,(5):22～24.WANG Wenshao.Soil liquefaction mechanism[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1981,(5):22～24.
[21]汪闻韶.水工建筑物抗震设计中的地基问题[C]//《汪闻韶院士土工问题论文选集》编委会.汪闻韶院士土工问题论文选集.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1999:30～45.WANG Wenshao.Soil foundation problems in seismic design of hydraulic structures[C]//WANG Wenshao’s Proceedings about geotechnical engineering.Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,1999:30～45.
[22]Bray,J D,Sancio,R B,Durgunoglu,H T,Onalp,A,Seed,R B,Stewart,J P,Youd,T L,Baturay,M L,Cetin,K O,Christensen,C,Karadayilar,T and Emrem,C(2001).“Ground Failure In Adapazari,Turkey.”Proceedings of Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering Satellite Conference of the XVth International Conference on Soil Mechanics&Geotechnical Engineering,Istanbul,Turkey,August24～25.
[23]Seed,H B,and Idriss,I M(1982).Ground motions and soil liquefaction during earthquakes,Earthquake Engineering Research Institute,Berkeley,CA,134pp.
[24]Andrews,D C,&Martin,G R(2000).Criteria for liquefaction of silty soils.12th World Conf.on Earthquake Engineering(p.Paper No.0312).Upper Hutt,New Zealand:NZ Soc.for EQ Engrg.
[25]Seed R B,Cetin K O,Moss R E,et al.Recent advances in soil liquefaction engineering:a unified and consistent framework[A].26th Annual ASCE Los Angeles Geotechnical Spring Seminar[C].Keynote Presentation,H M S Queen Mary,Long Beach,California,2003.1～71.
[26]Bray,J D,Sancio,R B,Durgunoglu,T,Onalp,A,Youd,T L,Stewart,J P,Seed,R B,Cetin,K O,Bol,E,Baturay,M B,and Christensen,C(2003).“Subsurface Characterization at Ground Failure Sites in Adapazari,Turkey.”Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,submitted.
[27]Bray,J D,&Sancio,R B(2006).Assessment of the liquefaction susceptibility of fine-grained soils.J.Geotech.Geoenviron.Eng.,132,1165～1177.
[28]Boulanger,R W,&Idriss,I M(2004).Evaluating the liquefaction or cyclic failure of silts and clays.Univ.of Calif.,Davis,Calif.,Center for Geotech.Modeling.
[29]Boulanger,R W,&Idriss,R W(2006).Liquefaction Susceptibility Criteria for Silts and Clays.J.of Geotech.and Geoenviron.Eng.,132:11,1413～1424.
[30]Sancio,R B(2003).“Ground Failure and Building Performance in Adapazari,Turkey”,Ph.D.Dissertation(in progress),supervised by Prof.J D Bray,University of California,Berkeley.
[31]Bray,J D,Sancio,R B,Riemer,M F,and Durgunoglu,T(2004).“Liquefaction susceptibility of fine-grained soils.”11th Int.Conf.on Soil Dynamics&Earthquake Engrg.&3rd Int.Conf.on Earthquake Geotechnical Engrg.,Stallion Press,pp655～662.
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