基于多目标规划的城市避难场所选址研究
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摘要
当城市发生重大事故灾害与突发事件时,有效地对人群进行疏散,使之撤离到相对安全的避难场所,是应急救援行动的核心技术问题,是解决城市公共安全问题必须首先面对的重大课题。充分考虑选址问题中的"公平"和"效率"原则,提出了城市避难场所选址的多目标规划模型,并利用建模优化软件LINGO(Linear Interactive and GeneralOptimizer)进行了求解,从而得出避难场所的最佳选址位置。最后,以天津市地震避难场所的选址为例,说明了多目标规划在城市避难场所选址中的应用过程。结果表明,这种方法可以满足选址规划需求,具有一定的现实意义。
With the development of economy and society, increasing people and properties are gathered in city.Emergency accidents and natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, storms, etc.) as well as the induced secondary disasters (fire, explosion, leakage of toxic substances, etc.) will bring tremendous losses.When major natural disasters or emergency accidents take place, the best way to reduce casualties and property losses is evacuating the population out of the dangerous areas in the shortest time.The ultimate purpose of evacuation plan is to enable people to escape from danger and reach a relatively safe place of refuge.Construction of emergency shelters is a measure for the international community to deal with emergency incidents. Planning and construction of emergency shelters in cities, especially in large cities and mega-cities is an important measure to reduce the casualties and losses.The selection of optimal urban shelter location was studied in this paper.By comprehensively considering the principles of "fairness" and "efficiency" in the location selection, the maximum coverage model and the p-median model were integrated in this study.Multi-objective urban shelter location planning model composed of two objective functions was proposed.The modeling was solved in optimization software LINGO (Linearnteractive and General Optimizer), and the optimal urban shelter locations were obtained. The model was later applied in the Tianjin earthquake shelter location planning, as an example to illustrate the multi-objective planning process of urban shelters.Six earthquake shelters which are not only able to cover all the population in the planning area, but also able to minimize the weighted total distance were obtained.The results showed that the proposed model can satisfy the planning requirement of urban shelter management.
With the development of economy and society, increasing people and properties are gathered in city.Emergency accidents and natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, storms, etc.) as well as the induced secondary disasters (fire, explosion, leakage of toxic substances, etc.) will bring tremendous losses.When major natural disasters or emergency accidents take place, the best way to reduce casualties and property losses is evacuating the population out of the dangerous areas in the shortest time.The ultimate purpose of evacuation plan is to enable people to escape from danger and reach a relatively safe place of refuge.Construction of emergency shelters is a measure for the international community to deal with emergency incidents. Planning and construction of emergency shelters in cities, especially in large cities and mega-cities is an important measure to reduce the casualties and losses.The selection of optimal urban shelter location was studied in this paper.By comprehensively considering the principles of "fairness" and "efficiency" in the location selection, the maximum coverage model and the p-median model were integrated in this study.Multi-objective urban shelter location planning model composed of two objective functions was proposed.The modeling was solved in optimization software LINGO (Linearnteractive and General Optimizer), and the optimal urban shelter locations were obtained. The model was later applied in the Tianjin earthquake shelter location planning, as an example to illustrate the multi-objective planning process of urban shelters.Six earthquake shelters which are not only able to cover all the population in the planning area, but also able to minimize the weighted total distance were obtained.The results showed that the proposed model can satisfy the planning requirement of urban shelter management.
引文
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[5] ZHOU Xiaomeng(周晓猛),LIU Mao(刘茂),WANG Yang(王阳).Emergency shelter amount confirm and location optimized[J].Journal of Safety and Environment(安全与环境学报),2006,6(S):118-121．
[6] Li Kaibing(李开兵),QIAN Hongbo(钱红波),LI Shuyan(李素艳).Priority-based optimal investment planning of refuge in cities[J].Journal of Natural Disasters(自然灾害学报),2007,16(5) :111-115．
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[9] HAREWOOD S.Emergency ambulance deployment in Barbados:a multi-objective approach[J].Journal of Operational Research Society,2002,53(2) :185-192．
[10] XIE Jinxing(谢金星),XUE Yi(薛毅).Optimization modeling with LINDO/LINGO software(优化建模与L1NDO/LINGO软件)[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2005:25-71．
[11] ZHANG Jing,WANG Li,LIU Mao.Permanent emergency shelter location-allocation based maximal covering model[C]//LI Shengcai,WANG Yajun,AN Ying,et al.Progress in safety science and technology:Vol Ⅶ.Beijing:Science Press,2008:455-460．
[12] BRANDEAU M L,CHIU S S.An overview of representative problems in location research[J].Management Science,1989(35) :645-674．
[13] PENG Rui(彭锐),LIU Jieyi(刘皆谊).The planning for evacuation area in Japan[J]New Architecture(新建筑),2009(2) :102-106．
[2] YAO Qinglin(姚清林).Urban calamity decrease layout[J].Urban Layout(城市规划),1995(3) :39-40．
[3] ZHOU Yafei,LIU Mao,ZHANG Dongli.Area-wide emergency evacuation under toxic gas leakage[C]//LI Shengcai,WANG Yajun,AN Ying,et al.Progress in safety science and technology:VolⅦBeijing: Science Press,2008:465-471．
[4] PAN Anping(潘安平).Study of typhoon shelter site planning based on genetic algorithm[J].Internet Fortune Theory Studies(网络财富理论探讨),2009(4) :216-217．
[5] ZHOU Xiaomeng(周晓猛),LIU Mao(刘茂),WANG Yang(王阳).Emergency shelter amount confirm and location optimized[J].Journal of Safety and Environment(安全与环境学报),2006,6(S):118-121．
[6] Li Kaibing(李开兵),QIAN Hongbo(钱红波),LI Shuyan(李素艳).Priority-based optimal investment planning of refuge in cities[J].Journal of Natural Disasters(自然灾害学报),2007,16(5) :111-115．
[7] CURRENT J,MIN H,SCHILLING D.Multi-objective analysis of facility location decisions[J].European Journal of Operational Research,1990,49(3) :295-307．
[8] DREZNER Z,HAMACHER H W.Facility location:applications and theory[M].Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2002:81-150．
[9] HAREWOOD S.Emergency ambulance deployment in Barbados:a multi-objective approach[J].Journal of Operational Research Society,2002,53(2) :185-192．
[10] XIE Jinxing(谢金星),XUE Yi(薛毅).Optimization modeling with LINDO/LINGO software(优化建模与L1NDO/LINGO软件)[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2005:25-71．
[11] ZHANG Jing,WANG Li,LIU Mao.Permanent emergency shelter location-allocation based maximal covering model[C]//LI Shengcai,WANG Yajun,AN Ying,et al.Progress in safety science and technology:Vol Ⅶ.Beijing:Science Press,2008:455-460．
[12] BRANDEAU M L,CHIU S S.An overview of representative problems in location research[J].Management Science,1989(35) :645-674．
[13] PENG Rui(彭锐),LIU Jieyi(刘皆谊).The planning for evacuation area in Japan[J]New Architecture(新建筑),2009(2) :102-106．
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