单点支撑非结构构件抗震减震研究综述
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摘要
首先介绍了非结构构件的分类;评述了单点支撑非结构构件抗震计算方法,指出等效侧力法缺乏系统的理论和实验研究支持,而楼面反应谱法不便于工程人员应用;讨论了单点支撑非结构构件隔震问题的特殊性和研究现状;最后指出对于一般单点支撑非结构构件,除了探索简单准确的抗震计算方法还应注重制定有效的构造措施;对于重要设备,应该在充分考虑设备隔震减震特殊性的基础上开发专门的隔震减震器,并应重视半主动,主动控制技术应用的研究。
Classification of nonstructural elements is introduced firstly.Existing seismic analysis methods of nonstructural elements with one point support for primary structures are discussed.It is pointed that the equivalent lateral force method is lack of theoretical and experimental support,and floor response spectrum method does not suit for engineering application.The present seismic control situation of the nonstructural elements is reviewed and specific characteristics of isolation for the nonstructural elements are summarized.At last,several suggests are proposed.For common nonstructural elements,simple and accurate seismic analysis methods and effective constructional measures should be studied deeply.For important equipments,special isolation devices should be developed based on the characteristics of equipment isolation,and the application of active and semi-active control technology should be emphasized.
Classification of nonstructural elements is introduced firstly.Existing seismic analysis methods of nonstructural elements with one point support for primary structures are discussed.It is pointed that the equivalent lateral force method is lack of theoretical and experimental support,and floor response spectrum method does not suit for engineering application.The present seismic control situation of the nonstructural elements is reviewed and specific characteristics of isolation for the nonstructural elements are summarized.At last,several suggests are proposed.For common nonstructural elements,simple and accurate seismic analysis methods and effective constructional measures should be studied deeply.For important equipments,special isolation devices should be developed based on the characteristics of equipment isolation,and the application of active and semi-active control technology should be emphasized.
引文
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[2]Soong T T,Yao G C,Lin C C.Near-fault seismic vulnerability of nonstructural components and retrofit strategies[J].Earthquake Engineeringand Engineering Seismology,2000,2(2):67-76.
[3]Filiatrault A,Christopoulos C,Stearns C.Guidelines,specifications and seismic performance characterization of nonstructural building componentsand equipment[R].Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center,PEER 2002,05.
[4]清华大学土木工程结构专家组,等.汶川地震建筑震害分析[J].建筑结构学报,2008,29(4):1-9.Civil and Structural Groups of Tsinghua University,et al.Analysis on seismic damage of buildings in the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal ofBuilding Structures,2008,29(4):1-9.
[5]Villaverde R.Seismic design of secondary structures:state of the art[J].J.Struct.Eng.,1997,123(8):1011-1019.
[6]Chen Y Q,Soong T T.State-of-the-art review seismic response of secondary systems[J].Eng.Strut.,1988.10:218-228.
[7]GB50011-2001中华人民共和国国家标准[S].GB50011-2001 Code for Seismic Design of Buildings[S].
[8]Taylor A W,Phan L T.Seismic design of non-structural building components in the United States[C]//Proceedings.U S/Japan Government CooperativeProgram on Natural Resources(UJNR).Technical Memorandum of PWRI No.3524.May 13-16,1997,Tsukuba,Janpan,pp 245-259.
[9]Phan L T,Taylor A W.State of the art report on seismic design requirements for nonstructural building components[R].National Institute ofStandards and Technology,NISTIR 5857.
[10]Drake R M,Bachman R E.NEHRP Provision for 1994 for nonstructural components[J].J.Architectural Engineering,1996,2(1):26-31.
[11]Aziz T S.Seismic design of secondary systems[C]//6th U.S.Conference and Workshop on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering,August 10-13,2003,Long Beach,California,USA.pp 637-646.
[12]吕西林,朱伯龙.楼面上卧式及立式化工设备的抗震计算方法[C]//设备抗震学术会议报告汇编,1988.LXilin,ZHU Bolong.The seismic design method for horizontal and vertical equipments on floor[C]//Proceedings of Conference on EquipmentSeismic Design,1988.
[13]苏经宇,周锡元,等.计算楼层上设备地震作用的方法[J].地震工程与工程振动,1990,10(2):65-72.SU Jingyu,ZHOU Xiyuan,et al.Practical calculating method for seismic force of floor-supported equipments[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineer-ing and Engineering Vibration,1990,10(2):65-72.
[14]Villaverde R.Method to improve seismic provisions for nonstructural components in buildings[J].J.Struct.Eng.,1985,123(4):432-439.
[15]Igusa T,Kiureghian An.Generation of floor response spectra including oscillator-structure interactlon[J].Earthquake Engineering and EngineeringVibration,1985,13(5):661-676.
[16]Gasparini D A,Shah A,Tsiatas G,et al.Random vibration of cascade secondary systems[R].Roport 83-1-Jan case Institute of Technology,Cleveland Ohio,1983.
[17]Suarez L E,Singh M P.Floor response spectra with structure-equipment interaction effects by a model synthesis approach[J].Earthquake Eng.Struct.Dyn,1987,15(1):141-158.
[18]Ran M J,Galford J E,刘一威.几种楼板反应谱方法的比较[J].世界地震工程,1985,1(1):60-64.M J Ran,J.E.Galford,Liu Yiwei.A comparison of floor response spectra techniques[J].World Earthquake Engineering,1985,1(1):60-64.
[19]李宏男,国巍.楼板谱研究述评[J].世界地震工程,2006,22(2):7-13.LI Hongnan,GUO Wei.State-of-the-art review on development of floor response spectrum[J].World Earthquake Engineering,2006,22(2):7-13.
[20]Tsai N C,Tseng W S.Standardized seismic design spectra for nuclear plant equipment[J].Nuclear Ergineering and Design,1978,45(2):481-488..
[21]Kelly J M,Tsai H G.Seismic response of light internal equipment in base-isolated structures[J].Earthquake Eng.Struct.Dyn.,1985,13(6):711-732.
[22]J M.Kelly,Tsai H C.Seismic response of the superstructure and attached equipment in a base-isolated building[J].Earthquake Eng.Struct.Dyn.,1989,18(4):551-564.
[23]Kelly J M,Tsai H C.Non-classical damping in dynamic analysis of base-isolated structures with internal equipment[J].Earthquake Eng.Struct.Dyn.,1988,16(1):29-43.
[24]Kelly J M.The influence of base isolation on the seismic response of light secondary equipment[R].Report no.UBC/EERC-81/117 EarthquakeEngineering Research Center,University of California,Berkeley,CA,1982.
[25]Lu L Y,Yang Y B.Dynamic response of equipment in structures with sliding support[J].Earthquake Eng.Struct.Dyn.,1997,26(1):61-77.
[26]A G Hernried,Lei K M,Parametric studies on the response of equipment in resilient-friction base isolated structures subjected to ground motion[J].Int.J.Eng.Struct,1993,15(5):349-357.
[27]Juhn G,Manolis G D,Constantinou M C,et al.Experimental study of secondary systems in base-isolated structure[J].J.Struct.Eng,1992,118(8):
[28]Ahmadi G,Su L.Equipment response spectra for base-isolated shear beam structures[J].Nuclear Engineering and Design,1992,132(3):,287-308.
[29]Chen Y,Ahmadi G.Stochastic earthquake response of secondary systems in base-isolated structures[J].Earthquake Eng.Struct.Dyn.,1992,21,(12):1039-1057.
[30]Wolff E D.Experimental study of seismic isolation systems with emphasis on secondary system response and verification of accuracy of dynamic re-sponse history analysis methods[D].Ph.D,Department of Civil Structural and Environmental Engineering,State University of New York at Buffalo.
[31]Kim Y S,Lee D G.Seismic response of support-isolated secondary structures in a multistory structure[J].Eng.Struct.1993,15(5):335-347.
[32]Khechfe H,Noori M,Hou Z H,et al.An experimental study on the seismic response of base isolated secondary systems[J].Journal of Pressure Ves-sel Technolgy,2002,124(1):81-88.
[33]Inada T,Dohi H,Okuta K,et al.Vibration control of equipement using high damping rubber[C]//The 2nd World Conference on Structural con-trol,Kyoto,Japan,June 28-July1,pp.1083-1092.
[34]Lambrou V,Constantinou M C.Study of Seismic isolation systems for computer floors[R].Technical report,National Center for Earthquake Engi-neering Research,Buffalo,NY.1994.
[35]李大望,庄鹏,周锡元.结构内设备的摩擦摆隔震响应分析[J].世界地震工程,2004,20(4):90-93.LI Dawang,ZHUANG Peng,ZHOU Xiyuan.Analysis on seismic responses of FPS-isolated equipment in buildings[J].World Earthquake Engi-neering,2004,20(4):90-93.
[36]Ersoy S,Saadeghvaziri M A,Liu G Y.Experimental seismic evaluation of base-isolated transformers[C]//IMAC-XIX(19th International ModalAnalysis Conference):a Conference on Structural Dynamics,Vol.1,Feb 5-8,2001,Kissimmee,Florida.
[37]Saakeghvaziri M A,Ersoy S,Mau S T.Friction pendulum system for seismic isolation for transformers[J].American Society of Mechinical Engi-neers,2000,402(1):123-134.
[38]Fujita S,Kurabayashi H,amamoto H Y.Research and development of the friction pendulum type earthquake isolation device with poly-curvature[J].Trans.of JSME,2003,69(684):1990-1996.
[39]Kasalanati A,Reinhorn A M,Constantinou M C,et al.Experimental study of ball-in-cone isolation system[C]//Proceedings of Structures CongressXV sponsored by The Structural Engineering Institute of ASCE held in Portland,Oregon,April 13-16,1997.
[40]Hal Amick P E,Ahmad Bayat P E,Zoltan A,et al.Seismic isolation of semiconductor production facilities[C]//Proceeding of seminar on seismicdesign,retrofit,and performance of nonstructural components,ATC-29-1,Applied Technology Council,San Francisco,Jan.1998,pp 297-312.
[41]Yaghoubian J.Isolating building contents from earthquake induced floor motions[J].Earthquake Spectra,1991,7(1):127-143.
[42]Demetriades G F,Constantinou M C,Reinhorn A M.Study of wire rope systems for seismic protection of equipment in buildings[J].Eng.Struct,1993,15(5):321-334.
[43]Makris N,Constantinou M.C.Spring-viscous damper systems for combined seismic and vibration isolation[J].Earthquake Eng.Struct.Dyn.1992,21(8):649-664.
[44]Lai M L,Soong T T.Seismic design consideration for secondary structural systems[J]J.Struct.Eng,ASCE,1991,117(2):459-472.
[45]A.M.Constantinou,A.Tadjbakhsh.Optimum characteristics of isolated structures[J]J.Struct.Eng,ASCE,1985,111:(12)2733-2750.
[46]Inaudi J A,Kelly J M.Hybrid isolation systems for equipment protection[J].Earthquake Eng.Struct.Dyn,1993,22(4):297-313.
[47]刘海卿,杨雪,李忠献.地震作用下建筑物内重要设备半主动减震控制[J].自然灾害学报,2006,15(2):160-163.LIU Haiqing,YANG Xue,LI Zhongxian.Semi-active control of indoor important equipments under earthquake excitation[J].Journal of NaturalDisasters,2006,15(2):160-163.
[2]Soong T T,Yao G C,Lin C C.Near-fault seismic vulnerability of nonstructural components and retrofit strategies[J].Earthquake Engineeringand Engineering Seismology,2000,2(2):67-76.
[3]Filiatrault A,Christopoulos C,Stearns C.Guidelines,specifications and seismic performance characterization of nonstructural building componentsand equipment[R].Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center,PEER 2002,05.
[4]清华大学土木工程结构专家组,等.汶川地震建筑震害分析[J].建筑结构学报,2008,29(4):1-9.Civil and Structural Groups of Tsinghua University,et al.Analysis on seismic damage of buildings in the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal ofBuilding Structures,2008,29(4):1-9.
[5]Villaverde R.Seismic design of secondary structures:state of the art[J].J.Struct.Eng.,1997,123(8):1011-1019.
[6]Chen Y Q,Soong T T.State-of-the-art review seismic response of secondary systems[J].Eng.Strut.,1988.10:218-228.
[7]GB50011-2001中华人民共和国国家标准[S].GB50011-2001 Code for Seismic Design of Buildings[S].
[8]Taylor A W,Phan L T.Seismic design of non-structural building components in the United States[C]//Proceedings.U S/Japan Government CooperativeProgram on Natural Resources(UJNR).Technical Memorandum of PWRI No.3524.May 13-16,1997,Tsukuba,Janpan,pp 245-259.
[9]Phan L T,Taylor A W.State of the art report on seismic design requirements for nonstructural building components[R].National Institute ofStandards and Technology,NISTIR 5857.
[10]Drake R M,Bachman R E.NEHRP Provision for 1994 for nonstructural components[J].J.Architectural Engineering,1996,2(1):26-31.
[11]Aziz T S.Seismic design of secondary systems[C]//6th U.S.Conference and Workshop on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering,August 10-13,2003,Long Beach,California,USA.pp 637-646.
[12]吕西林,朱伯龙.楼面上卧式及立式化工设备的抗震计算方法[C]//设备抗震学术会议报告汇编,1988.LXilin,ZHU Bolong.The seismic design method for horizontal and vertical equipments on floor[C]//Proceedings of Conference on EquipmentSeismic Design,1988.
[13]苏经宇,周锡元,等.计算楼层上设备地震作用的方法[J].地震工程与工程振动,1990,10(2):65-72.SU Jingyu,ZHOU Xiyuan,et al.Practical calculating method for seismic force of floor-supported equipments[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineer-ing and Engineering Vibration,1990,10(2):65-72.
[14]Villaverde R.Method to improve seismic provisions for nonstructural components in buildings[J].J.Struct.Eng.,1985,123(4):432-439.
[15]Igusa T,Kiureghian An.Generation of floor response spectra including oscillator-structure interactlon[J].Earthquake Engineering and EngineeringVibration,1985,13(5):661-676.
[16]Gasparini D A,Shah A,Tsiatas G,et al.Random vibration of cascade secondary systems[R].Roport 83-1-Jan case Institute of Technology,Cleveland Ohio,1983.
[17]Suarez L E,Singh M P.Floor response spectra with structure-equipment interaction effects by a model synthesis approach[J].Earthquake Eng.Struct.Dyn,1987,15(1):141-158.
[18]Ran M J,Galford J E,刘一威.几种楼板反应谱方法的比较[J].世界地震工程,1985,1(1):60-64.M J Ran,J.E.Galford,Liu Yiwei.A comparison of floor response spectra techniques[J].World Earthquake Engineering,1985,1(1):60-64.
[19]李宏男,国巍.楼板谱研究述评[J].世界地震工程,2006,22(2):7-13.LI Hongnan,GUO Wei.State-of-the-art review on development of floor response spectrum[J].World Earthquake Engineering,2006,22(2):7-13.
[20]Tsai N C,Tseng W S.Standardized seismic design spectra for nuclear plant equipment[J].Nuclear Ergineering and Design,1978,45(2):481-488..
[21]Kelly J M,Tsai H G.Seismic response of light internal equipment in base-isolated structures[J].Earthquake Eng.Struct.Dyn.,1985,13(6):711-732.
[22]J M.Kelly,Tsai H C.Seismic response of the superstructure and attached equipment in a base-isolated building[J].Earthquake Eng.Struct.Dyn.,1989,18(4):551-564.
[23]Kelly J M,Tsai H C.Non-classical damping in dynamic analysis of base-isolated structures with internal equipment[J].Earthquake Eng.Struct.Dyn.,1988,16(1):29-43.
[24]Kelly J M.The influence of base isolation on the seismic response of light secondary equipment[R].Report no.UBC/EERC-81/117 EarthquakeEngineering Research Center,University of California,Berkeley,CA,1982.
[25]Lu L Y,Yang Y B.Dynamic response of equipment in structures with sliding support[J].Earthquake Eng.Struct.Dyn.,1997,26(1):61-77.
[26]A G Hernried,Lei K M,Parametric studies on the response of equipment in resilient-friction base isolated structures subjected to ground motion[J].Int.J.Eng.Struct,1993,15(5):349-357.
[27]Juhn G,Manolis G D,Constantinou M C,et al.Experimental study of secondary systems in base-isolated structure[J].J.Struct.Eng,1992,118(8):
[28]Ahmadi G,Su L.Equipment response spectra for base-isolated shear beam structures[J].Nuclear Engineering and Design,1992,132(3):,287-308.
[29]Chen Y,Ahmadi G.Stochastic earthquake response of secondary systems in base-isolated structures[J].Earthquake Eng.Struct.Dyn.,1992,21,(12):1039-1057.
[30]Wolff E D.Experimental study of seismic isolation systems with emphasis on secondary system response and verification of accuracy of dynamic re-sponse history analysis methods[D].Ph.D,Department of Civil Structural and Environmental Engineering,State University of New York at Buffalo.
[31]Kim Y S,Lee D G.Seismic response of support-isolated secondary structures in a multistory structure[J].Eng.Struct.1993,15(5):335-347.
[32]Khechfe H,Noori M,Hou Z H,et al.An experimental study on the seismic response of base isolated secondary systems[J].Journal of Pressure Ves-sel Technolgy,2002,124(1):81-88.
[33]Inada T,Dohi H,Okuta K,et al.Vibration control of equipement using high damping rubber[C]//The 2nd World Conference on Structural con-trol,Kyoto,Japan,June 28-July1,pp.1083-1092.
[34]Lambrou V,Constantinou M C.Study of Seismic isolation systems for computer floors[R].Technical report,National Center for Earthquake Engi-neering Research,Buffalo,NY.1994.
[35]李大望,庄鹏,周锡元.结构内设备的摩擦摆隔震响应分析[J].世界地震工程,2004,20(4):90-93.LI Dawang,ZHUANG Peng,ZHOU Xiyuan.Analysis on seismic responses of FPS-isolated equipment in buildings[J].World Earthquake Engi-neering,2004,20(4):90-93.
[36]Ersoy S,Saadeghvaziri M A,Liu G Y.Experimental seismic evaluation of base-isolated transformers[C]//IMAC-XIX(19th International ModalAnalysis Conference):a Conference on Structural Dynamics,Vol.1,Feb 5-8,2001,Kissimmee,Florida.
[37]Saakeghvaziri M A,Ersoy S,Mau S T.Friction pendulum system for seismic isolation for transformers[J].American Society of Mechinical Engi-neers,2000,402(1):123-134.
[38]Fujita S,Kurabayashi H,amamoto H Y.Research and development of the friction pendulum type earthquake isolation device with poly-curvature[J].Trans.of JSME,2003,69(684):1990-1996.
[39]Kasalanati A,Reinhorn A M,Constantinou M C,et al.Experimental study of ball-in-cone isolation system[C]//Proceedings of Structures CongressXV sponsored by The Structural Engineering Institute of ASCE held in Portland,Oregon,April 13-16,1997.
[40]Hal Amick P E,Ahmad Bayat P E,Zoltan A,et al.Seismic isolation of semiconductor production facilities[C]//Proceeding of seminar on seismicdesign,retrofit,and performance of nonstructural components,ATC-29-1,Applied Technology Council,San Francisco,Jan.1998,pp 297-312.
[41]Yaghoubian J.Isolating building contents from earthquake induced floor motions[J].Earthquake Spectra,1991,7(1):127-143.
[42]Demetriades G F,Constantinou M C,Reinhorn A M.Study of wire rope systems for seismic protection of equipment in buildings[J].Eng.Struct,1993,15(5):321-334.
[43]Makris N,Constantinou M.C.Spring-viscous damper systems for combined seismic and vibration isolation[J].Earthquake Eng.Struct.Dyn.1992,21(8):649-664.
[44]Lai M L,Soong T T.Seismic design consideration for secondary structural systems[J]J.Struct.Eng,ASCE,1991,117(2):459-472.
[45]A.M.Constantinou,A.Tadjbakhsh.Optimum characteristics of isolated structures[J]J.Struct.Eng,ASCE,1985,111:(12)2733-2750.
[46]Inaudi J A,Kelly J M.Hybrid isolation systems for equipment protection[J].Earthquake Eng.Struct.Dyn,1993,22(4):297-313.
[47]刘海卿,杨雪,李忠献.地震作用下建筑物内重要设备半主动减震控制[J].自然灾害学报,2006,15(2):160-163.LIU Haiqing,YANG Xue,LI Zhongxian.Semi-active control of indoor important equipments under earthquake excitation[J].Journal of NaturalDisasters,2006,15(2):160-163.
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