用频率域台阵技术推测2001年昆仑山口西大地震的破裂时间与几何特征
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摘要
概述频率域远场台阵技术应用于大地震能量辐射源的追踪原理,介绍利用这一技术追踪能量辐射源的一般步骤,并以2001年昆仑山口西大地震为例,分析资料处理中主要参数设置所需要考虑的关键因素.通过分析埃塞俄比亚/肯尼亚地震台阵(EK台阵)的宽频带波形资料,获得了2001年昆仑山口西大地震的起始破裂点的位置,能量辐射源的空间分布特征,以及破裂持续时间.根据EK台阵资料的分析结果,2001年昆仑山口西大地震的起始破裂点位于布喀达坂峰东侧(35.92°N,91.70°E),破裂持续时间不超过160s,破裂长度约520km.其中,初始破裂点以西为180km,以东为340km.断层西段在布喀达坂峰附近向西南方向发生弯曲,与地表破裂吻合.断层东段似乎在西大滩断裂附近向东北方向发生弯曲,其方向与西大滩断层的走向一致,但二者相距约30km.另外,分析结果似乎表明,地震断层的西段近乎直立,而东段逐渐南倾.
In this paper, we briefly describes the principle of tracking energy radiation sources of large earthquakes using frequency-domain far-field array technique, presents general steps of tracking energy radiation sources, and takes the 2001 Western Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake as an example to analyze key factors for setting parameters while processing data. The location of the rupture initiation point, the spatial characteristics of the energy radiation sources and the rupture duration time of the 2001 Western Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake are obtained by analyzing broadband waveform data from a seismic array in Ethiopia and Kenya (EK Array). From the analyzed results, the rupture initiation point of the 2001 Kunlun Mountain earthquake is located in the east of Buka Daban Peak (35.92°N, 91.70°E), and the rupture duration time is less than 160 s, and the rupture length is about 520 km, with 180 km in the west of the initiation point and 340 km in the east, respectively. The western segment of the earthquake fault bends towards southwest near Buka Daban Peak, which is in concordance with the surface rupture trace. The eastern segment apparently bends towards northeast near Xidatan, which is in agreement with the strike of Xidatan fault, but 30 km away from Xidatan fault. In addition, the analyzed results imply that the western segment of the earthquake fault appears erect while the eastern segment appears to be gradually dipping southwards.
In this paper, we briefly describes the principle of tracking energy radiation sources of large earthquakes using frequency-domain far-field array technique, presents general steps of tracking energy radiation sources, and takes the 2001 Western Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake as an example to analyze key factors for setting parameters while processing data. The location of the rupture initiation point, the spatial characteristics of the energy radiation sources and the rupture duration time of the 2001 Western Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake are obtained by analyzing broadband waveform data from a seismic array in Ethiopia and Kenya (EK Array). From the analyzed results, the rupture initiation point of the 2001 Kunlun Mountain earthquake is located in the east of Buka Daban Peak (35.92°N, 91.70°E), and the rupture duration time is less than 160 s, and the rupture length is about 520 km, with 180 km in the west of the initiation point and 340 km in the east, respectively. The western segment of the earthquake fault bends towards southwest near Buka Daban Peak, which is in concordance with the surface rupture trace. The eastern segment apparently bends towards northeast near Xidatan, which is in agreement with the strike of Xidatan fault, but 30 km away from Xidatan fault. In addition, the analyzed results imply that the western segment of the earthquake fault appears erect while the eastern segment appears to be gradually dipping southwards.
引文
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Van der Woerd J,Mriaux A S,Klinger Y,Ryerson F J,Gaudemer Y,Tapponnier P.2002.The14November2001,MW=7.8Kokoxili earthquake in Northern Tibet[Qinghai Province,China][J].SeismRes Lett,73:125--135.
Xu L S,Chen Y T.2005.Temporal and spatial rupture process of the great Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake of Novem-ber14,2001fromthe GDSNlong period waveform data[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Science,48[1]:112--122.
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Xu X,Chen W,Ma W,Yu G,Chen G.2002.Surface rupture of the Kunlunshan earthquake[MS8.1],northern Tibetanplateau,China[J].SeismRes Lett,73:884--892.
Xu X,Ma W,Yu G,Klinger Y,Tapponnier P,Van der Woerd J.2006.Reevaluation of surface rupture parameters andfaulting segmentation of the2001Kunlunshan earthquake[MW7.8],Northern Tibetan plateau,China[J].J Geo-phys Ges,111[B05316]:doi:10.1029/2004JB003488.
Castle J C,Creager K C.1999.A steeply dipping discontinuity in the lower mantle beneath Izu-Bonin[J].J GeophysRes,104:7279--7292.
Douglas A,Bowers D,Marshall P D,Young J B,Porter D,Wallis NJ.1999.Putting nuclear-test monitoringtothe test[J].Nature,398:474--475.
Douglas A.2002.Seismometer arrays:Their use in earthquake and test ban seismology[M]∥Jennings P,Kanamori H,Lee Weds.Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology.Calif:Academic,San Diego,357--367.
Fu B,Awata Y,Du J,Ninomiya Y,He W.2005.Complex geometry and segmentation of the surface rupture associatedwith the14November2001great Kunlun earthquake,northern Tibet,China[J].Tectonophysics,407:43--63.
Goldstein P,Archuleta RJ.1991.Deterministic frequency-wavenumber methods and direct measurement of rupture dur-ing earthquake using a dense array:data analysis[J].J Geophys Res,96:6187--6198.
Huang B S.2001.Evidence for azi muthal andtemporal variations of the rupture propagation of the1999Chi-Chi,Tai wanearthquake fromdense seismic array observations[J].Geophys Res Lett,28:3377--3380.
Krason H,Van der Hilst R D.2001.Tomographic i maging of the lowermost mantle with differential ti mes of refractedand diffracted core phases[PKP,Pdiff][J].J Geophys Res,106:6569--6587.
Klinger Y,Michel R,King G C P.2006.Evidence for an earthquake barrier model fromMW～7.8Kokoxili[Tibet]earthquake slip-distribution[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,242[3--4]:354--364.
Klinger Y,Xu X,Tapponnier P,Van der Woerd J,Lasserre C,King G.2005.High-resolution satellite-i magery map-ping of the surface rupture and slip distribution of theMW7.8,November14,2001Kokoxili earthquake Kunlunfault,Northern Tibet,China[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,95[5]:1970--1987.
Kruger F,Bauman M,ScherbaumF,Weber M.2001.Mid-mantle scatterers near the Mariana slab detected with a doub-le array method[J].Geohys Res Lett,28:667--670.
Kruger F,Ohrnberger M.2005.Tracking the rupture of theMW=9.3Sumatra earthquake over1150kmat teleseismicdistance[J].Nature,435:937--939.
Lasserre C,Peltzer G,CrampF,Klinger Y,Van der Woerd J.2005.Coseismic deformation of the2001MW=7.8Kokoxili earthquake in Tibet,measured by synthetic aperture radar interferometry[J].J Geophys Res,110[B12408]:doi:10.1029/2004JB003500.
Li H,Van der Woerd J,Tapponnier P,Klinger Y,Qi X,Yang J,Zhu Y.2005.Slip rate on the Kunlunfault at Hong-shui Gou,and recurrence ti me of great events comparable to the14/11/2001,MW7.9Kokoxili earthquake[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,237:285--299.
Lin A,Fu B,Guo J,Zeng Q,Dang G,He W,Zhao Y.2002.Co-seismic strike-slip and rupture length produced by the2001MS8.1central Kunlun earthquake[J].Science,296:2015--2017.
Lin A,Kikuchi M,Fu B.2003.Rupture segmentation and process of the2001MW7.8central Kunlun,China,earth-quake[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,93:2477--2492.
Liu J G,Hasel wi mmer C,Cosgrove J W.2005.Ruptures found up to60kmsouth of the major fault zone after14Nov2001Kunlun earthquake using Landsat-7ETM+i magery[C]∥IGARSS’05.Proceedings.New York,Ieee:7:5261--5264.
Nyblade A A,Langston C A.2002.Broadband seismic experi ments probe upper mantle structure beneath Ethiopia andKenya[C]∥American Geophysical Union,Spring Meeting,Abstract.S32A--07.
Ritter J R R,Jordan M,Christensen U R,Achauer U.2001.A mantle plume belowthe Eifel vocalnic fields,Germany[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,186:7--14.
Rost S,Revenaugh J.2001.Seismic detection of rigid zones at the top of the core[J].Science,294:1911--1914.
Rost S,Thomas C.2002.Array Seismology:Methods and applications[J].Rev Geophys,40[3]:1--20.
Spudich P,Cranswick E.1984.Direct observation of rupture propagation during the1979I mperial Valley earthquakeusing a short baseline accelerometer array[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,74:2083--2114.
Thomas C,Weber M,Wicks C W,Scherbaum F.1999.Small scatterers in the lower mantle observed at Berman broad-band arrays[J].J Geophys Res,104:15073--15088.
Tocheport A,Rivera L,Van der Woerd J.2006.Astudy of the14November2001Kokoxili earthquake:History and ge-ometry of the rupture fromteleseismic data and field observations[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,96:1729--1741.
Vidale J E,Earle P S.2000.Fine-scale heterogeneity in the Earth’s inner core[J].Nature,404:273--275.
Van der Woerd J,Mriaux A S,Klinger Y,Ryerson F J,Gaudemer Y,Tapponnier P.2002.The14November2001,MW=7.8Kokoxili earthquake in Northern Tibet[Qinghai Province,China][J].SeismRes Lett,73:125--135.
Xu L S,Chen Y T.2005.Temporal and spatial rupture process of the great Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake of Novem-ber14,2001fromthe GDSNlong period waveform data[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Science,48[1]:112--122.
Xu L S,Chen Y T.2006.Observed evidence for crackfusionfromthe November14,2001Kunlun Mountain Pass earth-quake[G].In:Chen Y T ed.Advances in Geosciences.Vol.1:Solid Earth[SE].Singapore:World Scientific:27--40.
Xu X,Chen W,Ma W,Yu G,Chen G.2002.Surface rupture of the Kunlunshan earthquake[MS8.1],northern Tibetanplateau,China[J].SeismRes Lett,73:884--892.
Xu X,Ma W,Yu G,Klinger Y,Tapponnier P,Van der Woerd J.2006.Reevaluation of surface rupture parameters andfaulting segmentation of the2001Kunlunshan earthquake[MW7.8],Northern Tibetan plateau,China[J].J Geo-phys Ges,111[B05316]:doi:10.1029/2004JB003488.
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