震后重建为契机的城市政策转型:墨西哥城案例的启示
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摘要
1985墨西哥城发生8.1级地震,是世界上为数不多的发生在国家首都的中心地区、并使人口和公共设施都受到严重损害的地震。地震发生时墨西哥正处于快速城市化和经济衰退时期、正要推出一系列改革的起步阶段,面对如此巨大的损失,震后重建的政策调整显得尤为关键。以首都重建为契机,墨西哥政府开始关注城市宏观发展策略、可负担性住房和法规健全等问题,并且通过一系列震后改革策略来推进城市管治思路的转型。事实上,这些震后推出的新政策对城市发展产生了深远的影响:城市中心职能外迁促进了城市功能的有机疏散;以低收入住房为主的住房政策推动了城市的郊区化,同时也使城市中心区住房产权发生了本质性转变;从立法角度对城市进行灾害危险性分区,并对建筑单体构造性能进行严格规定。同样发生在发展中国家高速城市化时期的灾害,墨西哥震后重建的经验和教训将对中国城市防灾抗灾提供重要的借鉴意义。
The 1985 Mexico City earthquake which was Ritzs 8.1 level is one of the few earthquakes in the world which occurred in the center region of a nation's capital and cost severe damage to the population and public facilities.Mexico was in a rapid urbanization and economic recession and was about to launch a series of reforms when the earthquake took place which made adjustment of post-earthquake reconstruction policy particularly critical.Taking the capital reconstruction as an opportunity,the Mexican central government started to pay attention to the city's macro-development strategy,the affordable housing and the perfectness of regulations and other issues,and introduced a series of post-earthquake reform policies to promote the transition of urban governance.In fact,these new post-earthquake policies had a profound impact on urban development: the reallocation of main functions of the city promote the organic decentralization;the housing policies aiming at providing housing for the low-income class boost the suburbanizaiton and also change the housing property in city's central area;a new urban disaster risk zoning construction monocoque performance regulation were introduced from a legislative perspective.As it was the same circumstances as the earth took place in a rapid urbanization period in a developing country,Mexico city's post-earthquake reconstruction experiences will provide a very good reference to China's urban disaster prevention and resilience.
The 1985 Mexico City earthquake which was Ritzs 8.1 level is one of the few earthquakes in the world which occurred in the center region of a nation's capital and cost severe damage to the population and public facilities.Mexico was in a rapid urbanization and economic recession and was about to launch a series of reforms when the earthquake took place which made adjustment of post-earthquake reconstruction policy particularly critical.Taking the capital reconstruction as an opportunity,the Mexican central government started to pay attention to the city's macro-development strategy,the affordable housing and the perfectness of regulations and other issues,and introduced a series of post-earthquake reform policies to promote the transition of urban governance.In fact,these new post-earthquake policies had a profound impact on urban development: the reallocation of main functions of the city promote the organic decentralization;the housing policies aiming at providing housing for the low-income class boost the suburbanizaiton and also change the housing property in city's central area;a new urban disaster risk zoning construction monocoque performance regulation were introduced from a legislative perspective.As it was the same circumstances as the earth took place in a rapid urbanization period in a developing country,Mexico city's post-earthquake reconstruction experiences will provide a very good reference to China's urban disaster prevention and resilience.
引文
①Mexico City,Mexico Disaster Risk Management Profile.
②http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/25/content_8248040.htm
③英文译名为:Mexico's National Fund for Popular Housing.
④http://iisee.kenken.go.jp/net/seismic_design_code/index.htm
⑤http://lnweb90.worldbank.org/oed/oeddoclib.nsf/24cc3bb1f94ae11c85256808006a0046/9c4ea21bb9273c74852567f5005d8566?Open Document
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[2]Comerio M C,Landis J D and Firpo C J.Residential earthquakerecovery[M].Berkeley:California Policy Seminar,University ofCalifornia.1996.
[3]Davis D E.Reverberations:Mexico City's 1985 Earthquake andthe Transformation of the Capital,The Resilient City:Trauma,Recovery and Remembrance[R].MIT.2002.
[4]Departamento del Distrito Federal.Normas de Emergencia alReglamento de Construcciones del Distrito Federal(in Spanish)[R].Mexico City:1985.
[5]Departamento del Distrito Federal.Reglamento de Construccionespara el Distrito Federal(in Spanish)[R].Mexico City:1987.
[6]Del Valle,E.Experiencias Derivadas de los Sismos de Septiembrede 1985,Evolución del Reglamento de Construcciones para elDistrito Federal en aspectos de dise?o sísmico(in Spanish)[R].Fundación ICA,Ed.Limusa,Mexico City:1988.
[7]Esteva L.Consequences,lessons,and impact on research andpractice[R].Earthquake Spectra,1988,4(3):413-426.
[8]García-Ranz,F.,Gómez,R..Live load specifications of the 1976and 1987 Mexico City Building Codes[R].Earthquake Spectra,1988,4(3):461-468.
[9]Gobierno del Distrito Federal.Normas Técnicas Complementariaspara Diseo y Construcción de Estructuras de Mampostería(inSpanish)[R].Mexico City,2004.
[10]Hardy,C.Mexico's development strategy for the 1980s[J].World Development,1982,10(6):501-512.
[11]Klingner,R.E.,Alcocer,S.M.,eds.Mexico Earthquake,Earthquake Engineering Research Institute and Sociedad Mexicanade Ingeniería Sísmica[M].Oakland,CA:2006.
[12]Mancebo,F.Natural hazards and urban policies in Mexico City[J].Revue de Geographie Alpine-Jounal of Alpine Research,2007,95(2):108-110.
[13]Mehrabian,A.,and Haldar,A.Some lessons learned from post-earthquake damage survey of structures in Bam,Iran earthquake of2003[J].Structural,2005,23(3),180-192.
[14]UN Chronicle.General Assembly urges international mobilizationfor Mexican earthquake relief,reconstruction[R].MexicoCity,1985.
[15]康仲远.中外大城市灾例对比研究系列报告四———墨西哥地震和洛杉矶北岭地震[J].灾害学,1997,12(1):64-71.
②http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/25/content_8248040.htm
③英文译名为:Mexico's National Fund for Popular Housing.
④http://iisee.kenken.go.jp/net/seismic_design_code/index.htm
⑤http://lnweb90.worldbank.org/oed/oeddoclib.nsf/24cc3bb1f94ae11c85256808006a0046/9c4ea21bb9273c74852567f5005d8566?Open Document
[1]Alcocer S,and Castao,V.Evolution of codes for structuraldesign in Mexico[J].Structural Survey,2008,26(1):17-28.
[2]Comerio M C,Landis J D and Firpo C J.Residential earthquakerecovery[M].Berkeley:California Policy Seminar,University ofCalifornia.1996.
[3]Davis D E.Reverberations:Mexico City's 1985 Earthquake andthe Transformation of the Capital,The Resilient City:Trauma,Recovery and Remembrance[R].MIT.2002.
[4]Departamento del Distrito Federal.Normas de Emergencia alReglamento de Construcciones del Distrito Federal(in Spanish)[R].Mexico City:1985.
[5]Departamento del Distrito Federal.Reglamento de Construccionespara el Distrito Federal(in Spanish)[R].Mexico City:1987.
[6]Del Valle,E.Experiencias Derivadas de los Sismos de Septiembrede 1985,Evolución del Reglamento de Construcciones para elDistrito Federal en aspectos de dise?o sísmico(in Spanish)[R].Fundación ICA,Ed.Limusa,Mexico City:1988.
[7]Esteva L.Consequences,lessons,and impact on research andpractice[R].Earthquake Spectra,1988,4(3):413-426.
[8]García-Ranz,F.,Gómez,R..Live load specifications of the 1976and 1987 Mexico City Building Codes[R].Earthquake Spectra,1988,4(3):461-468.
[9]Gobierno del Distrito Federal.Normas Técnicas Complementariaspara Diseo y Construcción de Estructuras de Mampostería(inSpanish)[R].Mexico City,2004.
[10]Hardy,C.Mexico's development strategy for the 1980s[J].World Development,1982,10(6):501-512.
[11]Klingner,R.E.,Alcocer,S.M.,eds.Mexico Earthquake,Earthquake Engineering Research Institute and Sociedad Mexicanade Ingeniería Sísmica[M].Oakland,CA:2006.
[12]Mancebo,F.Natural hazards and urban policies in Mexico City[J].Revue de Geographie Alpine-Jounal of Alpine Research,2007,95(2):108-110.
[13]Mehrabian,A.,and Haldar,A.Some lessons learned from post-earthquake damage survey of structures in Bam,Iran earthquake of2003[J].Structural,2005,23(3),180-192.
[14]UN Chronicle.General Assembly urges international mobilizationfor Mexican earthquake relief,reconstruction[R].MexicoCity,1985.
[15]康仲远.中外大城市灾例对比研究系列报告四———墨西哥地震和洛杉矶北岭地震[J].灾害学,1997,12(1):64-71.
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