复合地震源模拟强地面运动——以1679年三河—平谷Ms8.0地震为例
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摘要
利用复合震源模型和人工合成地震图的算法,以1679年三河—平谷Ms8.0地震为例,计算了北京地区的宽频带强地面运动.其结果可为今后该地区的地震危险性评估和工程抗震提供一定的物理参数.通过考察该地区的地质与地球物理区域背景,利用计算机数值模拟的方法,对北纬39.3°~41.1°、东经115.35°~117.55°所围限的北京范围进行了设定地震的仿真模拟,并合成了强地面运动.通过分析影响强地面运动的几个关键因素,给出了北京地区强地面运动峰值加速度和速度分布特征,比较了合成强地面运动记录与通过衰减关系计算所得的结果.同时,还对复合震源模型的优点和局限性给出了充分的讨论.利用数值模拟方法所得的较为真实的强地面运动参数,即加速度、速度、位移和时程特征,可为北京地区工程建设的抗震设计、救援设施的选址、以及金融及保险部门的风险性评估提供一定的依据.
In this study, a composite source model has been used to calculate the realistic strong ground motions in Beijing area, caused by 1679 MS8.0 earthquake in Sanhe-Pinggu. The results could provide us the useful physical parameters for the future seismic hazard analysis in this area. Considering the regional geological/geophysical background, we simulated the scenario earthquake with an associated ground motions in the area ranging from 39.3°N to 41.1°N in latitude and from 115.35°E to 117.55°E in longitude. Some of the key factors which could influence the characteristics of strong ground motion have been discussed, and the resultant peak ground acceleration (PGA) distribution and the peak ground velocity (PGV) distribution around Beijing area also have been made as well. A comparison of the simulated result with the results derived from the attenuation relation has been made, and a sufficient discussion about the advantages and disadvantages of composite source model also has been given in this study. The numerical results, such as the PGA, PGV, peak ground displacement, and the three-component time-histories developed for Beijing area, have a potential application in earthquake engineering field and building code design, especially for the evaluation of critical constructions, government decision making and the seismic hazard assessment by financial/insurance companies.
In this study, a composite source model has been used to calculate the realistic strong ground motions in Beijing area, caused by 1679 MS8.0 earthquake in Sanhe-Pinggu. The results could provide us the useful physical parameters for the future seismic hazard analysis in this area. Considering the regional geological/geophysical background, we simulated the scenario earthquake with an associated ground motions in the area ranging from 39.3°N to 41.1°N in latitude and from 115.35°E to 117.55°E in longitude. Some of the key factors which could influence the characteristics of strong ground motion have been discussed, and the resultant peak ground acceleration (PGA) distribution and the peak ground velocity (PGV) distribution around Beijing area also have been made as well. A comparison of the simulated result with the results derived from the attenuation relation has been made, and a sufficient discussion about the advantages and disadvantages of composite source model also has been given in this study. The numerical results, such as the PGA, PGV, peak ground displacement, and the three-component time-histories developed for Beijing area, have a potential application in earthquake engineering field and building code design, especially for the evaluation of critical constructions, government decision making and the seismic hazard assessment by financial/insurance companies.
引文
[1]Herrmann R B.2003.Personal communication.
国家地震局.1991.中国地震烈度区划图[M].北京:地震出版社.
刘博研.2006.北京地区强地面运动研究:以1679年的三河—平谷地震(MS8.0)为例[D]:[学位论文].北京:中国地质大学(北京):29.
胡聿贤.2006.地震工程学[M].北京:地震出版社:114.
徐锡伟,吴卫民,张先康,等.2002.首都圈地区地壳最新构造变动与地震[M].北京:科学出版社:216-234.
Aki K,Richards P G.1980.Quantitative Seismology:Theoryand Methods[M].New York:WHFreeman and Compa-ny:557.
Anderson J G.1997.Seismic energy and stress-drop parameters for a composite source model[J].Bull SeismSoc Amer,87:85-96.
Atkinson G M,Boore D M.1995.Ground motion relations for eastern North America[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,85:17-30.
Beresnev I A,Atkinson G M.1997.Modeling finite-fault radiation fromωnspectrum[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,87:67-84.
Bersnev I A,Atkinson G M.1998.FI NSI M-a FORTRAN programfor si mulating stochastic acceleration ti me historiesfromfinite faults[J].SeismRes Lett,69:27-32.
Boore D M.1983.Stochastic si mulation of high-frequency ground motion based on seismological models of the radiatedspectra[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,73:1865-1894.
Boore D M,Atkinson G M.1987.Stochastic prediction of ground motion and spectral response parameters at hard-rocksites in eastern North America[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,77:440-467.
Boore D M.2003.SMSI M-FORTRANprograms for si mulating ground motions fromearthquakes:Version2.0revisionof OFR96-80-A[R]∥US Geol Surv Open-File Rept.[S.l.]:USGS:1-509.
Brune J N.1970.Tectonic stress and spectra of seismic shear waves fromearthquakes[J].J Geophys Res,75:4997-5009.
Brune J N.1971.Correction of“tectonic stress and spectra of seismic shear waves from earthquakes”[J].J GeophysRes,76:5002.
Campbell K W.2003.Prediction of strong ground motion using the Hybrid empirical method andits use in the develop-ment of ground-motion(attenuation)relationsin eastern North America[J].Bull SeismSoc Amer,93:1012-1033.
Ding Z,Romanelli F,Chen Y T,et al.2004.Realistic modeling of seismic wave ground motionin Beijing City[J].PureAppl Geophys,161:1093-1106.
Frankel A.1991.High-frequency spectral fall off for earthquakes,fractal di mension of strength onfaults[J].J GeophysRes,96:6291-6302.
Frankel A,Mueller C,Barnhard T,et al.1996.National seismic hazard maps:Documentation[R]∥US Geol SurvOpen-File Rept.[S.l.]:USGS:96-532.
Hanks T C,McGuire R K.1981.The character of highfrequency strong ground motion[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,71:2071-2095.
Herrero A,Bernard P.1994.A kinematic self-si milar rupture process for earthquake[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,84:1216-1228.
Housner G W,Jennings P C.1964.Generation of artificial earthquakes[C]∥Proc ASCE90.[S.l]:USGS:113-150.
Ki m W.2003.June18,2002Caborn,Indian earthquake:Reactivation of ancient rift inthe Wabash Valleyfault zone[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,93:2201-2211.
Luco J E,Apsel RJ.1983.On the Green′s function for a layered half space[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,73:909-929.
Somerville P,Collins N,Abrahamson N,et al.2001.Ground motion attenuation relations for the central and easternUnited States[R]∥Final Report to US Geological Survey.Award Number:99HQGR0098,June30,2001.
Somerville P G,Graves R W.2003.Characterization of earthquake strong ground motion[J].Pure Appl Geophys,160:1811-1828.
Street R,Woolery E W,Wang Z,et al.1995.Short note on shear-wave velocities and other site conditions at selectedstrong-motion stations in the New Madrid seismic zone[J].SeismRes Lett,66:56-63.
Tumarkin AJ,Archuleta RJ,Madariaga R.1994.Scaling relations for composite earthquake models[J].Bull SeismSocAmer,84:1279-1283.
Toro G W,Abrahamson N A,Schneider J F.1997.Model of strong ground motions from earthquakes in Central andeastern North America:Best esti mates and uncertainties[J].SeismRes Lett,68:41-57.
Wald DJ,Heaton T H.1994.Spatial and temporal distribution of slip for the1992Landers,California earthquake[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,84:668-691.
Wang Zhenming,Woolery W,Jeffrey S.2003.Short note on ground motion recordings fromthe18June,2002,Darms-tadt,Indiana earthquake[J].SeismRes Lett,74:148-152.
Yu G,Khattri K N,Anderson J G,et al.1995.Strong ground motion fromthe Uttarkashi,Hi malaya,India earth-quake:Comparison of observations with synthetics using the composite source model[J].Bull SeismSoc Amer,85:31-50.
ZengY,Anderson J G.1995.A methodfor direct computation of the differential seismogram withrespect tothe veloci-ty change in a layered elastic solid[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,85:300-307.
Zeng Y,Anderson J G,Yu G.1994.Acomposite source model for computing realistic synthetic strong ground motions[J].Gephys Res Lett,21:725-728.
Zeng Y,Anderson J G.1996.Acomposite source modeling of the1994Northridge earthquake using genetic algorithm[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,86:71-83.
国家地震局.1991.中国地震烈度区划图[M].北京:地震出版社.
刘博研.2006.北京地区强地面运动研究:以1679年的三河—平谷地震(MS8.0)为例[D]:[学位论文].北京:中国地质大学(北京):29.
胡聿贤.2006.地震工程学[M].北京:地震出版社:114.
徐锡伟,吴卫民,张先康,等.2002.首都圈地区地壳最新构造变动与地震[M].北京:科学出版社:216-234.
Aki K,Richards P G.1980.Quantitative Seismology:Theoryand Methods[M].New York:WHFreeman and Compa-ny:557.
Anderson J G.1997.Seismic energy and stress-drop parameters for a composite source model[J].Bull SeismSoc Amer,87:85-96.
Atkinson G M,Boore D M.1995.Ground motion relations for eastern North America[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,85:17-30.
Beresnev I A,Atkinson G M.1997.Modeling finite-fault radiation fromωnspectrum[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,87:67-84.
Bersnev I A,Atkinson G M.1998.FI NSI M-a FORTRAN programfor si mulating stochastic acceleration ti me historiesfromfinite faults[J].SeismRes Lett,69:27-32.
Boore D M.1983.Stochastic si mulation of high-frequency ground motion based on seismological models of the radiatedspectra[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,73:1865-1894.
Boore D M,Atkinson G M.1987.Stochastic prediction of ground motion and spectral response parameters at hard-rocksites in eastern North America[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,77:440-467.
Boore D M.2003.SMSI M-FORTRANprograms for si mulating ground motions fromearthquakes:Version2.0revisionof OFR96-80-A[R]∥US Geol Surv Open-File Rept.[S.l.]:USGS:1-509.
Brune J N.1970.Tectonic stress and spectra of seismic shear waves fromearthquakes[J].J Geophys Res,75:4997-5009.
Brune J N.1971.Correction of“tectonic stress and spectra of seismic shear waves from earthquakes”[J].J GeophysRes,76:5002.
Campbell K W.2003.Prediction of strong ground motion using the Hybrid empirical method andits use in the develop-ment of ground-motion(attenuation)relationsin eastern North America[J].Bull SeismSoc Amer,93:1012-1033.
Ding Z,Romanelli F,Chen Y T,et al.2004.Realistic modeling of seismic wave ground motionin Beijing City[J].PureAppl Geophys,161:1093-1106.
Frankel A.1991.High-frequency spectral fall off for earthquakes,fractal di mension of strength onfaults[J].J GeophysRes,96:6291-6302.
Frankel A,Mueller C,Barnhard T,et al.1996.National seismic hazard maps:Documentation[R]∥US Geol SurvOpen-File Rept.[S.l.]:USGS:96-532.
Hanks T C,McGuire R K.1981.The character of highfrequency strong ground motion[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,71:2071-2095.
Herrero A,Bernard P.1994.A kinematic self-si milar rupture process for earthquake[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,84:1216-1228.
Housner G W,Jennings P C.1964.Generation of artificial earthquakes[C]∥Proc ASCE90.[S.l]:USGS:113-150.
Ki m W.2003.June18,2002Caborn,Indian earthquake:Reactivation of ancient rift inthe Wabash Valleyfault zone[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,93:2201-2211.
Luco J E,Apsel RJ.1983.On the Green′s function for a layered half space[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,73:909-929.
Somerville P,Collins N,Abrahamson N,et al.2001.Ground motion attenuation relations for the central and easternUnited States[R]∥Final Report to US Geological Survey.Award Number:99HQGR0098,June30,2001.
Somerville P G,Graves R W.2003.Characterization of earthquake strong ground motion[J].Pure Appl Geophys,160:1811-1828.
Street R,Woolery E W,Wang Z,et al.1995.Short note on shear-wave velocities and other site conditions at selectedstrong-motion stations in the New Madrid seismic zone[J].SeismRes Lett,66:56-63.
Tumarkin AJ,Archuleta RJ,Madariaga R.1994.Scaling relations for composite earthquake models[J].Bull SeismSocAmer,84:1279-1283.
Toro G W,Abrahamson N A,Schneider J F.1997.Model of strong ground motions from earthquakes in Central andeastern North America:Best esti mates and uncertainties[J].SeismRes Lett,68:41-57.
Wald DJ,Heaton T H.1994.Spatial and temporal distribution of slip for the1992Landers,California earthquake[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,84:668-691.
Wang Zhenming,Woolery W,Jeffrey S.2003.Short note on ground motion recordings fromthe18June,2002,Darms-tadt,Indiana earthquake[J].SeismRes Lett,74:148-152.
Yu G,Khattri K N,Anderson J G,et al.1995.Strong ground motion fromthe Uttarkashi,Hi malaya,India earth-quake:Comparison of observations with synthetics using the composite source model[J].Bull SeismSoc Amer,85:31-50.
ZengY,Anderson J G.1995.A methodfor direct computation of the differential seismogram withrespect tothe veloci-ty change in a layered elastic solid[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,85:300-307.
Zeng Y,Anderson J G,Yu G.1994.Acomposite source model for computing realistic synthetic strong ground motions[J].Gephys Res Lett,21:725-728.
Zeng Y,Anderson J G.1996.Acomposite source modeling of the1994Northridge earthquake using genetic algorithm[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,86:71-83.
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