高土石坝震害与抗震措施评述
|
摘要
目前,我国西部地区正建或拟建一大批高土石坝,这些高坝都位于地震高烈度区,做好抗震设计非常重要。本文总结了地震荷载作用下土石坝常见的几种破坏形式,包括地震永久变形、滑坡失稳、液化、防渗体破坏、次生破坏;针对这些破坏形式,总结了地震高烈度区高土石坝的抗震措施,包括预留超高、坡脚压重、坝顶加固、抗液化措施、防渗体处理等;提出了现阶段高土石坝抗震的计算方法和抗震措施存在的缺点和不足,并对我国今后的高土石坝抗震稳定研究提出了建议。
At present,there are a large number of earth and rockfill dams which are being built or will be built in the west of China,the high intensity area of earthquakes,so the aseismatic measures are very important for those dams.In this paper,the main failure modes of earth and rockfill dams due to earthquake were briefly reviewed,including earthquake-induced permanent deformation,landslide failure,liquefaction,anti-seepage damage,and secondary damage.According to those failure modes,the aseismatic measures of high earth and rockfill dams built in meizoseismal areas were summed up,including the reserved freeboard,toe weight,crest reinforcement,anti-liquefaction measures,seepage treatment.Then the merits and faults of current calculating methods and aseismatic measures of the high earth and rockfill dams were pointed out;at last,suggestions were put forward for the seismic stability study of high earth and rockfill dams in future.
At present,there are a large number of earth and rockfill dams which are being built or will be built in the west of China,the high intensity area of earthquakes,so the aseismatic measures are very important for those dams.In this paper,the main failure modes of earth and rockfill dams due to earthquake were briefly reviewed,including earthquake-induced permanent deformation,landslide failure,liquefaction,anti-seepage damage,and secondary damage.According to those failure modes,the aseismatic measures of high earth and rockfill dams built in meizoseismal areas were summed up,including the reserved freeboard,toe weight,crest reinforcement,anti-liquefaction measures,seepage treatment.Then the merits and faults of current calculating methods and aseismatic measures of the high earth and rockfill dams were pointed out;at last,suggestions were put forward for the seismic stability study of high earth and rockfill dams in future.
引文
[1]赵剑明,常亚屏,陈宁.加强高土石坝抗震研究的现实意义及工作展望[J].世界地震工程,2004,(25):423-428.Zhao J M,Chang Y P,Chen N.Significance andprospects about earthquake resistant studies of highearth-rockfill dams[J].World Earthquake Engineer-ing,2004,(25):423-428.
[2]王柏乐,刘瑛珍,吴鹤鹤.中国土石坝工程建设新进展[J].水力发电,2005,31(1):63-65.Wang B L,Liu Y Z,Wu H H.New development ofChina earth and stone dam project construction[J].Water Power,2005,31(1):63-65.
[3]顾淦臣.土石坝安全问题评述[J].大坝与安全,1996,36(2):8-16.Gu G C.Review on embankment dams safety problem[J].Large Dam and Safety,1996,36(2):8-16.
[4]陈生水,霍家平,章为民.“5.12”汶川地震对紫坪铺混凝土面板坝的影响及原因分析[J].岩土工程学报,2008,30(6):796-801.Chen S S,Huo J P,Zhang W M.Analysis of effectsof“5.12”Wenchuan Earthquake on Zipingpu concreteface rock-fill dam[J].Chinese Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering,2008,30(6):796-801.
[5]Seed H B,Idriss I M,Lee K L,et al.Dynamic analy-sis of the slide in the lower San Fernando Dam duringthe earthquake of the February 9,1971[J].Journa ofthe Geotechnical Engineering Division,ASCE,1975,101(GT9):889-911.
[6]孔宪京,邹德高,邓学晶,等.高土石坝综合抗震措施及其效果的验算[J].水利学报,2006,37(12):1489-1495.Kong X J,Zhou D G,Deng X J,et al.Comprehen-sive earthquake resistant measure of high earth-rock-fill dams and effectiveness verification[J].Journal ofHydraulic Engineering,2006,37(12):1489-1495.
[7]顾淦臣.国内外土石坝重大事故剖析[J].水利水电科技进展,1997,17(2):16-25.Gu G C.Dissection of significant incidents of embank-ment dams in the World[J].Advances in Science andTechnology of Water Resources,1997,17(2):16-25.
[8]田景元,张志伟.四川省大渡河双江口水电站可行性研究报告,水工专题四:心墙雄石坝抗震设计专题报告[R].成都:中国水电顾问集团成都勘测设计研究院,2009.Tian J Y,Zhang Z W.The feasibility study report ofshuangjiangkou hydropower station of Dadu River inSichuan Province,Hydraulic topic four:the seismicdesign of core rockfill dam[R].Chengdu:Chengdu Hy-droelectric Investigation and Design Institute,CHECC,2009.
[9]DL/T 5395-2007,水工建筑物抗震设计规范[S].
[10]DL 5073-2000,水工建筑物抗震设计规范[S].
[11]迟世春,孔宪京,李俊杰,等.国家电力公司科学技术项目专题四——心墙堆石坝动力反应分析计算理论及抗震措施研究[R].大连:大连理工大学,2006.Chi S C,Kong X J,Li J J,et al.The science andtechnology project of National Power Company:topicfour——The theoretical calculation of dynamic re-sponse analysis of core rockfill dam and seismic mea-sures studies[R].Dalian:Dalian University of Tech-nology,2006.
[12]费康,朱凯,刘汉龙.深厚覆盖层上高土石坝抗震稳定性的三维分析[J].扬州大学学报(自然科学版),2008,11(1):74-78.Fei K,Zhu K,Liu H L.Three dimensional analysisof the aseismatic stability of high earth-rockfill damon deep overburden[J].Journal of Yangzhou Univer-sity(Natural Science Edition),2008,11(1):74-78.
[13]韩国城,孔宪京,李俊杰,等.面板堆石坝动力模型试验与动力分析方法研究[R].大连:大连理工大学,1989.Han G C,Kong X J,Li J J,et al.CFRD dynamicmodel test and dynamic analysis method studies[R].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,1989.
[14]沈珠江,郦能惠,孔宪京,等.高土石坝动力分析及抗震工程措施研究[R].南京:南京水利水电科学研究院,1993.Shen Z J,Li N H,Kong X J,et al.Dynamic analysisof high earth-rockfill dam and research on seismic en-gineering measures[R].Nanjing:Nanjing HydraulicResearch Institute,1993.
[15]马家燕.土工格栅应用于水工大坝初探[J].四川水力发电,2007,26(6):84-92.Ma J Y.The application of geogrid at hydraulic dam[J].Sichuan Water Power,2007,26(6):84-92.
[16]马家燕.土工格栅在冶勒水电站拦河堆石坝上的应用[J].四川水利,2008,(2):18-20.Ma J Y.The application of geogrid at Yele rockfilldam[J].Sichuan Water Resources,2008,(2):18-20.
[17]王柏乐.中国当代土石坝工程[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2004.Wang B L.The Earth-rock Dam Project of Contem-porary China[M].Beijing:China Water Power Press,2004.
[18]杨光,雷红军,于玉贞,等.糯扎渡高心墙堆石坝的抗震措施研究[J].水力发电学报,2008,25(4):89-93.Yang G,Lei H J,Yu Y Z,et al.Research on aseis-matic measures of Nuozhadu high core rockfill dam[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2008,25(4):89-93.
[19]甘宪章,韩秋茸.小浪底土石坝抗震设计[J].水力发电学报,1998,62(3):15-23.Gan X Z,Han Q R.The seismic design of earth androckfill dam of Xiaolangdi Project[J].Journal of Hy-droelectric Engineering,1998,62(3):15-23.
[20]李红军,迟世春,钟红,等.高土石坝地震永久变形研究评述[J].水利学报,2007(增):178-183.Li H J,Chi S C,Zhong H,et al.Review on the seis-mically permanent deformation of high earth rock-filldams[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2007(s):178-183.
[21]Newmark N M.Effects of earthquakes on dams andembankments[J].Geotechnique,1965,15(2):139-160.
[22]Serff N,Seed H B,Makdisi F I,et al.Earthquake in-duced deformations of earth dams[R].Earthquake En-gineering Research Center,Berkeley:University ofCalifornia,1976.
[23]Taniguchi E,whiteman R V,Marr W A.Prediction ofearthquake induced deformation of earth dams[J].Soils and Foundations,1983,23(4):456-460.
[24]沈珠江,徐刚.堆石料的动力变形特性[J].水利水运科学研究,1996(6):143-150.Shen Z J,Xu G.Deformation behavior of rock mate-rials under cyclic loading[J].Hydro-Science and Engi-neering,1996(6):143-150.
[25]刘汉龙,陆兆溱,钱家欢.土石坝地震永久变形分析[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),1996,24(1):91-96.Liu H L,Lu Z Z,Qian J H.Earthquake-induced per-manent deformation of earth-rock dams[J].Journal ofHohai University(Natural Science Edition),1996,24(1):91-96.
[26]李广信.加筋土应力变形计算的新途径[J].岩土工程学报,1994,16(3):46-53.Li G X.A new approach to analysis of stress and de-formation of reinforced earth[J].Chinese Journal ofGeotechnical Engineering,1994,16(3):46-53.
[27]Khalid F,Yalcin B A,IIan J.Pullout resistance ofgeogrid reinforcement[J].Geotextiles and Geomem-brances,1993,12(2):133-159.
[28]王克忠,张文雷,李道田,等.土石坝体内土工格栅加筋机理研究[J].水利水电技术,2004,35(10):10-13.Wang K Z,Zhang W L,Li D T,et al.Study onmechanism of the reinforcement effect in earth-rockfilldam[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineer-ing,2004,35(10):10-13.
[2]王柏乐,刘瑛珍,吴鹤鹤.中国土石坝工程建设新进展[J].水力发电,2005,31(1):63-65.Wang B L,Liu Y Z,Wu H H.New development ofChina earth and stone dam project construction[J].Water Power,2005,31(1):63-65.
[3]顾淦臣.土石坝安全问题评述[J].大坝与安全,1996,36(2):8-16.Gu G C.Review on embankment dams safety problem[J].Large Dam and Safety,1996,36(2):8-16.
[4]陈生水,霍家平,章为民.“5.12”汶川地震对紫坪铺混凝土面板坝的影响及原因分析[J].岩土工程学报,2008,30(6):796-801.Chen S S,Huo J P,Zhang W M.Analysis of effectsof“5.12”Wenchuan Earthquake on Zipingpu concreteface rock-fill dam[J].Chinese Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering,2008,30(6):796-801.
[5]Seed H B,Idriss I M,Lee K L,et al.Dynamic analy-sis of the slide in the lower San Fernando Dam duringthe earthquake of the February 9,1971[J].Journa ofthe Geotechnical Engineering Division,ASCE,1975,101(GT9):889-911.
[6]孔宪京,邹德高,邓学晶,等.高土石坝综合抗震措施及其效果的验算[J].水利学报,2006,37(12):1489-1495.Kong X J,Zhou D G,Deng X J,et al.Comprehen-sive earthquake resistant measure of high earth-rock-fill dams and effectiveness verification[J].Journal ofHydraulic Engineering,2006,37(12):1489-1495.
[7]顾淦臣.国内外土石坝重大事故剖析[J].水利水电科技进展,1997,17(2):16-25.Gu G C.Dissection of significant incidents of embank-ment dams in the World[J].Advances in Science andTechnology of Water Resources,1997,17(2):16-25.
[8]田景元,张志伟.四川省大渡河双江口水电站可行性研究报告,水工专题四:心墙雄石坝抗震设计专题报告[R].成都:中国水电顾问集团成都勘测设计研究院,2009.Tian J Y,Zhang Z W.The feasibility study report ofshuangjiangkou hydropower station of Dadu River inSichuan Province,Hydraulic topic four:the seismicdesign of core rockfill dam[R].Chengdu:Chengdu Hy-droelectric Investigation and Design Institute,CHECC,2009.
[9]DL/T 5395-2007,水工建筑物抗震设计规范[S].
[10]DL 5073-2000,水工建筑物抗震设计规范[S].
[11]迟世春,孔宪京,李俊杰,等.国家电力公司科学技术项目专题四——心墙堆石坝动力反应分析计算理论及抗震措施研究[R].大连:大连理工大学,2006.Chi S C,Kong X J,Li J J,et al.The science andtechnology project of National Power Company:topicfour——The theoretical calculation of dynamic re-sponse analysis of core rockfill dam and seismic mea-sures studies[R].Dalian:Dalian University of Tech-nology,2006.
[12]费康,朱凯,刘汉龙.深厚覆盖层上高土石坝抗震稳定性的三维分析[J].扬州大学学报(自然科学版),2008,11(1):74-78.Fei K,Zhu K,Liu H L.Three dimensional analysisof the aseismatic stability of high earth-rockfill damon deep overburden[J].Journal of Yangzhou Univer-sity(Natural Science Edition),2008,11(1):74-78.
[13]韩国城,孔宪京,李俊杰,等.面板堆石坝动力模型试验与动力分析方法研究[R].大连:大连理工大学,1989.Han G C,Kong X J,Li J J,et al.CFRD dynamicmodel test and dynamic analysis method studies[R].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,1989.
[14]沈珠江,郦能惠,孔宪京,等.高土石坝动力分析及抗震工程措施研究[R].南京:南京水利水电科学研究院,1993.Shen Z J,Li N H,Kong X J,et al.Dynamic analysisof high earth-rockfill dam and research on seismic en-gineering measures[R].Nanjing:Nanjing HydraulicResearch Institute,1993.
[15]马家燕.土工格栅应用于水工大坝初探[J].四川水力发电,2007,26(6):84-92.Ma J Y.The application of geogrid at hydraulic dam[J].Sichuan Water Power,2007,26(6):84-92.
[16]马家燕.土工格栅在冶勒水电站拦河堆石坝上的应用[J].四川水利,2008,(2):18-20.Ma J Y.The application of geogrid at Yele rockfilldam[J].Sichuan Water Resources,2008,(2):18-20.
[17]王柏乐.中国当代土石坝工程[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2004.Wang B L.The Earth-rock Dam Project of Contem-porary China[M].Beijing:China Water Power Press,2004.
[18]杨光,雷红军,于玉贞,等.糯扎渡高心墙堆石坝的抗震措施研究[J].水力发电学报,2008,25(4):89-93.Yang G,Lei H J,Yu Y Z,et al.Research on aseis-matic measures of Nuozhadu high core rockfill dam[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2008,25(4):89-93.
[19]甘宪章,韩秋茸.小浪底土石坝抗震设计[J].水力发电学报,1998,62(3):15-23.Gan X Z,Han Q R.The seismic design of earth androckfill dam of Xiaolangdi Project[J].Journal of Hy-droelectric Engineering,1998,62(3):15-23.
[20]李红军,迟世春,钟红,等.高土石坝地震永久变形研究评述[J].水利学报,2007(增):178-183.Li H J,Chi S C,Zhong H,et al.Review on the seis-mically permanent deformation of high earth rock-filldams[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2007(s):178-183.
[21]Newmark N M.Effects of earthquakes on dams andembankments[J].Geotechnique,1965,15(2):139-160.
[22]Serff N,Seed H B,Makdisi F I,et al.Earthquake in-duced deformations of earth dams[R].Earthquake En-gineering Research Center,Berkeley:University ofCalifornia,1976.
[23]Taniguchi E,whiteman R V,Marr W A.Prediction ofearthquake induced deformation of earth dams[J].Soils and Foundations,1983,23(4):456-460.
[24]沈珠江,徐刚.堆石料的动力变形特性[J].水利水运科学研究,1996(6):143-150.Shen Z J,Xu G.Deformation behavior of rock mate-rials under cyclic loading[J].Hydro-Science and Engi-neering,1996(6):143-150.
[25]刘汉龙,陆兆溱,钱家欢.土石坝地震永久变形分析[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),1996,24(1):91-96.Liu H L,Lu Z Z,Qian J H.Earthquake-induced per-manent deformation of earth-rock dams[J].Journal ofHohai University(Natural Science Edition),1996,24(1):91-96.
[26]李广信.加筋土应力变形计算的新途径[J].岩土工程学报,1994,16(3):46-53.Li G X.A new approach to analysis of stress and de-formation of reinforced earth[J].Chinese Journal ofGeotechnical Engineering,1994,16(3):46-53.
[27]Khalid F,Yalcin B A,IIan J.Pullout resistance ofgeogrid reinforcement[J].Geotextiles and Geomem-brances,1993,12(2):133-159.
[28]王克忠,张文雷,李道田,等.土石坝体内土工格栅加筋机理研究[J].水利水电技术,2004,35(10):10-13.Wang K Z,Zhang W L,Li D T,et al.Study onmechanism of the reinforcement effect in earth-rockfilldam[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineer-ing,2004,35(10):10-13.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心