福岛核电事故分析及其启示
|
摘要
2011年3月11日日本发生的9.0级地震引发了日本福岛第一核电站7级核泄漏事故,该事故成为近期全世界关注的热点。介绍了福岛核电事故的经过、分析了事故的原因、影响及启示。地震和海啸是表面的诱因,深层的原因则是很复杂的。从技术上层面上讲,核事故的原因主要归结为3个方面:福岛核电采用了安全性不够好的核电第二代技术,核电站的抗震能力设计不足,且其1号机组超设计寿期运行。通过AP1000和ERP的安全系统在设计、性能、技术等方面比较,认为在安全性方面核电第三代技术AP1000比EPR要优越得多。针对我国现时核电是第二代技术和第三代技术并存,探讨了中国核电的安全监督制度、核电主力堆型的发展方向、应急联动机制以及应急预案。
A grade-7 nuclear leakage accident has happened in Fukushima nuclear power plant(Japan),which followed the magnitude-9.0 earthquake on March 11,2011,in Japan,and has been in focus worldwide now.This paper introduces the course of the accident,and analyzes its causes,impact and reflection.The inducements of the accident are obviously the earthquake and its resulted tsunami,but the causes in deep are very complex.In terms of technology,the causes are mainly summarized in the paper as three aspects — the second-generation nuclear technology adopted by the plant,the plant design not enough for earthquake proof,and the nuclear power unit 1 has being in operation over its design life time.In comparision of design,performance and technology on the third-generation technology AP1000 and EPR(Europe presure water reactor),it proves that AP1000 is better in securty than EPR.Aiming at the situation of the second and third generation nuclear technologies coexisting in China,the paper discusses the safety supervision system,the development direction of the chief reactor types of nuclear power,the emergency linkage mechanism,and the emergency preplans for the nuclear plants in China.
A grade-7 nuclear leakage accident has happened in Fukushima nuclear power plant(Japan),which followed the magnitude-9.0 earthquake on March 11,2011,in Japan,and has been in focus worldwide now.This paper introduces the course of the accident,and analyzes its causes,impact and reflection.The inducements of the accident are obviously the earthquake and its resulted tsunami,but the causes in deep are very complex.In terms of technology,the causes are mainly summarized in the paper as three aspects — the second-generation nuclear technology adopted by the plant,the plant design not enough for earthquake proof,and the nuclear power unit 1 has being in operation over its design life time.In comparision of design,performance and technology on the third-generation technology AP1000 and EPR(Europe presure water reactor),it proves that AP1000 is better in securty than EPR.Aiming at the situation of the second and third generation nuclear technologies coexisting in China,the paper discusses the safety supervision system,the development direction of the chief reactor types of nuclear power,the emergency linkage mechanism,and the emergency preplans for the nuclear plants in China.
引文
[1]ZAIMA E,OKAMOTO H.东京电力公司特高压交流输电系统介绍:将现有1 100 kV输电线路的运行电压从550 kV升级至1 100kV过程中的问题[C]//2009特高压输电技术国际会议论文集.北京:国家电网公司,2009:1–6.ZAIMA E,OKAMOTO H.Issues on UHV AC Transmission Lines ofTEPCO in Upgrading Existing 1 100 kV Designed Lines From 550kV to 1 100 kV[C]//Proceedings of International Conference onUHV Transmission,2009.Beijing:SGCC,2009:1–6.
[2]张干周.日本电力工业概况(Ⅰ)[J].国际电力,2003,7(5):4-9.ZHOU Ganzhou.Electric Power Industry in Japan(Ⅰ)[J].International Electric Power For China,2003,7(5):4-9.
[3]栾凤奎,贾俊国,韩英豪,等.日本电力工业改革及其对我国电力市场建设的借鉴[J].华东电力,2006,34(9):6-9.LUAN Fengkui,JIA Junguo,HAN Yinghao,et al.Japanese PowerIndustry Reform and Lessons We Can Learn for Construction ofChinese Power Market[J].East Power Electric Power,2006,34(9):6-9.
[4]孙薇.日本能源与电力消费效率分析[J].电力技术经济,2008,20(2):31-36.SHUN Wei.Analysis on the Efficiency of Energy and ElectricityConsumption of Japan[J].Electric Power Technologic Economics,2008,20(2):31-36.
[5]American Nuclear Society.Fukushima[DB/OL].(2011-05-11)[2011-05-13].http://ansnuclearcafe.org/fukushima/2011/.
[6]International Atomic Energy Agency.Fukushima Nuclear AccidentUpdate Log[DB/OL].(2011-05-11)[2011-05-13].http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/tsunamiupdate01.html.
[7]汪胜国.世界核能发电的现状及未来堆型的开发[J].东方电气评论,2006,20(3):1-5.WANG Weiguo.Status of Nuclear Energy in the World andDevelopment of Future Reactors[J].Dongfang Electric Review,2006,20(3):1-5.
[8]陈伟,张军,李桂菊.核电技术现状与研究进展[J].世界科技研究与发展,2007,29(5):81-86.CHEN Wei,ZHANG Jun,LI Guiju.The Status and ResearchDevelopment of Nuclear Power Technology[J].World Sci-Tech R&D,2007,29(5):81-86.
[9]郎明刚,高祖瑛.严重事故分析程序[J].核动力工程,2002,23(2):46-50.LANG Minggang,GAO Zuying.Analysis Codes of Severe Accident[J].Nuclear Power Engineering,2002,23(2):46-50.
[10]谢强.电力系统的地震灾害研究现状与应急响应[J].电力建设,2008,29(8):1-6.XIE Qiang.State-of-the-Art of Seismic Disaster Research andEmergency Response of Electric Power System[J].Electric PowerConstruction,2008,29(8):1-6.
[11]刘明章.秦山核电二期扩建工程严重事故对策分析[D].上海:上海交通大学,2008.LIU Mingzhang.Qinshan-II Extension Project Severe AccidentCountermeasure Analysis[D].Shanghai:Shanghai Jiao TongUniversity,2008.
[12]SUKHO LEE.韩国严重事故管理的国家计划和要求[J].国外核动力,2003(2):21-27.SUKHO LEE.Korean Severe Accident Management Plans andRequirements of National[J].Foreign Nuclear Power,2003(2):21-27.
[13]杨长利.掌握三代核电技术推动中国核能发展[J].国防科技工业,2007(5):33-34.YANG Changli.Master the Three Generations of NuclearTechnology to Promote the Development of Nuclear Energy in China[J].Defence Science&Technology Industry,2007(5):33-34.
[14]陈泓.世界先进反应堆型:欧洲压水堆EPR介绍[J].中国电力,2000,33(2):65-69.CHEN Hong.Introduction to World Advanced Reactor Type:European Pressurized Water Reactor(EPR)[J].Electric Power,2000,33(2):65-69.
[15]张锐平,张雪,张禄庆.世界核电主要堆型技术沿革[J].中国核电,2009,2(3):276-281.ZHANG Ruiping,ZHANG Xue,ZHANG Luqing.TechnicalEvolution of Leading Nuclear Power Reactor Types in the World[J].China Nuclear Power,2009,2(3):276-281.
[16]FICHER M.The Severe Accident Mitigation Concept and the DesignMeasures for Core Melt Retention of the European PressurizedReactor(EPR)[J].Nuclear Engineering and Design,2004,230:169-180.
[17]TEICHEL H.How the European Pressurised Water Reactor Fulfilsthe Utility Requirements[J].Nuclear Engineering and Design,1999,187:9-13.
[18]GILLEN K T.Lifetime Predictions of EPR Materials Using theWear-Out Approach[J].Polymer Degradation and stability,2006,91:3197-3207.
[19]PUMA A L.Optimization of a Water-cooled Divertor for theEuropean Power Plant Conceptual Study[J].Fusion Engineering andDesign,2002,61/62:177-183.
[20]安全文化网.法国核应急管理对我国核应急事故处置的几点启示[DB/OL].(2009-05-15)[2011-05-10].http://www.anquan.com.cn/Wencui/jingyan/Class30/200905/116423.html.
[21]欧阳予.世界主要核电国家发展战略与我国核电规划[J].现代电力,2006,23(5):1-10.OUYANG Yu.Development Strategy and Process of World NuclearPower States and Nuclear Power Development in China[J].MordenElectric Power,2006,23(5):1-10.
[22]李文庆,喻登科.核电发达国家的严重事故管理及对我国的启示[J].科技管理研究,2010(3):33-36.LI Wendeng,YU Dengke.Nuclear Power Developed Countries'Serious Accident Management and Enlightenment to China[J].Science and Technology Management Research,2010(3):33-36.
[23]王新新.新时期我国核电发展现状及对策分析研究[J].节能技术,2010,159(28):60-64.WANG Xinxin.China’s Nuclear Power Development in the NewPeriod:Study on Present Situation and Countermeasures[J].EnergyConservation Technology,2010,159(28):60-64.
[24]Agency for Natural Kesources and Energy.Overview of ElectricityProjects[EB/OL].(2004-10-01)[2011-05-10].http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp.
[2]张干周.日本电力工业概况(Ⅰ)[J].国际电力,2003,7(5):4-9.ZHOU Ganzhou.Electric Power Industry in Japan(Ⅰ)[J].International Electric Power For China,2003,7(5):4-9.
[3]栾凤奎,贾俊国,韩英豪,等.日本电力工业改革及其对我国电力市场建设的借鉴[J].华东电力,2006,34(9):6-9.LUAN Fengkui,JIA Junguo,HAN Yinghao,et al.Japanese PowerIndustry Reform and Lessons We Can Learn for Construction ofChinese Power Market[J].East Power Electric Power,2006,34(9):6-9.
[4]孙薇.日本能源与电力消费效率分析[J].电力技术经济,2008,20(2):31-36.SHUN Wei.Analysis on the Efficiency of Energy and ElectricityConsumption of Japan[J].Electric Power Technologic Economics,2008,20(2):31-36.
[5]American Nuclear Society.Fukushima[DB/OL].(2011-05-11)[2011-05-13].http://ansnuclearcafe.org/fukushima/2011/.
[6]International Atomic Energy Agency.Fukushima Nuclear AccidentUpdate Log[DB/OL].(2011-05-11)[2011-05-13].http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/tsunamiupdate01.html.
[7]汪胜国.世界核能发电的现状及未来堆型的开发[J].东方电气评论,2006,20(3):1-5.WANG Weiguo.Status of Nuclear Energy in the World andDevelopment of Future Reactors[J].Dongfang Electric Review,2006,20(3):1-5.
[8]陈伟,张军,李桂菊.核电技术现状与研究进展[J].世界科技研究与发展,2007,29(5):81-86.CHEN Wei,ZHANG Jun,LI Guiju.The Status and ResearchDevelopment of Nuclear Power Technology[J].World Sci-Tech R&D,2007,29(5):81-86.
[9]郎明刚,高祖瑛.严重事故分析程序[J].核动力工程,2002,23(2):46-50.LANG Minggang,GAO Zuying.Analysis Codes of Severe Accident[J].Nuclear Power Engineering,2002,23(2):46-50.
[10]谢强.电力系统的地震灾害研究现状与应急响应[J].电力建设,2008,29(8):1-6.XIE Qiang.State-of-the-Art of Seismic Disaster Research andEmergency Response of Electric Power System[J].Electric PowerConstruction,2008,29(8):1-6.
[11]刘明章.秦山核电二期扩建工程严重事故对策分析[D].上海:上海交通大学,2008.LIU Mingzhang.Qinshan-II Extension Project Severe AccidentCountermeasure Analysis[D].Shanghai:Shanghai Jiao TongUniversity,2008.
[12]SUKHO LEE.韩国严重事故管理的国家计划和要求[J].国外核动力,2003(2):21-27.SUKHO LEE.Korean Severe Accident Management Plans andRequirements of National[J].Foreign Nuclear Power,2003(2):21-27.
[13]杨长利.掌握三代核电技术推动中国核能发展[J].国防科技工业,2007(5):33-34.YANG Changli.Master the Three Generations of NuclearTechnology to Promote the Development of Nuclear Energy in China[J].Defence Science&Technology Industry,2007(5):33-34.
[14]陈泓.世界先进反应堆型:欧洲压水堆EPR介绍[J].中国电力,2000,33(2):65-69.CHEN Hong.Introduction to World Advanced Reactor Type:European Pressurized Water Reactor(EPR)[J].Electric Power,2000,33(2):65-69.
[15]张锐平,张雪,张禄庆.世界核电主要堆型技术沿革[J].中国核电,2009,2(3):276-281.ZHANG Ruiping,ZHANG Xue,ZHANG Luqing.TechnicalEvolution of Leading Nuclear Power Reactor Types in the World[J].China Nuclear Power,2009,2(3):276-281.
[16]FICHER M.The Severe Accident Mitigation Concept and the DesignMeasures for Core Melt Retention of the European PressurizedReactor(EPR)[J].Nuclear Engineering and Design,2004,230:169-180.
[17]TEICHEL H.How the European Pressurised Water Reactor Fulfilsthe Utility Requirements[J].Nuclear Engineering and Design,1999,187:9-13.
[18]GILLEN K T.Lifetime Predictions of EPR Materials Using theWear-Out Approach[J].Polymer Degradation and stability,2006,91:3197-3207.
[19]PUMA A L.Optimization of a Water-cooled Divertor for theEuropean Power Plant Conceptual Study[J].Fusion Engineering andDesign,2002,61/62:177-183.
[20]安全文化网.法国核应急管理对我国核应急事故处置的几点启示[DB/OL].(2009-05-15)[2011-05-10].http://www.anquan.com.cn/Wencui/jingyan/Class30/200905/116423.html.
[21]欧阳予.世界主要核电国家发展战略与我国核电规划[J].现代电力,2006,23(5):1-10.OUYANG Yu.Development Strategy and Process of World NuclearPower States and Nuclear Power Development in China[J].MordenElectric Power,2006,23(5):1-10.
[22]李文庆,喻登科.核电发达国家的严重事故管理及对我国的启示[J].科技管理研究,2010(3):33-36.LI Wendeng,YU Dengke.Nuclear Power Developed Countries'Serious Accident Management and Enlightenment to China[J].Science and Technology Management Research,2010(3):33-36.
[23]王新新.新时期我国核电发展现状及对策分析研究[J].节能技术,2010,159(28):60-64.WANG Xinxin.China’s Nuclear Power Development in the NewPeriod:Study on Present Situation and Countermeasures[J].EnergyConservation Technology,2010,159(28):60-64.
[24]Agency for Natural Kesources and Energy.Overview of ElectricityProjects[EB/OL].(2004-10-01)[2011-05-10].http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心