强震前的“加速矩释放”(AMR)现象:对一个有争议的地震前兆的回溯性震例研究
|
摘要
近年来,国际上对于强震前的加速矩释放(AMR)现象是否可作为一种可靠的、带有普遍性的地震前兆现象争议较大.本文以2008年3月21日新疆于田 M_s 7.3地震为例,试图从前兆存在的客观性和与地震发生的物理相关性两方面考察本次地震前的 AMR 现象.用"破裂时间分析"方程中的幂指数 m 作为描述震前加速矩释放"程度"的参量,在时间-空间-地震序列截止震级组成的三维参数空间(T,R,M_c)内考察 AMR 现象存存的客观性.考虑了多种因素对 m(T,R,M_c)分布图像可能的影响,其中,余震是否删除和 M_c 对计算影响不大,但 M_L 6.0以上"干扰"事件的影响则较大.结果表明,于田地震前的确存在 AMR 现象,但得到的 m(T,R,M_c)分布图像较为复杂,可观测到两个明显的 AMR 集中分布区.此外,在以实际震中为圆心的多个圆形区域内,使用固定时间窗向实际发震时刻滑动逼近,可观测到 m 值逐渐减小,即加速特征逐渐明显的过程.对震前矩释放程度 m 值的时-空扫描结果显示,出现 AMR 现象的空间区域与震中位置似有较好的对应,但其时-空演化图像与滑动时-空窗的选取有关.这表明,本次 M_s 7.3地震前的确存在 AMR 现象,并与其孕震过程在物理上相关.但本文仅是一个震例的研究,无法给出具有统计显著性的结论。此外,用 AMR 来约束地震发生的时间看来是困难的.
Since recent years there has been the controversy on whether accelerating moment release (AMR) can be regarded as a reliable intermediate-term precursor of strong earthquakes with generality.Taking the March 21,2008,Yutian,Xinjiang,M_s 7.3 earthquake as an example,we conducted a case study focusing on the reliability and physical relevance of AMR. We investigate the generality of AMR by mapping m,the exponent in the power-law-like‘time- to-failure’function describing the moment release,in the (T,R,M_c) space,where T and R are the scales of temporal and spatial window,respectively,and M_c is the cutoff magnitude of earthquake catalogue in use.Various factors potentially affecting the result are considered.It is observed that declustering of catalogues has less influence on the distribution of m (T,R,M_c), while the‘interfering events’with magnitude larger than M_L 6.0 have more influence.AMR can be observed before the earthquake,albeit the pattern is complicated.The distribution of m(T, R,M_c) in the (T,R,M_c) space shows two clusters of accelerating-like m.Furthermore,when the spatial range is taken as a fixed circle centered at the epicenter of the main shock,m value is found to decrease gradually with the time window approaching the earthquake,implying the strengthening of AMR behavior before the quake.Spatio-temporal mapping of m value shows that the region with accelerating moment release correlates well with the source region,but such correlation depends on the sliding window selected.It turns out that AMR does exist before the Yutian earthquake,and such AMR behavior may have physical relevance in the process of earthquake preparation.Being only a retrospective case study,however,statistical significance of AMR cannot be confirmed by the present result.Moreover,constraint of failure time by AMR analysis is shown to be difficult,at least for this case.
Since recent years there has been the controversy on whether accelerating moment release (AMR) can be regarded as a reliable intermediate-term precursor of strong earthquakes with generality.Taking the March 21,2008,Yutian,Xinjiang,M_s 7.3 earthquake as an example,we conducted a case study focusing on the reliability and physical relevance of AMR. We investigate the generality of AMR by mapping m,the exponent in the power-law-like‘time- to-failure’function describing the moment release,in the (T,R,M_c) space,where T and R are the scales of temporal and spatial window,respectively,and M_c is the cutoff magnitude of earthquake catalogue in use.Various factors potentially affecting the result are considered.It is observed that declustering of catalogues has less influence on the distribution of m (T,R,M_c), while the‘interfering events’with magnitude larger than M_L 6.0 have more influence.AMR can be observed before the earthquake,albeit the pattern is complicated.The distribution of m(T, R,M_c) in the (T,R,M_c) space shows two clusters of accelerating-like m.Furthermore,when the spatial range is taken as a fixed circle centered at the epicenter of the main shock,m value is found to decrease gradually with the time window approaching the earthquake,implying the strengthening of AMR behavior before the quake.Spatio-temporal mapping of m value shows that the region with accelerating moment release correlates well with the source region,but such correlation depends on the sliding window selected.It turns out that AMR does exist before the Yutian earthquake,and such AMR behavior may have physical relevance in the process of earthquake preparation.Being only a retrospective case study,however,statistical significance of AMR cannot be confirmed by the present result.Moreover,constraint of failure time by AMR analysis is shown to be difficult,at least for this case.
引文
1) Kossobokov V.Earthquake forecast/prediction:problem of verification,accuracy and limitations.ICTP.2007
[1] Main I G.Earthquakes as critical phenomena:implications for probabilistic seismic hazard analysis.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1995,85:1299～1308
[2] Sornette D,Sammis C G.Critical exponents from renomalization group theory of earthquakes:implications for earthquake prediction.J.Phys.I.,1995,5:607～619
[3] Ben-Zion Y,Eneva M,Liu Y-F.Large earthquake cycles and intermittent criticality on heterogeneous faults due to evolving stress and seismicity.J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108(B6) :doi:10． 1029/2002JB002121
[4] Jaumé S C,Sykes L R.Evolving towards a critical point:a review of accelerating seismic moment/energy release prior to large and great earthquake.Pure Appl.Geophys.,1999,155:279～306
[5] Bowman D D,Ouillon G,Sammis C G,et al.An observational test of the critical earthquake concept.J.Geophys.Res.,1998,103:24359～24372
[6] Gross S J,Rundle J B.A systematic test of time-to-failure analysis.Geophys.J.Int.,1998,133:57～64
[7] Hardebeck J L,Felzer K R,Michael A J.Improved tests reveal that the accelerating moment release hypothesis is statistically insignificant.J.Geophys.Res.,2008,113:B08310,doi:10． 1029/2007JB005410
[8] Geller R J eds.Special section-debate on evaluation of the VAN method.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1996,13:1291～1452
[9] Evans R eds.Special section-assessment of schemes for earthquake prediction.Geophys.J.Int.,1997,131:413～533
[10] Bufe C G,Varnes D J.Predictive modeling of the seismic cycle of the Greater San Francisco Bay Region.J.Geophys.Res.,1993,98:9871～9883
[11] Bufe C G,Nishenko S P,Varnes D J.Seismicity trends and potential for large earthquake in the Alasksa-Aleatian region.Pure Appl.Geophys.,1994,142:83～99
[12] Wyss M eds.Evaluation of Proposed Earthquake Precursors.Washington D.C.:American Geophysical Union,1991
[13] Wyss M,Dmowska R eds.Earthquake prediction,state-of-the art.Pure Appl.Geophys.,1997,149:1～264
[14] 吴忠良,朱传镇,蒋长胜等.统计地震学的基本问题.中国地震,2008,24(3) :197～206 Wu Z L,Zhu C Z,Jiang C S,et al.Beyond controversies and techniques:fundamental problems of statistical seismology.Earthquake Research in China (in Chinese),2008,24 (3) :197～206
[15] Michael A J.Testing prediction methods:earthquake clustering versus a Poisson model.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1997,24:1891～1894
[16] Brehm D J,Braile L W.Intermediate-term earthquake prediction using precursory events in the New Madrid seismic zone.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Amer.,1998． 88:564～580
[17] Papazachos B,Papazachos C.Accelerated preshock deformation of broad regions in the Aegean Area.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2000,157:1663～1681
[18] Z■ller G,Hainzl S,Kurths J.Observation of growing correlation length as an indicator for critical point behavior prior to large earthquakes.J.Geophys.Res.,2001,106:2167～2175
[19] Sornette D.Critical Phenomena in Complex Systems.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2000． 1～412
[20] Varnes D J.Predicting earthquakes by analyzing accelerating precursory seismic activity.Pure Appl.Geophys.,1989,130:661～686
[21] Varnes D J,Bufe C G.The cyclic and fractal seismic series preceding an m_b 4． 8 earthquake on 1980 February 14 near the Virgin Islands.Geophys.J.Int.,1996,124:149～158
[22] 杨文政,D Vere-Jones,马丽等.一个关于临界地震的临界区域判别的方法.地震,2000,20(4) :28～37 Yang W Z,Vere-Jones D,Ma L,et al.A method for locating the critical region of a future earthquake using the critical earthquake concept.Earthquake(in Chinese),2000,20(4) :28～37
[23] 杨文政,马丽.地震活动加速模型及其在中国的应用.地震学报.1999,21(1) :32～41 Yang W Z,Ma L.Seismicity acceleration model and its application to several earthquake region in China.Acta Seismologica Sinica,1999,12(1) :35～44
[24] 左兆荣,张国民,吴建平.1976年云南龙陵7． 4级地震序列分析.地球物理学报,1996,39(5) :653～659 Zuo Z R,Zhang G M,Wu J P.Analysis of the 1976 Longling.Yunnan,earthquake sequence of M_s 7． 4． Chinese J.Geophys.(Acta Geophysica Sinica)(in Chinese),1996,39(5) :653～659
[25] Jiang C S,Wu Z L.Benioff strain release before earthquakes in China:accelerating or not?Pure Appl.Geophys.,2006,163:1965～1976
[26] Jiang C S,Wu Z L.Accelerating strain release before strong earthquakes:more complex in the real world.Journal of the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,2005,22(3) :286～291
[27] Papazachos C B,Karakaisis G F,Scordilis E M,et al.New observational information on the precursory accelerating and decelerating strain energy release.Tectonophysics,2006, 243:83～96
[28] Jiang C S,Wu Z L.Test of the preshock accelerating moment release (AMR) in the case of the 26 December 2004 Indonesia M_w 9． 0 earthquake.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2005,95:2026～2035,doi:10． 1785/0120050018
[29] Mignan A,King G,Bowman D,et al.Seismic activity in the Sumatra-Java region prior to the December 26,2004 (M_w=9． 0～9． 3) and March 28,2005 (M_w=8． 7) earthquakes.Earth Planet Sci.Lett.,2006,244:639～654
[30] Papazachos C B,Karakaisis G F,Scordilis E M,et al.Global observational properties of the critical earthquake model.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2005,95:1841～1855
[31] 薛光琦,钱辉,姜枚.青藏高原西缘上地幔构造特征--穿越西昆仑造山带的接收函数反演.地质论评,2005,51:708～712 Xue G Q,Qian H,Jiang M.Tectonic characteristic of mantle on the west edge of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau--receiver function inversion through West Kunlun Orogenic Belt.Geological Review(in Chinese),2005,51:708～712
[32] Avouac J P,Peltzer G.Active tectonics in southern Xinjiang,China:analysis of terrace riser and normal fault scarp degradation along the Hotan-Qira Fault system.J.Geophys.Res.,1993,98:21773～21807
[33] 邓起东,张培震.冉勇康等.中国活动构造与地震活动.地学前缘.2003,10(S1) :66～73 Deng Q D,Zhang P Z,Ran Y K.et al.Active tectonics and earthquake activities in China.Earth Science Frontiers(in Chinese),2003,10(S1) :66～73
[34] Kananmori H.The energy release in great earthquakes.J.Geophys.Res.,1977,82:2981～2987
[35] Keilis-Borok V,Shebalin P,Gabrielov A,et al.Reverse tracing of short-term earthquake precursors.Phys.Earth Planet Inter.,2004,145:75～85
[36] Holliday J R,Rundle J B,Tiampo K F,et al.Modification of the pattern informatics method for forecasting large earthquake events using complex eigenfactors.Tectonophysics,2006,413:87～91
[37] Tiampo K F,Rundle J B,McGinnis S,et al.Mean-field threshold systems and phase dynamics:an application to earthquake fault systems.Europhys.Lett.,2002,60:481～487
[38] Field E D eds.Regional Earthquake Likelihood Models.Seism.Res.Lett.,2007,78:1～140
[39] Robinson R.A test of the precursory accelerating moment release model on some recent New Zealand earthquakes.Geophys.J.Int.,2000,140:568～576
[40] Reasenberg P.Second-order moment of central California Seismicity,1969～1982． J.Geophys.Res.,1985,90:5479～5495
[41] Wells D L,Coppersmith K J.New empirical relationships among magnitude,rupture length,rupture width,rupture area,and surface displacement.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1994,84:974～1002
[42] Gardner J K,Knopoff L.Is the sequence of earthquakes in Southern California with aftershocks removed,Poissonian?Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1974,64:1363～1367
[43] Wiemier S.A sorfware package to analyze seismicity:ZMAP.Seism.Res.Lett.,2001,72:373～382
[44] Keilis-Borok V I,Knopoff L,Rotvain I M,et al.Bursts of seismicity as long-term precursors of strong earthquakes.J.Geophys.Res.,1980,85:803～811
[45] Wang Y C,Yin C,Mora P,et al.Spatio-temporal scanning and statistical test of the accelerating moment release (AMR)model using Australian earthquake data.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2004,161:2281～2293
[46] Stark P B.A few statistical considerations for ascribing statistical significance to earthquake predictions.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1996,23:1399～1402
[47] Stark P B.Earthquake prediction:the null hypothesis.Geophys.J.Int.,1997,131:495～499
[48] 吴忠良.地震预测统计检验的地震学问题:对目前地震预测问题争论的评述(之二).中国地震,1999,15(1) :14～22 Wu Z L.Seismological problems of the statistical test of earthquake precursors:a review on the current discussions about earthquake prediction(Ⅱ).Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),1999,15(1) :14～22
[49] 吴忠良,蒋长胜.地震前兆检验的地球动力学问题:对地震预测问题争论的评述(之三).中国地震,2006,22(3) :236～241 Wu Z L,Jiang C S.Performance evaluation and statistical test of candidate earthquake precursors:revisit in the perspective of geodynamics-critical review on the recent earthquake prediction debate.Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),2006． 22(3) :236～241
[50] Mignan A,Bowman D,King G C P.An observational test of the origin of accelerating moment release before large earthquakes.J.Geophys.Res.,2006,111:B11304,doi:10． 1029/2006JB004374
[51] Jiang C S,Wu Z L.Pre-shock seismic moment release in different segments of an earthquake fault:the case of the 26 December 2004 Indonesia M_w 9． 0 earthquake.In:Chen Y-T eds.Advance in Geosciences,2006,1:17～25
[52] Saleur H,Sammis C G,Sornette D.Discrete scale invariance,complex fractal dimensions,and log-periodic fluctuations in seismicity.J.Geophys.Res.,1996,101:17661～17677
[1] Main I G.Earthquakes as critical phenomena:implications for probabilistic seismic hazard analysis.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1995,85:1299～1308
[2] Sornette D,Sammis C G.Critical exponents from renomalization group theory of earthquakes:implications for earthquake prediction.J.Phys.I.,1995,5:607～619
[3] Ben-Zion Y,Eneva M,Liu Y-F.Large earthquake cycles and intermittent criticality on heterogeneous faults due to evolving stress and seismicity.J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108(B6) :doi:10． 1029/2002JB002121
[4] Jaumé S C,Sykes L R.Evolving towards a critical point:a review of accelerating seismic moment/energy release prior to large and great earthquake.Pure Appl.Geophys.,1999,155:279～306
[5] Bowman D D,Ouillon G,Sammis C G,et al.An observational test of the critical earthquake concept.J.Geophys.Res.,1998,103:24359～24372
[6] Gross S J,Rundle J B.A systematic test of time-to-failure analysis.Geophys.J.Int.,1998,133:57～64
[7] Hardebeck J L,Felzer K R,Michael A J.Improved tests reveal that the accelerating moment release hypothesis is statistically insignificant.J.Geophys.Res.,2008,113:B08310,doi:10． 1029/2007JB005410
[8] Geller R J eds.Special section-debate on evaluation of the VAN method.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1996,13:1291～1452
[9] Evans R eds.Special section-assessment of schemes for earthquake prediction.Geophys.J.Int.,1997,131:413～533
[10] Bufe C G,Varnes D J.Predictive modeling of the seismic cycle of the Greater San Francisco Bay Region.J.Geophys.Res.,1993,98:9871～9883
[11] Bufe C G,Nishenko S P,Varnes D J.Seismicity trends and potential for large earthquake in the Alasksa-Aleatian region.Pure Appl.Geophys.,1994,142:83～99
[12] Wyss M eds.Evaluation of Proposed Earthquake Precursors.Washington D.C.:American Geophysical Union,1991
[13] Wyss M,Dmowska R eds.Earthquake prediction,state-of-the art.Pure Appl.Geophys.,1997,149:1～264
[14] 吴忠良,朱传镇,蒋长胜等.统计地震学的基本问题.中国地震,2008,24(3) :197～206 Wu Z L,Zhu C Z,Jiang C S,et al.Beyond controversies and techniques:fundamental problems of statistical seismology.Earthquake Research in China (in Chinese),2008,24 (3) :197～206
[15] Michael A J.Testing prediction methods:earthquake clustering versus a Poisson model.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1997,24:1891～1894
[16] Brehm D J,Braile L W.Intermediate-term earthquake prediction using precursory events in the New Madrid seismic zone.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Amer.,1998． 88:564～580
[17] Papazachos B,Papazachos C.Accelerated preshock deformation of broad regions in the Aegean Area.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2000,157:1663～1681
[18] Z■ller G,Hainzl S,Kurths J.Observation of growing correlation length as an indicator for critical point behavior prior to large earthquakes.J.Geophys.Res.,2001,106:2167～2175
[19] Sornette D.Critical Phenomena in Complex Systems.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2000． 1～412
[20] Varnes D J.Predicting earthquakes by analyzing accelerating precursory seismic activity.Pure Appl.Geophys.,1989,130:661～686
[21] Varnes D J,Bufe C G.The cyclic and fractal seismic series preceding an m_b 4． 8 earthquake on 1980 February 14 near the Virgin Islands.Geophys.J.Int.,1996,124:149～158
[22] 杨文政,D Vere-Jones,马丽等.一个关于临界地震的临界区域判别的方法.地震,2000,20(4) :28～37 Yang W Z,Vere-Jones D,Ma L,et al.A method for locating the critical region of a future earthquake using the critical earthquake concept.Earthquake(in Chinese),2000,20(4) :28～37
[23] 杨文政,马丽.地震活动加速模型及其在中国的应用.地震学报.1999,21(1) :32～41 Yang W Z,Ma L.Seismicity acceleration model and its application to several earthquake region in China.Acta Seismologica Sinica,1999,12(1) :35～44
[24] 左兆荣,张国民,吴建平.1976年云南龙陵7． 4级地震序列分析.地球物理学报,1996,39(5) :653～659 Zuo Z R,Zhang G M,Wu J P.Analysis of the 1976 Longling.Yunnan,earthquake sequence of M_s 7． 4． Chinese J.Geophys.(Acta Geophysica Sinica)(in Chinese),1996,39(5) :653～659
[25] Jiang C S,Wu Z L.Benioff strain release before earthquakes in China:accelerating or not?Pure Appl.Geophys.,2006,163:1965～1976
[26] Jiang C S,Wu Z L.Accelerating strain release before strong earthquakes:more complex in the real world.Journal of the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,2005,22(3) :286～291
[27] Papazachos C B,Karakaisis G F,Scordilis E M,et al.New observational information on the precursory accelerating and decelerating strain energy release.Tectonophysics,2006, 243:83～96
[28] Jiang C S,Wu Z L.Test of the preshock accelerating moment release (AMR) in the case of the 26 December 2004 Indonesia M_w 9． 0 earthquake.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2005,95:2026～2035,doi:10． 1785/0120050018
[29] Mignan A,King G,Bowman D,et al.Seismic activity in the Sumatra-Java region prior to the December 26,2004 (M_w=9． 0～9． 3) and March 28,2005 (M_w=8． 7) earthquakes.Earth Planet Sci.Lett.,2006,244:639～654
[30] Papazachos C B,Karakaisis G F,Scordilis E M,et al.Global observational properties of the critical earthquake model.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2005,95:1841～1855
[31] 薛光琦,钱辉,姜枚.青藏高原西缘上地幔构造特征--穿越西昆仑造山带的接收函数反演.地质论评,2005,51:708～712 Xue G Q,Qian H,Jiang M.Tectonic characteristic of mantle on the west edge of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau--receiver function inversion through West Kunlun Orogenic Belt.Geological Review(in Chinese),2005,51:708～712
[32] Avouac J P,Peltzer G.Active tectonics in southern Xinjiang,China:analysis of terrace riser and normal fault scarp degradation along the Hotan-Qira Fault system.J.Geophys.Res.,1993,98:21773～21807
[33] 邓起东,张培震.冉勇康等.中国活动构造与地震活动.地学前缘.2003,10(S1) :66～73 Deng Q D,Zhang P Z,Ran Y K.et al.Active tectonics and earthquake activities in China.Earth Science Frontiers(in Chinese),2003,10(S1) :66～73
[34] Kananmori H.The energy release in great earthquakes.J.Geophys.Res.,1977,82:2981～2987
[35] Keilis-Borok V,Shebalin P,Gabrielov A,et al.Reverse tracing of short-term earthquake precursors.Phys.Earth Planet Inter.,2004,145:75～85
[36] Holliday J R,Rundle J B,Tiampo K F,et al.Modification of the pattern informatics method for forecasting large earthquake events using complex eigenfactors.Tectonophysics,2006,413:87～91
[37] Tiampo K F,Rundle J B,McGinnis S,et al.Mean-field threshold systems and phase dynamics:an application to earthquake fault systems.Europhys.Lett.,2002,60:481～487
[38] Field E D eds.Regional Earthquake Likelihood Models.Seism.Res.Lett.,2007,78:1～140
[39] Robinson R.A test of the precursory accelerating moment release model on some recent New Zealand earthquakes.Geophys.J.Int.,2000,140:568～576
[40] Reasenberg P.Second-order moment of central California Seismicity,1969～1982． J.Geophys.Res.,1985,90:5479～5495
[41] Wells D L,Coppersmith K J.New empirical relationships among magnitude,rupture length,rupture width,rupture area,and surface displacement.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1994,84:974～1002
[42] Gardner J K,Knopoff L.Is the sequence of earthquakes in Southern California with aftershocks removed,Poissonian?Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1974,64:1363～1367
[43] Wiemier S.A sorfware package to analyze seismicity:ZMAP.Seism.Res.Lett.,2001,72:373～382
[44] Keilis-Borok V I,Knopoff L,Rotvain I M,et al.Bursts of seismicity as long-term precursors of strong earthquakes.J.Geophys.Res.,1980,85:803～811
[45] Wang Y C,Yin C,Mora P,et al.Spatio-temporal scanning and statistical test of the accelerating moment release (AMR)model using Australian earthquake data.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2004,161:2281～2293
[46] Stark P B.A few statistical considerations for ascribing statistical significance to earthquake predictions.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1996,23:1399～1402
[47] Stark P B.Earthquake prediction:the null hypothesis.Geophys.J.Int.,1997,131:495～499
[48] 吴忠良.地震预测统计检验的地震学问题:对目前地震预测问题争论的评述(之二).中国地震,1999,15(1) :14～22 Wu Z L.Seismological problems of the statistical test of earthquake precursors:a review on the current discussions about earthquake prediction(Ⅱ).Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),1999,15(1) :14～22
[49] 吴忠良,蒋长胜.地震前兆检验的地球动力学问题:对地震预测问题争论的评述(之三).中国地震,2006,22(3) :236～241 Wu Z L,Jiang C S.Performance evaluation and statistical test of candidate earthquake precursors:revisit in the perspective of geodynamics-critical review on the recent earthquake prediction debate.Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),2006． 22(3) :236～241
[50] Mignan A,Bowman D,King G C P.An observational test of the origin of accelerating moment release before large earthquakes.J.Geophys.Res.,2006,111:B11304,doi:10． 1029/2006JB004374
[51] Jiang C S,Wu Z L.Pre-shock seismic moment release in different segments of an earthquake fault:the case of the 26 December 2004 Indonesia M_w 9． 0 earthquake.In:Chen Y-T eds.Advance in Geosciences,2006,1:17～25
[52] Saleur H,Sammis C G,Sornette D.Discrete scale invariance,complex fractal dimensions,and log-periodic fluctuations in seismicity.J.Geophys.Res.,1996,101:17661～17677
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心