利用小震分布和区域应力场确定大震断层面参数方法及其在唐山地震序列中的应用
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摘要
根据成丛小震发生在大震断层面及其附近的原则,将模拟退火算法和高斯-牛顿算法结合,给出了利用小震密集程度求解主震断层面走向、倾角、位置及其误差的稳健估计方法,在此基础上考虑区域构造应力参数,给出了估计在已求得的断层面上的滑动角的方法.该方法还可用于小震活跃地区活断层走向、倾角和滑动角的确定.将这种方法用于唐山地震序列,采用2002年4月1日至2006年5月31日发生在地震破裂区的精定位地震目录,求得了唐山地震、滦县地震、宁河及卢龙断裂带的断层面走向、倾角、位置及滑动角参数.与前人给出的断层面解进行比较,发现利用小震精定位资料和区域构造应力场得到的结果与前人采用其他资料和方法得到的结果近似,验证了这种方法的有效性.另外,本研究首次发现滦县地震区东部的小震呈北东-南西向条带状成丛发生,可精确刻画为一条断裂带,较为精确地确定了此断层的走向、倾角和滑动角.该断裂及宁河断裂在唐山地震序列发生时是否破裂需要运用其他资料进行验证.
It is known that clustered small earthquakes often occur in the fault plane vicinities of large earthquakes.Based on the simulated annealing and Gauss-Newtonian nonlinear inversion algorithms,we develop a robust algorithm to estimate fault plane parameters of strong earthquakes such as strike,dip,and location using data of densely populated small events.Rake angle of the fault plane is further inferred from regional tectonic stress parameters.This method can also be employed for determination fault plane parameters of an active fault using data of densely populated small earthquakes.We apply the algorithm to investigate the fault planes of the 1976 Tangshan,Luanxian,and Ninghe earthquakes and the Lulong fault,using precisely relocated earthquakes which occurred near the earthquake rupture zone between 1 April 2002 and 31 May 2006,and obtain the parameters of strike,dip,location,and rake angle of these fault planes.Our estimated fault planes are close to the results of previous studies,testing the validity of our method.In addition,we discover an aligned seismic belt east of the Luanxian seismic zone trending NE-SW,in the form a fracture zone.The faulting parameters of the fracture zone such as the strike,dip and rake are determined accurately.It is still an open question whether the Luanxian and Ninghe faults have ruptured during the Tangshan earthquake sequence,answers to the question await for further multi-disciplinary studies and bear great significance for the understanding of dynamic processes of the Tangshan earthquake sequence.
It is known that clustered small earthquakes often occur in the fault plane vicinities of large earthquakes.Based on the simulated annealing and Gauss-Newtonian nonlinear inversion algorithms,we develop a robust algorithm to estimate fault plane parameters of strong earthquakes such as strike,dip,and location using data of densely populated small events.Rake angle of the fault plane is further inferred from regional tectonic stress parameters.This method can also be employed for determination fault plane parameters of an active fault using data of densely populated small earthquakes.We apply the algorithm to investigate the fault planes of the 1976 Tangshan,Luanxian,and Ninghe earthquakes and the Lulong fault,using precisely relocated earthquakes which occurred near the earthquake rupture zone between 1 April 2002 and 31 May 2006,and obtain the parameters of strike,dip,location,and rake angle of these fault planes.Our estimated fault planes are close to the results of previous studies,testing the validity of our method.In addition,we discover an aligned seismic belt east of the Luanxian seismic zone trending NE-SW,in the form a fracture zone.The faulting parameters of the fracture zone such as the strike,dip and rake are determined accurately.It is still an open question whether the Luanxian and Ninghe faults have ruptured during the Tangshan earthquake sequence,answers to the question await for further multi-disciplinary studies and bear great significance for the understanding of dynamic processes of the Tangshan earthquake sequence.
引文
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[3]倪江川,陈运泰,王鸣等.云南禄劝地震部分余震的矩张量反演.地震学报,1991,13(4):412～419Ni J C,Chen Y T,Wang M,et al.Moment tensor inversion of some aftershocks of the April18,1985,Luquan,Yunnan,China,earthquake.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),13(4):412～419
[4]吴忠良,臧绍先.用体波合成地震图方法确定渤海、永善两大地震的震源参数.地震学报,1991,13(1):1～7Wu Z L,Zang S X.Source parameters of Bohai earthquake of July18,1969and Yongshan earthquake of May11,1974from synthetic seismologram of body waves.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1991,13(1):1～7
[5]Udias A.Source parameters of earthquakes from spectra ofRayleigh waves.Geophys.J.R.Astr.Soc.,1971,51(3):401～435
[6]马淑田,姚振兴,纪晨.用长周期面波波形拟合及P波初动方向估计中等地震的震源机制,地球物理学报,1999,42(6):785～799Ma S T,Yao Z X,Ji C.To estimate focal mechanisms of moderate earthquakes using a long period surface waveform fitting method as well as first motion signs of P waves.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1999,42(6):785～799
[7]陈运泰,林邦慧,林中洋等.根据地面形变的观测研究1966年邢台地震的震源过程.地球物理学报,1975,28(3):164～182Chen Y T,Lin B H,Lin Z Y,et al.The focal mechanismof the1966Xingtai earthquake as inferred from the ground deformation observations.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1975,28(3):164～182
[8]陈运泰,黄立人,林邦慧等.用大地测量资料反演的1976年唐山地震的位错模式.地球物理学报,1979,22(3):201～217Chen Y T,Huang L R,Lin B H,et al.Adislocation model of the Tangshan earthquake of1976from the inversion of geodetic data.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1979,22(3):201～217
[9]万永革,王敏,沈正康等.利用GPS和水准测量资料反演2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震的同震滑动分布.地震地质,2004,26(3):393～404Wan Y G,Wang M,Shen Z K,et al.Co-seismic slip distribution of the2001west of Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake inverted by GPS and leveling data.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2004,26(3):393～404
[10]王鸣,王培德.1989年10月18日大同—阳高地震的震源机制和发震构造.地震学报,1992,14(4):407～415Wang M,Wang P D.The mechanism and seismogenic structure of Datong-Yanggao earthquake which occurred on Oct.18,1989.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1992,14(4):407～415
[11]张先康,赵金仁,刘国华等.三河—平谷8.0级大震区震源细结构的深地震反射探测研究.中国地震,2002,18(4):326～336Zhang X K,Zhao J R,Liu G H,et al.Study on fine crustal structure of the Sanhe-Pinggu earthquake(M8.0)region by deep seismic reflection profiling.Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),2002,18(4):326～336
[12]杨智娴,陈运泰,张宏志.张北—尚义地震序列的重新定位和发震构造.地震学报,2002,24(4):366～377Yang Z X,Chen Y T,Zhang H Z.Relocation and seismogenic structure of the1998Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake sequence.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1999,24(4):366～377
[13]杨智娴,陈运泰,郑月军等.双差地震定位法在我国中西部地区地震精确定位中的应用.中国科学,2003,33(增刊):129～134Yang Z X,Chen Y T,Zheng Y J,et al.Relocation of earthquakes in central-western China using the double difference earthquake location algorithm.Science in China(Series D),2003,46(Suppl.):181～188
[14]Fitch T J.Compressional velocity in source regions of deep earthquake:An application of the master event technique.Earth Planet Sci.Lett.,1975,26:156～166
[15]Waldhause F,Ellsworth W L.A double difference earthquake location algorithm:method and application to the North Hayward fault,California.Bull Seism.Soc.Amer.,2000,90(6):1353～1368
[16]朱艾斓,徐锡伟,周永胜等.川西地区小震重新定位及其活动构造意义.地球物理学报,2005,48(3):629～636Zhu A L,Xu X W,Zhou Y S,et al.Relocation of small earthquakes in western Sichuan,China and its implications for active tectonics.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2005,48(3):629～636
[17]朱艾斓,徐锡伟,胡平等.首都圈地区小震重新定位及其在地震构造研究中的应用.地质评论,2005,51(3):268～274Zhu A L,Xu X W,Hu P,et al.Relocation of small earthquakes in Beijing area and its implication to seismotectonics.Geological Review(in Chinese),2005,51(3):268～274
[18]许忠淮.用滑动方向拟合法反演唐山余震区的应力场.地震学报,1985,7(4):349～362Xu Z H.Mean stress field in Tangshan aftershock area obtained fromfocal mechanism data by fitting slip direction.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1985,7(4):349～362
[19]万永革,吴忠良,周公威等.根据震源的两个节面的走向角和倾角求滑动角.地震地磁观测与研究,2000,21(5):26～30Wan Y G,Wu Z L,Zhou G W,et al.Howto get rake angle of the earthquake fault fromknown strike and dip of the two nodal planes.Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research(in Chinese),2000,21(5):26～30
[20]Holland J H.Genetic algorithms and the optimal allocations of trials.SIAMJournal of Computing,1973,2(2):88～105
[21]Rothman D H.Nonlinear inversion,statistical mechanics,and statistics estimation.Geophysics,1985,50:2784～2796
[22]曹小林,洪学海,曹俊兴.面波波形反演中的模拟退火法.成都理工学院学报,2000,47(3):296～301Cao X L,Hong X H,Cao J X.Simulated annealing used in inversion of surface waveform.Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(in Chinese),2000,47(3):296～301
[23]Sen M K,Stoffa P L.Nonlinear one-dimensional seismic waveforminversion using simulated annealing.Geophysics,1991,56(10):1624～1638
[24]Jervis M,Sen M K,Stoffa P L.Prestack migration velocity estimation using nonlinear method.Geophysics,1996,61(1):138～150
[25]于鹏,王家林,吴健生等.重力与地震资料的模拟退火约束联合反演.地球物理学报,2007,50(2):529～538Yu P,Wang J L,Wu J S,et al.Constrainedjoint inversion of gravity and seismic data using the simulated annealing algorithm.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(2):529～538
[26]文世鹏.应用数值分析.北京:石油工业出版社,2001.167～186Wen S P.Numerical Analysis Application(in Chinese).Beijing:PetroleumIndustry Press,2001.167～186
[27]Jackson D D.The use of a priori data to resolve the non-uniqueness in linear inversion.Geophys.J.R.Astr.Soc.,1979,57:137～157
[28]Jackson D D,Matsu′ura M.ABayesian approachto nonlinear inversion.J.Geophys.Res.,1985,90:581～591
[29]Shen Z K,Ge X B,Jackson D D,et al.Northridge earthquake rupture model based on Global Positioning System measurements.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1996,86(1):37～48
[30]Chen W,Nabelek J.Seismogenic strike-slip faulting and the development of the North China Basin.Tectonics,1988,7:975～989
[31]Shedlock K,Baranowski J,Xiao W,Hu X L.The Tangshan aftershock sequence.J.Geophys.Res.,1987,92:2791～2803
[32]Nebelek J,Chen W P,Ye H.The Tangshan earthquake sequence and its implications for the evolution of the North China basin.J.Geophys.Res.,1987,92:12615～12628
[33]于湘伟,陈运泰,王培德.京津唐地区中上地壳三维P波速度结构.地震学报,2003,25(1):1～14Yu X W,Chen Y T,Wang P D.Three dimensional P wave velocity structure in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan area.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2003,25(1):1～14
[34]嘉世旭,齐诚,王夫运等.首都圈地壳网格化三维结构.地球物理学报,2005,48(6):1316～1324Jia S X,Qi C,Wang F Y,et al.Three-dimensional crustal gridded structure of the Capital area.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2005,48(6):1316～1324
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