汶川地震中古建筑的震害调查与启示
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摘要
根据对四川都江堰、绵竹,陕西宝鸡、宁强等地震灾区的古建筑的震害调查结果以及相关调研资料,对我国古建筑在汶川地震中的震害进行了分析。分析结果表明:木结构古建筑由于采用了榫卯连接、柱子"平摆浮搁"于础石上等技术,使得大部分木结构古建筑只发生溜瓦、饰物掉落等轻微破坏或"墙倒屋不塌"的中等破坏,只有少数年久失修或场地不合理的木结构古建筑发生整体垮塌破坏,表现出良好的抗震性能;由于材料强度低及块体之间粘结性能差,砖砌体结构古建筑和石砌体结构古建筑的破坏比木结构古建筑的破坏严重,很多建筑发生整体倒塌或部分倒塌。基于分析结果得到了一些启示:加强古建筑的保护,推广使用木结构建筑,推广使用隔震减震技术。
According to the seismic damage investigation and analysis of ancient buildings located in Dujiangyan and Mianzhu in Sichuan Province,Baoji and Ningqiang in Shanxi Province,as well as relevant research results,the following conclusions are obtained: the seismic performance of timber structure ancient buildings(TSAB) is better than that of masonry structure ancient buildings(MSAB) using bricks or stones;most of TSAB were only slightly damaged with tiles or decoration shedding,or moderately damaged with collapsed walls but structure standing,and just a few TSAB structurally collapsed while many MSAB were serious damaged in the same areas,the reasons are some special techniques were used in TSAB such as mortise-tenon joints as well as'flat swing and floating positioning',while the material and the bond of MSAB were with low strength.Based on this research,several suggestions are given: enhancing the protection of ancient buildings,promoting the use of timber structure buildings and the seismic isolation and reduction technique.
According to the seismic damage investigation and analysis of ancient buildings located in Dujiangyan and Mianzhu in Sichuan Province,Baoji and Ningqiang in Shanxi Province,as well as relevant research results,the following conclusions are obtained: the seismic performance of timber structure ancient buildings(TSAB) is better than that of masonry structure ancient buildings(MSAB) using bricks or stones;most of TSAB were only slightly damaged with tiles or decoration shedding,or moderately damaged with collapsed walls but structure standing,and just a few TSAB structurally collapsed while many MSAB were serious damaged in the same areas,the reasons are some special techniques were used in TSAB such as mortise-tenon joints as well as'flat swing and floating positioning',while the material and the bond of MSAB were with low strength.Based on this research,several suggestions are given: enhancing the protection of ancient buildings,promoting the use of timber structure buildings and the seismic isolation and reduction technique.
引文
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[2]张驭寰.中国古建筑分类图说[M].郑州:河南科学技术出版社,2005.
[3]祁英涛.中国古代建筑的保护与维修[M].北京:文物出版社,1986.
[4]国家文物局通报文物系统抗震救灾情况[J].中国文物科学研究,2008(3):4-6.
[5]四川省文物管理局.四川省文物受损情况选介[J].文史杂志,2008(4):24-35.
[6]张梦.5.12地震:一场文物浩劫[J].中国社会导刊,2008(13):24-26.
[7]谢启芳,赵鸿铁,薛建阳,等.中国古建筑木结构榫卯节点加固的试验研究[J].土木工程学报,2008,41(1):28-34.
[8]袁建力.砖石古塔的震害特征与抗震鉴定方法[C]//汶川地震建筑震害调查与灾后重建分析报告.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008.
[9]王晓欢,费本华,赵荣军,等.木结构建筑节能发展与研究现状[J].建筑节能,2008,36(3):24-28.
[10]苑振芳.对汶川地震灾后重建的思考及对砌体结构的建议[J].建筑结构,2008,38(7):28-29.
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