汶川地震后北川县城防洪计算
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摘要
"5·12"汶川地震形成了大量颗粒松散物质,导致河道大幅淤积、抬升等剧烈地貌变化,从而在相当长时间内改变原有的河道行洪特征,诱发次生洪水灾害。论文对唐家山至北川县城一线的通口河河道进行洪水数值模拟,定量分析该河段由于河床地貌突变所导致的汛期洪水威胁增强效应及其对北川县城地震遗址防洪能力的影响。计算表明:由于唐家山堰塞湖泄洪和魏家沟泥石流的影响,该河段沿程大幅淤积抬升,现状行洪能力大大低于震前20年一遇洪水的水平,远低于国家地震遗址保护要求的防洪标准;计算的水位和冲深对河道糙率较为敏感,但是由于河床地貌和床沙组成剧烈变化,糙率变化需要进一步研究。
A quantitative analysis of the increased flood hazard in the Wenchuan Earthquake-hit region was carried out.Flood routing was performed for the reach of Tongkou River from Tangjiashan Quake Dam to Beichuan City and the change of flood defense capacity of Beichuan City was examined.It was shown that since the river bed was seriously raised by the Tangjiashan Quake Lake drainage and subsequent Weijiagou Debris Flow,the present flood defense capacity near Beichuan City had become much lower than that before the earthquake(i.e.,the capacity against a 20-year flood) and far away from the requirement of protecting a national commemoration earthquake site.Meanwhile,the predicted water level and erosion depth were sensitive to the manning roughness coefficient for flood routing.It would be desired in future to explore the manning roughness coefficient changing with river geomorphology and bed material composition.
A quantitative analysis of the increased flood hazard in the Wenchuan Earthquake-hit region was carried out.Flood routing was performed for the reach of Tongkou River from Tangjiashan Quake Dam to Beichuan City and the change of flood defense capacity of Beichuan City was examined.It was shown that since the river bed was seriously raised by the Tangjiashan Quake Lake drainage and subsequent Weijiagou Debris Flow,the present flood defense capacity near Beichuan City had become much lower than that before the earthquake(i.e.,the capacity against a 20-year flood) and far away from the requirement of protecting a national commemoration earthquake site.Meanwhile,the predicted water level and erosion depth were sensitive to the manning roughness coefficient for flood routing.It would be desired in future to explore the manning roughness coefficient changing with river geomorphology and bed material composition.
引文
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[2]Cui Peng,Wei Fangqiang,Chen Xiaoqing,et al.Geo-hazards in Wenchuan Earthquake area and countermeasures for disaster reduction[J].Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sci-ences,2008,23(4):317-323.[崔鹏,韦方强,陈晓清,等.汶川地震次生山地灾害及其减灾对策[J].中国科学院院刊,2008,23(4):317-323.]
[3]Miao Huiqiang,Liu Huiping,Fan Jiusheng,et al.Secondary disasters,hazard chains and the curing in Wenchuan Earthquake-hit area,West China[J].Journal of Geological Hazards and Environment Preservation,2008,19(4):1-5.[苗会强,刘会平,范九生,等.汶川地震次生灾害的成因、成灾与治理[J].地质灾害与环境保护,2008,19(4):1-5.]
[4]Ge Y,Xu J,Liu Q S,et al.Image interpretation and statistical analysis of vegetation damage caused by the Wenchuan earthquake and related secondary disasters[J].Journal of Applied Remote Sensing,2009,3(Sp Iss):Art031660.
[5]Han Y S,Liu H J,Cui P,et al.Hazard assessment on secondary mountain-hazards triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Applied Remote Sensing,2009,3(Sp Iss):Art 031645.
[6]Zhang B,Jiao Q J,Wu Y H,Zhang W J.Estimating soil erosion changes in the Wenchuan earthquake disaster area using geospatial information technology[J].Journal of Applied Remote Sensing,2009,3(Sp Iss):Art031675.
[7]Cui P,Zhu Y Y,Han Y S,et al.The12May Wenchuan earthquake-induced landslide lakes:distribution and pre-liminary risk evaluation[J].Landslides,2009,6(3):209-223.
[8]Chen Wuyi,Li Xiyao,Zhu Wanqiang.Evaluation report on safety of Tangjiashan Quake Dam and its side slopes[R].Chengdu China:Hydrochina Chengdu Engineering Corpora-tion,2008.[陈五一,李西瑶,朱万强.唐家山堰塞坝及上下游边坡安全性评价报告[R].成都:中国水电顾问集团成都勘测设计研究院,2008.]
[9]Li Yitian,Zhang Wei,Sun Zhaohua.An assessment of the influence of the waterway slit-up on the flood-discharge[J].Journal of Safety and Environment,2002,2(5):54-58.[李义天,张为,孙昭华.河道泥沙淤积对洪灾风险评估的影响[J].安全与环境学报,2002,2(5):54-58.]
[10]Ni Jinren,Wang Zhaoyin,Wang Guangqian.Mechanisms and control strategies of river disasters induced by sediment movement[J].Bulletin of National Science Foundation of China,1999(05):284-287.[倪晋仁,王兆印,王光谦.江河泥沙灾害形成机理及其防治研究[J].中国科学基金,1999(05):284-287.]
[11]Yang W H.Study on theoretical framework and diagnosis system of river health[D].Nanjing:Hohai University,2007.[杨文慧.河流健康的理论构架与诊断体系的研究[D].南京:河海大学,2007.]
[12]Wang G Q,Liu F,Fu X D,et al.Simulation of dam breach development for emergency treatment of the Tangjias-han Quake Lake in China[J].Science in China Series E,2008,51(Supp Ⅱ):82-94.
[13]张瑞瑾,谢鉴衡,陈文彪.河流动力学[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2007.
[14]邵学军,王兴奎.河流动力学概论[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005.
[15]Changjiang Water Resources Commission.Summary of Key Technical Measures of Emergency Disposal for Tangjiashan Barrier Lake[R].Wuhan:Changjiang Water Resources Commission,2008.[长江水利委员会.唐家山堰塞湖除险关键技术研究总结[R].武汉:长江水利委员会,2008.]
[16]Yang Fengguang,Liu Xingnian,Huang Er,et al.Study on the incipient velocity of Tangjiashan Barrier Lake down-stream area sediment[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edition,2009,41(3):84-89.[杨奉广,刘兴年,黄尔,等.唐家山堰塞湖下游河床泥沙起动流速研究[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2009,41(3):84-89.]
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