岩石圈中水的临界奇异性与断裂耦合触发地震
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摘要
以等压热容为例,研究岩石圈中水的临界奇异性及出现的条件,探讨岩石圈中水的临界奇异性与断裂耦合作用触发地震的可能性。岩石圈中水存在一、二级相变,相变时水的物理化学性质将发生明显改变,在临界点处表现出奇异性,如热容、膨胀系数和压缩系数等将趋于无穷大,按照Mie-Grneisen方程((P/T)V=γρCV),热容无穷大时将导致热压也趋于无穷大,压力将瞬时剧增。但水的临界奇异性出现的条件是温、压同时趋于临界值,在岩石圈中温、压是相互关联的,按照正常的地温梯度(15～35℃/km)和地压梯度(0.025～0.03GPa/km)计算,达到水的临界温度和压力的深度分别是24～10km和0.88～0.73km,即在岩石圈中若没有断裂的存在时则不可能同时达到水的临界温度和临界压力,不可能出现临界奇异性。断裂使压力降至水的临界压力,使得在岩石圈中某处温度和压力可同时达到水的临界值而出现奇异性,水的临界奇异性和断裂的耦合导致热压剧增,可能触发地震。
Taking the case of the iso-pressure heat capacity,the paper has studied the critical singularities of water and its appearing condition in the lithosphere,and discussed the possibility of triggering earthquakes by the coupling of the critical singularities and fractures.There are first-order and second-order phase transitions of water in the lithosphere.When the phase transitions appear,the physic-chemical characteristics of water will also change,and the change will be huge at the critical point of water,namely the critical singularity.Because of the critical singularity of water,some physic-chemical characteristics,such as the heat capacity and the coefficients of thermal expansion and compression,will approach infinity.According to the Mie-Grüneisen formula(P/T)V=γρCV),the infinity of the heat capacity of water will cause the thermal-pressure to become the infinity too.Instantaneously,the pressure will sharply increase and trigger the earthquake.But the temperature is related to pressure according to the geothermal curve of the lithosphere.Calculated with the normal geothermal gradients(15～35℃/km)and the geopressure gradients(0.025～0.03GPa/km),the depths of critical temperature and critical pressure of water are respectively 24～10km and 0.88～0.73km.It means there are no places where temperature and pressure can simultaneously approach the critical values of water in the lithosphere if there are no fractures.In such case,the critical singularity cannot appear.The fractures can cause the pressure to decrease to the critical pressure of water,so the temperature and pressure will approach to the critical values of water in some place in the lithosphere.The condition of appearing the critical singularity of water is the temperature and pressure simultaneously approaching the critical values of water.The result of the research has proposed that the coupling between the critical singularities and fracture is essential to trigger earthquake.
Taking the case of the iso-pressure heat capacity,the paper has studied the critical singularities of water and its appearing condition in the lithosphere,and discussed the possibility of triggering earthquakes by the coupling of the critical singularities and fractures.There are first-order and second-order phase transitions of water in the lithosphere.When the phase transitions appear,the physic-chemical characteristics of water will also change,and the change will be huge at the critical point of water,namely the critical singularity.Because of the critical singularity of water,some physic-chemical characteristics,such as the heat capacity and the coefficients of thermal expansion and compression,will approach infinity.According to the Mie-Grüneisen formula(P/T)V=γρCV),the infinity of the heat capacity of water will cause the thermal-pressure to become the infinity too.Instantaneously,the pressure will sharply increase and trigger the earthquake.But the temperature is related to pressure according to the geothermal curve of the lithosphere.Calculated with the normal geothermal gradients(15～35℃/km)and the geopressure gradients(0.025～0.03GPa/km),the depths of critical temperature and critical pressure of water are respectively 24～10km and 0.88～0.73km.It means there are no places where temperature and pressure can simultaneously approach the critical values of water in the lithosphere if there are no fractures.In such case,the critical singularity cannot appear.The fractures can cause the pressure to decrease to the critical pressure of water,so the temperature and pressure will approach to the critical values of water in some place in the lithosphere.The condition of appearing the critical singularity of water is the temperature and pressure simultaneously approaching the critical values of water.The result of the research has proposed that the coupling between the critical singularities and fracture is essential to trigger earthquake.
引文
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段黎萍,陆九芳,陈健,等.2003.应用重整化群理论计算超临界水的性质[J].化工学报,62(1):18—23.DUAN Li-ping,LU Jiu-fang,CHEN Jian,et al.2003.Application of renormalization group theory to critical behavior ofwater[J].Journal of Chemical Industry and Engineering,62(1):18—23(in Chinese).
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胡宝群,王方正.2001b.超高压变质作用中水的相变增压[J].地球科学,26(1):13—18.HUBao-qun,WANG Fang-zheng.2001b.Phase transformation booster in water during ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism[J].Earth Science:Journal of China University of Geosciences,26(1):13—18(in Chinese).
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胡宝群,吕古贤,王方正,等.2008a.水的临界奇异性及其对热液铀成矿作用的意义[J].铀矿地质,24(3):129—136.HU Bao-qun,L Gu-xian,WANG Fang-zheng,et al.2008a.The critical singularities of water and its significance in thehydrothermal mineralization of uranium[J].Uranium Geology,24(3):129—136(in Chinese).
胡宝群,吕古贤,王方正,等.2008b.岩石圈中热压系数的计算[J].地学前缘,15(3):123—129.HU Bao-qun,L Gu-xian,WANG Fang-zheng,et al.2008b.Calculations of the thermal pressure coefficients in the lith-osphere[J].Earth Science Frontiers,15(3):123—129(in Chinese).
刘巍,杜建国,白利平.2000.浅谈超临界流体在地震孕育过程中的作用[J].地震地质,22(4):439—444.LIU Wei,DUJian-guo,BAI Li-ping.2000.Areviewon the role of supercritical fluids in the earthquake generation[J].Seismology and Geology,22(4):439—444(in Chinese).
罗灼礼,孟国杰.2002.关于地震丛集特征、成因及临界状态的讨论[J].地震,22(3):2—14.LUO Zhuo-li,MENG Guo-jie.2002.Discussion on the characteristics of earthquake clustering,its causes and criticalstate[J].Earthquake,22(3):2—14(in Chinese).
马宗晋,张家声,刘国栋,等.1990.大陆多震层研究现状和讨论[J].地震地质,12(3):262—264.MA Zong-jin,ZHANG Jia-sheng,LIUGuo-dong,et al.1990.Current state of research on continental seismogenic layer[J].Seismology and Geology,12(3):262—264(in Chinese).
荣代潞.1992.地壳中流体临界温度的重要作用:论“多震层”的成因及大震前兆[A].见:马宗晋主编.大陆多震层研究.北京:地震出版社.167—173.RONG Dai-lu.1992.The important effect of critical temperature of fluid in the crust:Discussion on the formationcause of seismogenic layer and precursor just before great earthquakes[A].In:MA Zong-jin(ed).Study on thecontinental seismogenic layer.Seismological Press,Beijing.167—173(in Chinese).
吴忠良.1998.自组织临界性与地震预测:对目前地震预测问题争论的评述(之一)[J].中国地震,14(4):3—12.WU Zhong-liang.1998.Self-organized criticality and earthquake prediction:A reviewon the current discussions aboutearthquake prediction(Ⅰ)[J].Earthquake Research in China,14(4):3—12(in Chinese).
徐常芳.1998.地震流体成因说及其应用研究[J].地震,14(1):89—97.XU Chang-fang.1998.Aseismogenic theory related to deep seated fluids and its application[J].Earthquake,14(1):89—97(in Chinese).
徐常芳.2003.中国大陆壳内与上地幔高导层成因及唐山地震机理研究[J].地学前缘,10(特刊):101—111.XUChang-fang.2003.The cause of formation of the upper mantle and crust high conductive layers in Chinese mainlandand the study of Tangshan earthquake[J].Earth Science Frontiers,10(Special issue):101—111(in Chinese).
张丽莉,陈丽,赵雪峰,等.2003.超临界水的特性及应用[J].化学工业与工程,20(1):33—38,54.ZHANG Li-li,CHEN Li,ZHAO Xue-feng,et al.2003.Properties of supercritical water and its application[J].Chemi-cal Industry and Engineering,20(1):33—38,54(in Chinese).
Klose C D.2007.Geomechanical modeling of the nucleation process of Australia s1989M5.6Newcastle earthquake[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,256,(3-4):547—553.
Mizoguchi K,Takahashi M,Masuda K,et al.2007.Fault strength drop due to phase transitions in the pore fluid[J]. Geophysical Research Letters,34(9):10—14.
Wagner W and Cooper J R.2000.The IAPWS industrial formulation1997for the thermodynamic properties of waterand steam[J].Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines&Power,122(1):150—183.
车用太,刘五洲,鱼金子.1998.地壳流体与地震活动关系及其在强震预测中的意义[J].地震地质,20(4):141—149.CHE Yong-tai,LIU Wu-zhou,YU Jin-zi.1998.The relationship between crustal fluids and major earthquakes and itsimplications for earthquake prediction[J].Seismology and Geology,20(4):141—149(in Chinese).
陈光祥.2004.水库诱发地震机制和实例[J].云南地质,23(2):266—269.CHEN Guang-xiang.2004.Mechanism and examples of earthquake induced by reservoir[J].Yunnan Geology,23(2):266—269(in Chinese).
陈婧,陈航,梁法春.2005.临界区水和蒸汽物性计算[J].西安石油大学学报(自然科学版),20(2):31—34.CHEN Jing,CHEN Hang,LIANG Fa-chun.2005.Calculation of the physical parameters of the water and steam in su-percritical zone[J].Journal of Xi an Shiyou University(Natural Science Edition),20(2):31—34(in Chinese).
段黎萍,陆九芳,陈健,等.2003.应用重整化群理论计算超临界水的性质[J].化工学报,62(1):18—23.DUAN Li-ping,LU Jiu-fang,CHEN Jian,et al.2003.Application of renormalization group theory to critical behavior ofwater[J].Journal of Chemical Industry and Engineering,62(1):18—23(in Chinese).
耿庆国.2005.破坏性地震短期临震预测的一个有效方法:关于短期临震气象要素五项指标异常[J].国际地震动态,(5):117—124.GENG Qing-guo.2005.An effective approach on short-term prediction of destructive earthquake:On the abnormity offive precursory meteorological indicators[J].Recent Developments in World Seismology,(5):117—124(in Chi-nese).
胡宝群,王方正.2001a.岩石圈中4个与水有关的重要温度[J].地学前缘,8(3):110.HU Bao-qun,WANG Fang-zheng.2001a.Four key temperatures related to water in the lithosphere[J].Earth ScienceFrontiers,8(3):110(in Chinese).
胡宝群,王方正.2001b.超高压变质作用中水的相变增压[J].地球科学,26(1):13—18.HUBao-qun,WANG Fang-zheng.2001b.Phase transformation booster in water during ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism[J].Earth Science:Journal of China University of Geosciences,26(1):13—18(in Chinese).
胡宝群,王方正,孙占学,等.2003.岩石圈中的地压梯度[J].地学前缘,10(3):129—134.HU Bao-qun,WANG Fang-zheng,SUN Zhan-xue,et al.2003.The pressure gradient in the lithosphere[J].Earth Sci-ence Frontiers,10(3):129—134(in Chinese).
胡宝群,吕古贤,王方正,等.2008a.水的临界奇异性及其对热液铀成矿作用的意义[J].铀矿地质,24(3):129—136.HU Bao-qun,L Gu-xian,WANG Fang-zheng,et al.2008a.The critical singularities of water and its significance in thehydrothermal mineralization of uranium[J].Uranium Geology,24(3):129—136(in Chinese).
胡宝群,吕古贤,王方正,等.2008b.岩石圈中热压系数的计算[J].地学前缘,15(3):123—129.HU Bao-qun,L Gu-xian,WANG Fang-zheng,et al.2008b.Calculations of the thermal pressure coefficients in the lith-osphere[J].Earth Science Frontiers,15(3):123—129(in Chinese).
刘巍,杜建国,白利平.2000.浅谈超临界流体在地震孕育过程中的作用[J].地震地质,22(4):439—444.LIU Wei,DUJian-guo,BAI Li-ping.2000.Areviewon the role of supercritical fluids in the earthquake generation[J].Seismology and Geology,22(4):439—444(in Chinese).
罗灼礼,孟国杰.2002.关于地震丛集特征、成因及临界状态的讨论[J].地震,22(3):2—14.LUO Zhuo-li,MENG Guo-jie.2002.Discussion on the characteristics of earthquake clustering,its causes and criticalstate[J].Earthquake,22(3):2—14(in Chinese).
马宗晋,张家声,刘国栋,等.1990.大陆多震层研究现状和讨论[J].地震地质,12(3):262—264.MA Zong-jin,ZHANG Jia-sheng,LIUGuo-dong,et al.1990.Current state of research on continental seismogenic layer[J].Seismology and Geology,12(3):262—264(in Chinese).
荣代潞.1992.地壳中流体临界温度的重要作用:论“多震层”的成因及大震前兆[A].见:马宗晋主编.大陆多震层研究.北京:地震出版社.167—173.RONG Dai-lu.1992.The important effect of critical temperature of fluid in the crust:Discussion on the formationcause of seismogenic layer and precursor just before great earthquakes[A].In:MA Zong-jin(ed).Study on thecontinental seismogenic layer.Seismological Press,Beijing.167—173(in Chinese).
吴忠良.1998.自组织临界性与地震预测:对目前地震预测问题争论的评述(之一)[J].中国地震,14(4):3—12.WU Zhong-liang.1998.Self-organized criticality and earthquake prediction:A reviewon the current discussions aboutearthquake prediction(Ⅰ)[J].Earthquake Research in China,14(4):3—12(in Chinese).
徐常芳.1998.地震流体成因说及其应用研究[J].地震,14(1):89—97.XU Chang-fang.1998.Aseismogenic theory related to deep seated fluids and its application[J].Earthquake,14(1):89—97(in Chinese).
徐常芳.2003.中国大陆壳内与上地幔高导层成因及唐山地震机理研究[J].地学前缘,10(特刊):101—111.XUChang-fang.2003.The cause of formation of the upper mantle and crust high conductive layers in Chinese mainlandand the study of Tangshan earthquake[J].Earth Science Frontiers,10(Special issue):101—111(in Chinese).
张丽莉,陈丽,赵雪峰,等.2003.超临界水的特性及应用[J].化学工业与工程,20(1):33—38,54.ZHANG Li-li,CHEN Li,ZHAO Xue-feng,et al.2003.Properties of supercritical water and its application[J].Chemi-cal Industry and Engineering,20(1):33—38,54(in Chinese).
Klose C D.2007.Geomechanical modeling of the nucleation process of Australia s1989M5.6Newcastle earthquake[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,256,(3-4):547—553.
Mizoguchi K,Takahashi M,Masuda K,et al.2007.Fault strength drop due to phase transitions in the pore fluid[J]. Geophysical Research Letters,34(9):10—14.
Wagner W and Cooper J R.2000.The IAPWS industrial formulation1997for the thermodynamic properties of waterand steam[J].Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines&Power,122(1):150—183.
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