汶川地震对四川水库大坝影响及其规律探讨
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摘要
总结分析了汶川地震中四川省水库大坝裂缝、滑坡、渗漏、结构变形与管理设施破损等震损险情特点,利用约2 000座震损水库信息,对水库震损程度与震级、震中距、水库规模、坝型、坝高、建设年代等关联性进行了研究.成果表明:水库震损程度主要受震级和震中距影响,震级在4级以下时,水库基本无震损,震级在6级以下时,中型及以上水库基本未震损,在7级以上时,震损水库数量迅速增加;地震对水库的影响范围约200 km.小型水库震损数量最多,占震损水库的95%以上;震损水库中土石坝占绝大多数;坝高30～60 m的坝出现溃坝险情和高危险情比例最高;各历史时期建设的水库震损比例相差不大,1957年以前建设的水库出现溃坝险情的比例最高.本研究成果可为震损水库应急检查与处置、水库震损机理探讨、水库抗震设计理论的完善提供技术支撑.
The seismic hazards to Sichuan reservoir dams caused by the Wenchuan earthquake,such as crack,landslide,leakage,structural deformation are summarized in the paper.The seismic hazard degree is classified by extreme,high,medium and low grades.The relevance is studied between dam hazard degree with earthquake magnitude,earthquake epicentral distance,dam scale,dam type,dam height and dam construction periods based on the statistical analysis of about 2000 earthquake-damaged reservoir dams.The dam hazard degree is mainly affected by the earthquake magnitude and epicentral distance.No reservoir dams are damaged below earthquake magnitude 4.No medium and large reservoir dams are damaged below earthquake magnitude 6.The number of earthquake-damaged reservoir dams increases rapidly above the earthquake magnitude 7.The maximum epicentral distance for dam seismic hazard is about 200 km;more than 95% of seismic hazard reservoirs are small scale reservoirs.Embankment dams and earth-rockfilled dams account for the majority of the earthquake-damaged dams.The dams with the height of 30 to 60 meters are with the highest possibility of extreme and high hazard degree.The reservoirs constructed before 1957 have the highest possibility of extreme hazard.The analysis results would give supports for the reservoir emergency inspection and action after the earthquake,and also for the research on dam damage mechanism and reservoir dam seismic design.
The seismic hazards to Sichuan reservoir dams caused by the Wenchuan earthquake,such as crack,landslide,leakage,structural deformation are summarized in the paper.The seismic hazard degree is classified by extreme,high,medium and low grades.The relevance is studied between dam hazard degree with earthquake magnitude,earthquake epicentral distance,dam scale,dam type,dam height and dam construction periods based on the statistical analysis of about 2000 earthquake-damaged reservoir dams.The dam hazard degree is mainly affected by the earthquake magnitude and epicentral distance.No reservoir dams are damaged below earthquake magnitude 4.No medium and large reservoir dams are damaged below earthquake magnitude 6.The number of earthquake-damaged reservoir dams increases rapidly above the earthquake magnitude 7.The maximum epicentral distance for dam seismic hazard is about 200 km;more than 95% of seismic hazard reservoirs are small scale reservoirs.Embankment dams and earth-rockfilled dams account for the majority of the earthquake-damaged dams.The dams with the height of 30 to 60 meters are with the highest possibility of extreme and high hazard degree.The reservoirs constructed before 1957 have the highest possibility of extreme hazard.The analysis results would give supports for the reservoir emergency inspection and action after the earthquake,and also for the research on dam damage mechanism and reservoir dam seismic design.
引文
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[3]柳景华,杨火平.震损水库险情判别标准及方法的初步探讨[J].人民长江,2008,39(22):21-22.(LIU Jing-hua,YANG Huo-ping.Analysis of standards and measurements for reservoirs damage[J].Yangtze River,2008,39(22):21-22.(inChinese))
[4]陈厚群,徐泽平,李敏.汶川大地震和大坝抗震安全[J].水利学报,2008,39(10):1158-1167.(CHEN Hou-qun,XUZe-ping,LI Min.Wenchuan earthquake and seismic safety of large dams[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2008,39(10):1158-1167.(in Chinese))
[5]隆文非,王珊,赵凌云.四川省“5.12”特大地震震损水库险情分析[J].中国防汛抗旱,2009(2):25-27.(LONG Wen-fei,WANG Shan,ZHAO Ling-yun.Analysis on Sichuan earthquake-damaged reservoir dangerous situation of“5.12”massiveearthquake[J].China's Flood and Drought Management,2009(2):25-27.(in Chinese))
[6]文松霖,张伟.汶川地震绵阳市水库震损现象及发生机理初探[J].水利水电技术,2009,40(2):70-73.(WEN Song-lin,ZHANG Wei.Study on phenomena and occurrence mechanism of seismic damages of reservoirs in Mianyang city duringWenchuan earthquake[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,2009,40(2):70-73.(in Chinese))
[7]张家发,程展林,文松霖,等.“5.12”汶川地震对土石坝的损害及应急处置[J].人民长江,2008,39(22):9-12.(ZHANG Jia-fa,CHENG Zhan-lin,WEN Song-lin,et al.Damage on earth-rock dams by“5.12”Wenchuan earthquake andemergency handling[J].Yangtze River,2008,39(22):9-12.(in Chinese))
[8]孙少楠,张先起,田林钢.“5.12”地震中小型水库震损机理分析研究[J].人民长江,2009,40(7):58-61,104.(SUNShao-nan,ZHANG Xian-qi,TIAN Lin-gang.Research on earthquake damage mechanism of middle and small reservoirs in“5.12”earthquake[J].Yangtze River,2009,40(7):58-61,104.(in Chinese))
[9]陈生水,霍家平,章为民.“5.12”汶川地震对紫坪铺混凝土面板坝的影响及原因分析[J].岩土工程学报,2008,30(6):795-801.(CHEN Sheng-shui,HUO Jia-ping,ZHANG Wei-min.Analysis of effects of“5.12”Wenchuan earthquake onZipingpu concrete face rock-fill dam[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2008,30(6):795-801.(in Chinese))
[10]王华,张新华.四川震损水库情况和灾后恢复重建对策[J].人民长江,2008,39(22):14-16,35.(WANG Hua,ZHANG Xin-hua.Earthquake-damaged reservoir situation in Sichuan Province and reconstruction measures after disaster[J].Yangtze River,2008,39(22):14-16,35.(in Chinese))
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