2008年10月当雄M_W 6.3级地震断层参数的InSAR反演及其构造意义
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摘要
2008年10月6日在西藏当雄发生了Mw 6.3地震.我们从一对降轨ENVISAT ASAR资料获得了这次地震的同震位移场,通过同震位移场的反演确定了发震断层参数.并且应用一维变异理论评估了InSAR结果中的误差协方差矩阵,直接用于评价断层反演参数的不确定性水平.结果表明,此次地震发生于羊易盆地东缘的次级断层,走向178°,倾角58°,倾向近正西,以正断层运动为主,兼具少量右旋走滑分量,且资料的误差水平对反演结果的影响不大.这次地震引起震中位置地表下沉至少30 cm,似乎是亚东谷露裂谷带北段的羊易地堑下沉的表现.
An M_W6.3 earthquake occurred in Damxung,Tibet,on October 6th,2008.We determined the fault parameters using a descending coseismic interferogram from ENVISAT ASAR images.In addition,we examined the uncertainties in the InSAR-derived source parameters using the variance-covariance matrix of InSAR data points estimated with a 1-D semivariogram function.The inverted results showed that the earthquake occurred on a secondary-fault in the eastern margin of the Yangyi basin,with a strike of 178°,a dip of 58° and dipping to west,which was normal faulting with a little of right-lateral strike slipping.It also appeared that the impact of the measurement errors on the uncertainties in InSAR derived source parameters was limited.This earthquake led to a subsidence of at least 30 cm at the epicenter,implying the Yangyi basin in the northern Yadong-Gulu Rift Belt was subsiding probably.
An M_W6.3 earthquake occurred in Damxung,Tibet,on October 6th,2008.We determined the fault parameters using a descending coseismic interferogram from ENVISAT ASAR images.In addition,we examined the uncertainties in the InSAR-derived source parameters using the variance-covariance matrix of InSAR data points estimated with a 1-D semivariogram function.The inverted results showed that the earthquake occurred on a secondary-fault in the eastern margin of the Yangyi basin,with a strike of 178°,a dip of 58° and dipping to west,which was normal faulting with a little of right-lateral strike slipping.It also appeared that the impact of the measurement errors on the uncertainties in InSAR derived source parameters was limited.This earthquake led to a subsidence of at least 30 cm at the epicenter,implying the Yangyi basin in the northern Yadong-Gulu Rift Belt was subsiding probably.
引文
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[10] Biggs J,Wright T,Lu Z,et al.Mult-interferomgram method for measuring interseismic deformation:Denali Fault,Alaska.Geophys.J.Int.,2007,170:1165-1179,doi:10． 1111/j.1365-246X.2007． 03415． x
[11] Wright T J,Parsons B,England P C,et al.InSAR observations of low slip rates on the major faults of western Tibet.Science,2004,305:236 ～ 239
[12] Goldstein R.Atmospheric limitations to repeat-track radar interferometry.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1995,22(18) ,2517 ～ 2520
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[18] Marcotte D.Fast variogram computation with FFT.Computers & Geosciences ,1996,22(10) ,1175 ～1186
[19] Goovaerts P.Geostatistics for Natural Resources Evaluation.New York:Oxford Univ.,1997
[20] Biggs J,Burgmann R,Freymueller J T,et al.The postseismic response to the 2002 M7． 9 Denali Fault earthquake:constraints from InSAR 2003 ～ 2005． Geophys.J.Int.,2009,176:353 ～367,doi:10． 1111/j.1365-246X.2008． 03932． x
[21] 冯万鹏,李振洪.InSAR资料约束下震源参数的PSO混合算法反演策略.地球物理学进展,已接受 Feng WP,LiZH.A novel hybrid PSO/Simplex Algorithm for determining earthquake source parameters using InSAR observations.Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese) ,(Accepted)
[22] 冯万鹏,李振洪,李春来.利用InSAR确定2009年4月6日M_W6． 3拉奎拉(Italy)地震最优震源模型.地球物理学进展,已接受 Feng WP,Li Z H,Li C L.Optimal source parameters of the 6 April 2009 M_w 6． 3 L'Aquila,Italy earthquake from InSAR observations.Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese),(Accepted)
[23] Okada Y.Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1985,75(4) :1135 ～ 1154
[24] Wright T J,Lu Z,Wicks C.Constraining the slip distribution and fault geometry of the M_w7． 9,November 2002,Denali Fault earthquake with Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar and Global Positioning System data.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2004,94(6B) :S175～S189
[25] 孙建宝,石耀霖,沈正康等.基于线弹性模型反演1997年西藏玛尼M_W7． 5级地震的干涉雷达同震形变场 Ⅰ均匀滑动演.地球物理学报,2007,50(4) :1097～1110 Sun J B,Shi Y L,Shen Z K,et al.Parameter inversion of the 1997 Mani earthquake from InSAR co-seismic deformation field based on linear elastic dislocation model-I Uniform slip inversion.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(4) :1097～1110
[26] 冯万鹏,许力生,许忠淮等.利用InSAR资料反演2008年西藏改则M_W6． 4和M_W5． 9地震的断层参数.地球物理学报,2009,52(4) :983 993,doi:10． 3969/j.issn.0001-5733． 2009． 04． 015 2009,52 (4) :983-993,doi:10． 3969/j.issn.0001-5733． 2009． 04． 015 Feng W P,Xu L S,Xu Z H,et al.Source parameters of the 2008 Gerze M_w6． 4 and M_w5． 9 earthquakes from InSAR measurements.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52 (4) :983 ～ 993,doi:10． 3969/j.issn.0001-5733． 2009． 04． 015
[27] Li Z,Feng W,Xu Z,et al.The 1998 M_w5． 7 Zhangbei-Shangyi (China) earthquake revisited:a buried thrust fault revealed with interferomertic synthetic aperture radar.Geochem.Geophys.Geosyst.,2008,9( 4) ,Q04026,doi:10． 1029/2007GC001910
[28] Parsons B,Wright T,Powe P,et al.The 1994 Sefidabeh (eastern Iran) earthquakes revisited:new evidence from satellite radar interferometry and carbonate dating about the growth of an active fold above a blind thrust fault.Geophys.J.Int.,2006,164:202～217
[29] Jonsson S,Zebker H,Segall P,et al.Fault slip distribution of the 1999 M_w7． 1 Hector Mine,California Earthquake,estimated from satellite radar and GPS measurements.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am..,2002,92(4) :1377 ～1389
[30] Burgmann R,Ayhan M E,Fielding E J,et al.Deformation during the 12 November 1999 Duzce,Turkey,earthquake,from GPS and InSAR data.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2002,92(1) :161 ～ 171
[31] Funning G J,Parsons B,Wrigth T J.Surface displacements and source parameters of the 2003 Bam (Iran) earthquake from Envisat advanced synthetic aperture radar imagery.J.Geophys.Res.,2005,110,B09406,doi:10． 1029/ 2004JB003338
[32] Yin A,Kapp P A,Murphy M A,et al.Significant Late Neogene east-west extension in northern Tibet.Geology,1999,27(9) :787 ～ 790
[33] 吴中海,赵希涛,吴珍汉等.西藏当雄-羊八井盆地的第四纪地质与断裂活动研究.地质力学学报,2006,12(3) :305～316 Wu Z H,Zhao X T,Wu Z H,et al.Quaternary geology and faulting in the Damxung-Yangbajing basin,southern Tibet.Journal of Geomechanics (in Chinese),2006,12(3) :305 ～316
[34] Armijo R,Tapponnier P,Mercier J L,et al.Quaternary extension in southern Tibet:field observations and tectonic implications.J.Geophys.Res.,1986,91 (B14) :13803 ～13872
[35] Fielding E,Isacks B,Barazangi M,et al.How flat is Tibet? Geology,1994,22 ( 2) :163 ～ 167 ,doi:10． 1130/00917613 (1994)
[36] 邓启东,张培震,冉永康等.中国活动构造基本特征.中国科学(D辑),2002,32(12) :1020～1030 Deng Q D,Zhang P Z,Ran Y K,et al.Basic characteristics of active tectonics in China.Science in China {Series D-Earth Science) (in Chinese) ,2002,32(12) :1020 ～1030
[37] Wessel P,Smith W H F.New,improved version of generic mapping tools released.EOS,Trans.Amer.Geophys.Union,1998,79(47) :579
[2] 吴珍汉,胡道功,刘崎胜等.西藏当雄地区构造地貌及形成演化过程.地球学报,2002,23(5) :423～428 Wu Z H,Hu D G,Liu Q S,et al.The formation and evolution of tectonic landform of Damxung area in central Tibetan Plateau.Acta Geoscientia Sinica ( in Chinese) ,2002,23(5) :423～428
[3] 吴章明,曹忠权,申屠炳明等.1411年西藏当雄南8级地震发震构造.中国地震,1992,8(2) :46～52 Wu Z M,Cao Z Q,Shentu B M,et al.Seismogenic structure of the 1411 southern Damxung earthquake of M=8 in Tibet.Earthquake Research in China (in Chinese),1992,8(2) :46～52
[4] 吴章明,曹忠权.1952年西藏当雄7． 5级地震烈度的再评定.地球物理学报,1991,34(1) :64～72 Wu Z M,Cao Z Q.Review on intensity of Damxung earthquake (M_s = 7． 5) in 1952,Tibet.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1991,34( 1) :64 ～ 72
[5] Rosen P A,Henley S,Peltzer G,et al.Updated repeat orbit interferometry package released.EOS,Trans.Amer.Geophys.Union,2004,85(5) ,doi:10． 1029/2004EO050004
[6] Wright T J,Lu Z,Wicks C.Source model for the M_w6． 7,23 October 2002,Nenana Mountain earthquake (Alaska) from InSAR.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2003,30(18) ,doi:10． 1029/2003GL018014
[7] Li Z,Liu Y,Zhou X,et al.Using small baseline interferometric SAR to map nonlinear ground motion:a case study in northern Tibet.Journal of Applied Geodesy,2009,3:163 ～170,doi:10． 1515/JAG.2009
[8] 李振洪,刘经南,许才军.InSAR数据处理中的误差分析.武汉大学学报(自然科学版),2004,29(1) :72～76 Li Z H,Liu J N,Xu C J.Error analysis in InSAR processing.Geometrics and Information Science of Wuchan University (in Chinese),2004,29(1) :72 ～ 76
[9] Farr T G,Caro E,Crippen R,et al.The shuttle radar topography mission.Reviews of Geophysics ,2007,45,doi:1029/2005RG000183
[10] Biggs J,Wright T,Lu Z,et al.Mult-interferomgram method for measuring interseismic deformation:Denali Fault,Alaska.Geophys.J.Int.,2007,170:1165-1179,doi:10． 1111/j.1365-246X.2007． 03415． x
[11] Wright T J,Parsons B,England P C,et al.InSAR observations of low slip rates on the major faults of western Tibet.Science,2004,305:236 ～ 239
[12] Goldstein R.Atmospheric limitations to repeat-track radar interferometry.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1995,22(18) ,2517 ～ 2520
[13] Dawson J,Tregoning P.Uncertainty analysis of earthquake source parameters determined from InSAR:a simulation study.J.Geophys.Res.,2007,112,B09406 ,doi:10． 1029/ 2007JB005209
[14] Li Z,Fielding E J,Cross P,et al.Interferometric synthetic aperture radar atmospheric correction:GPS topographydependent turbulence model.J.Geophys.Res.,2006,111,B02404,doi:10． 1029/2005JB003711
[15] Li Z,Fielding E J,Cross P,et al.Interferometric synthetic aperture radar atmospheric correlation:Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer and Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar integration.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2006,33． L06816,doi:10． 1029/2005GL025299
[16] Hanssen R.Radar Interferometry:Data Interpretation and Error Analysis.Netherlands:Kluwer Acad.,2001
[17] Lohman R B,Simons M.Some thoughts on the use of InSAR data to constrain models of surface deformation:noise structure and data downsampling.Geochem.Geophys.Geosyst.,2005,6 ,12 ,Q01007 ,doi:10． 1029/2004gc000841
[18] Marcotte D.Fast variogram computation with FFT.Computers & Geosciences ,1996,22(10) ,1175 ～1186
[19] Goovaerts P.Geostatistics for Natural Resources Evaluation.New York:Oxford Univ.,1997
[20] Biggs J,Burgmann R,Freymueller J T,et al.The postseismic response to the 2002 M7． 9 Denali Fault earthquake:constraints from InSAR 2003 ～ 2005． Geophys.J.Int.,2009,176:353 ～367,doi:10． 1111/j.1365-246X.2008． 03932． x
[21] 冯万鹏,李振洪.InSAR资料约束下震源参数的PSO混合算法反演策略.地球物理学进展,已接受 Feng WP,LiZH.A novel hybrid PSO/Simplex Algorithm for determining earthquake source parameters using InSAR observations.Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese) ,(Accepted)
[22] 冯万鹏,李振洪,李春来.利用InSAR确定2009年4月6日M_W6． 3拉奎拉(Italy)地震最优震源模型.地球物理学进展,已接受 Feng WP,Li Z H,Li C L.Optimal source parameters of the 6 April 2009 M_w 6． 3 L'Aquila,Italy earthquake from InSAR observations.Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese),(Accepted)
[23] Okada Y.Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1985,75(4) :1135 ～ 1154
[24] Wright T J,Lu Z,Wicks C.Constraining the slip distribution and fault geometry of the M_w7． 9,November 2002,Denali Fault earthquake with Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar and Global Positioning System data.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2004,94(6B) :S175～S189
[25] 孙建宝,石耀霖,沈正康等.基于线弹性模型反演1997年西藏玛尼M_W7． 5级地震的干涉雷达同震形变场 Ⅰ均匀滑动演.地球物理学报,2007,50(4) :1097～1110 Sun J B,Shi Y L,Shen Z K,et al.Parameter inversion of the 1997 Mani earthquake from InSAR co-seismic deformation field based on linear elastic dislocation model-I Uniform slip inversion.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(4) :1097～1110
[26] 冯万鹏,许力生,许忠淮等.利用InSAR资料反演2008年西藏改则M_W6． 4和M_W5． 9地震的断层参数.地球物理学报,2009,52(4) :983 993,doi:10． 3969/j.issn.0001-5733． 2009． 04． 015 2009,52 (4) :983-993,doi:10． 3969/j.issn.0001-5733． 2009． 04． 015 Feng W P,Xu L S,Xu Z H,et al.Source parameters of the 2008 Gerze M_w6． 4 and M_w5． 9 earthquakes from InSAR measurements.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52 (4) :983 ～ 993,doi:10． 3969/j.issn.0001-5733． 2009． 04． 015
[27] Li Z,Feng W,Xu Z,et al.The 1998 M_w5． 7 Zhangbei-Shangyi (China) earthquake revisited:a buried thrust fault revealed with interferomertic synthetic aperture radar.Geochem.Geophys.Geosyst.,2008,9( 4) ,Q04026,doi:10． 1029/2007GC001910
[28] Parsons B,Wright T,Powe P,et al.The 1994 Sefidabeh (eastern Iran) earthquakes revisited:new evidence from satellite radar interferometry and carbonate dating about the growth of an active fold above a blind thrust fault.Geophys.J.Int.,2006,164:202～217
[29] Jonsson S,Zebker H,Segall P,et al.Fault slip distribution of the 1999 M_w7． 1 Hector Mine,California Earthquake,estimated from satellite radar and GPS measurements.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am..,2002,92(4) :1377 ～1389
[30] Burgmann R,Ayhan M E,Fielding E J,et al.Deformation during the 12 November 1999 Duzce,Turkey,earthquake,from GPS and InSAR data.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2002,92(1) :161 ～ 171
[31] Funning G J,Parsons B,Wrigth T J.Surface displacements and source parameters of the 2003 Bam (Iran) earthquake from Envisat advanced synthetic aperture radar imagery.J.Geophys.Res.,2005,110,B09406,doi:10． 1029/ 2004JB003338
[32] Yin A,Kapp P A,Murphy M A,et al.Significant Late Neogene east-west extension in northern Tibet.Geology,1999,27(9) :787 ～ 790
[33] 吴中海,赵希涛,吴珍汉等.西藏当雄-羊八井盆地的第四纪地质与断裂活动研究.地质力学学报,2006,12(3) :305～316 Wu Z H,Zhao X T,Wu Z H,et al.Quaternary geology and faulting in the Damxung-Yangbajing basin,southern Tibet.Journal of Geomechanics (in Chinese),2006,12(3) :305 ～316
[34] Armijo R,Tapponnier P,Mercier J L,et al.Quaternary extension in southern Tibet:field observations and tectonic implications.J.Geophys.Res.,1986,91 (B14) :13803 ～13872
[35] Fielding E,Isacks B,Barazangi M,et al.How flat is Tibet? Geology,1994,22 ( 2) :163 ～ 167 ,doi:10． 1130/00917613 (1994)
[36] 邓启东,张培震,冉永康等.中国活动构造基本特征.中国科学(D辑),2002,32(12) :1020～1030 Deng Q D,Zhang P Z,Ran Y K,et al.Basic characteristics of active tectonics in China.Science in China {Series D-Earth Science) (in Chinese) ,2002,32(12) :1020 ～1030
[37] Wessel P,Smith W H F.New,improved version of generic mapping tools released.EOS,Trans.Amer.Geophys.Union,1998,79(47) :579
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