地球内部壳幔介质地震各向异性与动力学响应
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摘要
实际的地球介质十分复杂,远非当今人们所采用的理想模型可以概括,因为其属性和结构的变异是非均匀、非线性和各向异性的.在研究地球内部壳幔介质与结构、构造与属性差异、金属矿产资源和油、气、煤能源的勘查中,无论是区域构造格局、岩相和结构特征(如裂缝、破碎带、不同尺度的洞穴以及一些不规则几何体)均十分复杂.近年来基于成山、成盆、成矿、成岩和成灾研究的不断深化,对地下介质各向异性的研究受到广泛的关注.地震波动传播理论和介质与结构的物理属性研究结果表明:地震各向异性在成因上主要是由岩石、矿物和晶体的晶格优势取向、应力场异常变异和构造裂缝与深部物质运移造成的.为此,本文对14次地震各向异性会议的主体内涵进行分析,在此基础上,指出了在各向异性研究的发展进程中、特别是在应用中尚存在着的一些问题.在深化认识地球内部物质物理属性的基础上,探讨了S波分裂和偏振效应与地震各向异性与介质结构分区、构造活动,油气田勘探与岩相特征,裂隙与构造精细刻划和地震活动区(带)深部介质与构造环境的深层过程和动力学响应的关系.最后提出了地震各向异性在地球物理学发展中的作用和今后的任务.
The earth interior is so complex that it is impossible to describe it in a simple model,because its structure and property are inhomogeneous,nonlinear and anisotropic.The tectonic frame,lithology,and structural characteristics(such as fractures,broken belts,caves with various scales and irregular geometry) are all very complex in the exploring metal mineral,energy and the research of the structure and tectonics of the earth interior.Hence,much more attention has been paid to the anisotropy of the medium underground based on the deepen research in mountain formation,basin formation,mineral formation,rock formation and disaster formation.According to the research of physical properties of medium structure and seismic wave propagation theory,the seismic anisotropy is formed because of the existence of the preferred orientation of rocks,minerals,and crystal lattice,variation of the stress field,tectonic fractures and the substance movement in the deep earth.In this paper,the problems in the development,especially in the application of seismic anisotropy were raised based on the analysis of the main content of the 14 IWSAs in the world.On the basis of research on the properties of the earth interior,we discussed relationships between the splitting of S waves,polarization effect,structure division and tectonic activities,exploration in oil and gas fields,deep process and dynamical response of the fine tectonics and earthquake activity areas(belts).At last,the effects and tasks of seismic anisotropy in the development of geophysics were raised.
The earth interior is so complex that it is impossible to describe it in a simple model,because its structure and property are inhomogeneous,nonlinear and anisotropic.The tectonic frame,lithology,and structural characteristics(such as fractures,broken belts,caves with various scales and irregular geometry) are all very complex in the exploring metal mineral,energy and the research of the structure and tectonics of the earth interior.Hence,much more attention has been paid to the anisotropy of the medium underground based on the deepen research in mountain formation,basin formation,mineral formation,rock formation and disaster formation.According to the research of physical properties of medium structure and seismic wave propagation theory,the seismic anisotropy is formed because of the existence of the preferred orientation of rocks,minerals,and crystal lattice,variation of the stress field,tectonic fractures and the substance movement in the deep earth.In this paper,the problems in the development,especially in the application of seismic anisotropy were raised based on the analysis of the main content of the 14 IWSAs in the world.On the basis of research on the properties of the earth interior,we discussed relationships between the splitting of S waves,polarization effect,structure division and tectonic activities,exploration in oil and gas fields,deep process and dynamical response of the fine tectonics and earthquake activity areas(belts).At last,the effects and tasks of seismic anisotropy in the development of geophysics were raised.
引文
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[2]Crampin S.The geological and industrial implications ofextensive-dilatancy anisotropy.Nature,1987,328(6130):491-496.
[3]Crampin S.Effective anisotropic elastic constents for wavepropagation through cracked solids.Geophys.J.R.Astr.Soc.,1984,76(1):135-145.
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[5]黄晓葛,白武明.地震波各项异性研究进展.地球物理学进展,1999,14(3):55-65.Huang X G,Bai W M.Research on seismic anisotropy—Areview.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),1999,14(3):55-65.
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[10]毋海昌,高平,刘若新等.华北地区韧性剪切带几种岩石的波速各向异性高温高压实验研究.地球物理学报,1995,38(2):213-220.Wu H C,Gao P,Liu R X,et al.The experimental study ofP-wave velocity anisotropy of mylonite and its surroundingrocks from ductile shear zones of north China at elevatedpressures and temperatures.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),1995,38(2):213-220.
[11]Siegesmund S,Takeshita T,Kern H.Anisotropy of VpandVsin an amphibolite of the deeper crust and its relationship tothe mineralogical,microstructural and textural characteristicsof the rock.Tectonophysics,1989,157(1-3):25-38.
[12]金振民,Ji S C,金淑燕.橄榄石晶格优选方位和上地幔地震波速各向异性.地球物理学报,1994,37(4):469-477.Jin Z M,Ji S C,Jin S Y.Lattice preferred orientation ofolivines and seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle.ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),1994,37(4):469-477.
[13]嵇少丞,Mainprice D.晶格优选定向和下地壳地震波速各向异性.地震地质,1989,11(4):15-23.Ji S C,Mainprice D.Lattice preferred orientation and theanisotropy of wave velocity in lower crust.Seismology andGeology(in Chinese),1989,11(4):15-23.
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[15]滕吉文,张中杰,王爱武等.弹性介质各向异性研究沿革、现状与问题.地球物理学进展,1992,7(4):14-28.Teng J W,Zhang Z J,Wang A W,et al.The study ofanisotropy in elastic medium:evolution,present situation andquestions.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),1992,7(4):14-28.
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[18]Crampin S,Gao Y.A review of a quarter century ofinternational workshops on seismic anisotropy in the crust(01WSA-12WSA).Journal of Seismology,2009,13(2):181-208.
[19]Teng J W,Xiong S B,Zhang Z J,et al.Deepstructurepattern,anisotropy and continental geodynamics revealed bygeophysical profiles and fransects in China.//Geophysics,Proceeding of the 30thIGC,20,VSP,Utrecht,The Netherlands,1997:21-40.
[20]Raitt R W.Seismic refraction studies of the Mendocinofracture zone,Rep.MPL-U-23/63,Mar.Phys.Lab.Scripps Ins.Ocean.U.C.S.D.
[21]Nicolas A,Christensen N.formation of anisotropy in uppermantle peridotites-review//Fuchs K,Froidevaux C eds.Composition,Structure and Dynamics of the lithosphere-asthenosphere systems,Geodynamics Ser.,Washington,DC:Amer.Geophys.Union,1987,16:111-123.
[22]Karato S I,Wu P.Rheology of the upper mantle:asynthesis.Science,1993,260(5109):771-778.
[23]Karato S I,Zhang S Q,Wenk H R.Superplasticity in Earth’s lower mantle:evidence from seismic anisotropy and rockphysics.Science,1995,270(5235):458-461.
[24]Karato Shun-ichiro Seismic anisotropy due to lattice preferredorientation of minerals:kinematic or dynamic?//ManghnaniM,Akimoto S,Syono Y.High-pressure research in mineralphysics.Washington DC:Terra Scientific Pub.,1987.
[25]Anderson D L.Theory of the earth.Boston:BlackwellScientific Pub,1989.
[26]Christensen N I.The magnitude,symmetry and origin ofupper mantle anisotropy based on fabric analyses of ultramafictectonites.J.Geophys.Res.,1984,76(1):89-111.
[27]Babuska V,Pros Z.Velocity anisotropy in granodiorite andquartzite due to the distribution or microcracks.J.Geophys.Res.,1984,76(1):121-127.
[28]Robertson J D,Corrigan D.Radiation patterns of a shear-wave vibrator in near-surface shale.Geophysics,1983,48(1):19-26.
[29]Simmons S B.Contrasting types of lower crust//Mereu RF,ed.Properties and Processes of Earth′s lower crust.AGUGeophys.,Washington,1989,51:53-63.
[30]Jeanlocz R.Chemical reactions at the Earth′s core-mantleboundary:Summary of evidence and geomagnetic implications.//Geophysical monograph 76IUGG,vol.16,Relating geophysicalstructures and processes,The Jeffreys Volume,Keiiti Aki,Renata Dmowska(Edifros)AGU,IUGG,1991:121-128.
[31]Knittle E,Jeanloz R.Earth′s core-mantle boundary,Resultsof experiments and high pressures and temperature.Science,1991,251:1438-1443.
[32]Jellinek A M,Manga M.Links between longlived hot spots,mantle plumes,D″and plate tectonics.Review ofGeophysics,2004,42(3):RG 3002.
[33]Maruyama S,Santosh M,Zhao D.Superplume,supercontinentand post-perovskite:Mantle dynamics and anti-plate tectonics onthe Core-Mantle Boundary.Gondwana Research,2007,11(1-2):7-37.
[34]Song X D,Richards P G.Seismological evidence fordifferential rotation of the Earth′s inner core.Nature,1996,382(6588):221-224.
[35]Su W J,Dziewonski A M,Jeanloz R.Planet within a planet:Rotation of the inner core of Earth.Science,1996,274(5294):1883-1887.
[36]姜枚,王有学,钱辉等.造山的高原-青藏高原及其邻区的宽频地震探测与地壳上地幔结构.北京:地质出版社,2009.Jiang M,Wang Y X,Qian H,et al.Orogenic plateau-Broadband Seismic Investigations of Crust and Upper MantleStructure in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Adjacent Areas(in Chinese).Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2009.
[37]Silver P G,Chan W W.Implications for continental structureand evolution from seismic anisotropy.Nature,1988,335(6185):34-39.
[38]Silver P G,Chan W W.Shear-wave splitting andsubcontinental mantle deformation.J.Geophys.Res.,1991,96(B10):429-454.
[39]Vinik L P,Kind R,Makeyeva L I,et al.Azimuthalanisotropy in the lithosphere from observations of long-periodS-waves.Geophys.J.Int.,1989,99(3):549-559.
[40]McNamara D E,Owens T J.Azimuthal shear wave velocityanisotropy in the basin and range province using Moho Psconverted phases.J.Geophys.Res.,1993,98(B7):12003-12017.
[41]Beghoul N,Barazangi M,Isaoks B L.Lithosplheric structureof Tibet and west north America:mechanisms of uplift and acomparative study.J.Geophys.Res.,1993,98(B2):1997-2016.
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