中强地震随机有限断层模型应力降参数的确定方法
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摘要
随机有限断层模型是模拟地震动加速度时程的一个重要工具。但将其应用于中强地震时,由于震源信息的准确性较差从而使模型参数具有较大的不确定性。尤其针对其中最为关键的应力降参数,目前相关研究较为缺乏且尚未形成系统的确定方法。本文基于美国Little Skull Mountain MW5.6级地震2个近场台站记录的地震动模拟,详细研究了采用随机有限断层法拟合中强地震地震动伪加速度反应谱(PSA)来确定应力降参数值的方法,并在计算应力降时引入了其它震源参数的不确定性,随后对此方法的可行性进行了验证。研究表明:采用不同频段反应谱残差和计算得到的应力降值差别较大,确定中强地震应力降较为合适的反应谱频段是中高频,采用该频段确定的应力降参数值模拟的反应谱和峰值加速度与实际记录较为符合;脉冲子断层百分比、断层长宽、倾角和深度等震源参数按截断的正态分布或均匀分布随机抽样,拟合得到的应力降参数值与通过实际震源模型参数得到的值相近。以上研究结果对确定一个区域中强地震应力降或中强地震近场强震动模拟研究提供了更进一步的研究方法和研究方向。
Stochastic finite-fault model is an important tool to simulate acceleration time histories. But when applying it to moderate earthquakes the parameters of model usually have large uncertainty due to the poor accuracy of source information.Especially for the stress drop which is one of the most critical parameters,there is a lack of related researches and determination methods.Based on the near-fault ground motion records of two stations in the Little Skull Mountain MW5.6 earthquake U.S,we carry out a detailed study for the determination of stress drop and introduce the uncertainty of other hypocenter parameters,then verify the feasibility of this method.We found that our results show that the results will vary greatly when using response spectra residuals sum in different frequency ranges to determine the stress drop parameter.The appropriate range is medium-high frequencies which make the simulation results most consistent with actually recorded. When setting other source parameters(such as pulsing sub-fault percentage,fault length and width,dip and depth)to random values with truncated normal or uniform distributions, the value of stress drop obtained by fitting is similar to the value based on actual source model parameters.Our results can help further study of moderate earthquake stress drop for a region and the simulation of near-fault ground motion.
Stochastic finite-fault model is an important tool to simulate acceleration time histories. But when applying it to moderate earthquakes the parameters of model usually have large uncertainty due to the poor accuracy of source information.Especially for the stress drop which is one of the most critical parameters,there is a lack of related researches and determination methods.Based on the near-fault ground motion records of two stations in the Little Skull Mountain MW5.6 earthquake U.S,we carry out a detailed study for the determination of stress drop and introduce the uncertainty of other hypocenter parameters,then verify the feasibility of this method.We found that our results show that the results will vary greatly when using response spectra residuals sum in different frequency ranges to determine the stress drop parameter.The appropriate range is medium-high frequencies which make the simulation results most consistent with actually recorded. When setting other source parameters(such as pulsing sub-fault percentage,fault length and width,dip and depth)to random values with truncated normal or uniform distributions, the value of stress drop obtained by fitting is similar to the value based on actual source model parameters.Our results can help further study of moderate earthquake stress drop for a region and the simulation of near-fault ground motion.
引文
高阳,潘华,汪素云,2014.随机有限断层法模拟中强地震近场强震动的参数影响研究.地震学报,36(4):698 —710.
金星,刘启方,2002.断层附近强地震动半经验合成方法的研究.地震工程与工程振动,22(4):22—27.
李启成,景立平,2009.随机点源方法和随机有限断层方法模拟地震动的比较.世界地震工程,25(1):7—11.
李小军,阎秀杰,潘华,2005.中小震近场地震动估计中地震动衰减关系的适用性分析.地震工程与工程振动,25(1):1—7.
孙晓丹,陶夏新,王国新,刘陶钧,2009.地震动随机合成中与震源谱相关的动力学拐角频率.地震学报,31 (5):537—543.
孙晓丹,陶夏新,2012.宽频带地震动混合模拟方法综述.地震学报,34(4):571—577.
石玉成,陈厚群,李敏,卢育霞,2005.随机有限断层法合成地震动的研究与应用.地震工程与工程振动,25 (4):18—23.
陶夏新,陈富,孙晓丹,2012.强地震动随机合成中震源谱模型的改进.岩土工程学报,34(3):504—507.
吴迪,罗奇峰,熊焱,2009.考虑凹凸体理论的经验格林函数方法.地震学报,31(5):555—563.
王国新,史家平,2008.近场强地震动合成方法研究及地震动模拟.东北地震研究,24(2):4—10.
王海云,谢礼立,2008.近断层地震动模拟现状.地球科学进展,23(10):1043—1049.
汪素云,俞言祥,高阿甲,阎秀杰,2000.中国分区地震动衰减关系的确定.中国地震,16(2):99—106.
王晓荣,易立新,李鹏,2011.利用随机有限断层法计算海河断裂的地震动.地震研究,34(2):188—193.
张翠然,陈厚群,2008.工程地震动模拟研究综述.世界地震工程,24(2):150—157.
张冬丽,陶夏新,周正华,2004.近场地震动格林函数的解析法与数值法对比研究.西北地震学报,26(3):199 —205.
赵凤新,王海江,张郁山,2009.用于核工程地震安全性评价的中小地震水平向加速度反应谱衰减关系研究.中国地震,25(3):274—281.
Anderson J.G.,S.E.Hough,1984.A model for the shape of the Fourier amplitude spectrum of acceleration at high frequencies.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer,74(5):1969—1993.
Atkinson G.M.,2004.Empirical attenuation of ground-motion spectral amplitudes in southeastern Canada and the northeastern United States.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,94(3):1079—1095.
Atkinson G.M.,Boore D.,2006.Earthquake ground-motion prediction equation for eastern north America.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,96(6):2181—2205.
Atkinson G.M.,K.Goda,K.Assatourians,2011.Comparison of nonlinear structural responses for accelerograms simulated from the stochastic finite-fault approach versus the hybrid broadband approach.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,101 (6):2967—2980.
Beresnev I.A.,Atkinson G.M.,1997.Modeling finite-fault radiation from the?nspectrum.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,87(1):67—84.
Beresnev I.A.,Atkinson G.M.,1998.FINSIM-A FORTRAN program for simulating stochastic acceleration time histories from finite faults.Seism.Res.Lett.,69(1):27—32.
Boore D.,1983.Stochastic simulation of high-frequency ground motion based on seismological models of the radiated spectra.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,73(6):1865—1894.
Boore D.,2009.Comparing stochastic point-source and finite-source ground-motion simulations:SMSIM and EXSIM.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,99(6):3202—3216.
Brune J.N.,1970.Tectonic stress and the spetra of seismic shear waves from earthquake.J.Geophys Res.,75(26):4997—5009.
Graves R.W.,Pitarka A.,2010.Broadband ground-motion simulation using a hybrid approach.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,100(5A):2095—2123.
Hartzell S.H.,1978.Earthquake aftershock as Green’s function.Geophys.Res.Lett.,5(1):1—4.
Hartzell,S.Harmsen,A.Frankel et al.,1999.Calculation of broadband time histories of ground motion:Comparison of methods and validation using strong-ground motion from the 1994 Northridge earthquake.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,89 (6):1484—1504.
Irikura K.,1978.Semi-empirical estimation of strong ground motions during large earthquakes.Bull.Disas.Prev.Inst.,33(2):63—104.
Kenneth D.Smith,James N.Brune,Diane de Polo et al.,2001.The 1992 Little Skull Mountain Earthquake Sequence,Southern Nevada Test Site,Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,91(6):1595—1606.
Motazedian D.,Atkinson G.M.,2005.Stochastic finite-fault modeling based on a dynamic corner frequency.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,95(3):995—1010.
Raoof M.,R.B.Herrmann,L.Malagnini,1999.Attenuation and excitation of three-component ground motion in southern California.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,89(4):888—902.
Rowena B.Lohman,Mark Simons,Brian Savage,2002.Location and mechanism of the Little Skull Mountainearthquake as constrained by satellite radar interferometry and seismic waveform modeling.Journal of Geophysical Research,107(6):701—712.
Wells D.,Coppersmith K.,1994.New empirical relationships among magnitude,rupture length,rupture width,rupture area,and surface displacement.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,84(4):974—1002.
金星,刘启方,2002.断层附近强地震动半经验合成方法的研究.地震工程与工程振动,22(4):22—27.
李启成,景立平,2009.随机点源方法和随机有限断层方法模拟地震动的比较.世界地震工程,25(1):7—11.
李小军,阎秀杰,潘华,2005.中小震近场地震动估计中地震动衰减关系的适用性分析.地震工程与工程振动,25(1):1—7.
孙晓丹,陶夏新,王国新,刘陶钧,2009.地震动随机合成中与震源谱相关的动力学拐角频率.地震学报,31 (5):537—543.
孙晓丹,陶夏新,2012.宽频带地震动混合模拟方法综述.地震学报,34(4):571—577.
石玉成,陈厚群,李敏,卢育霞,2005.随机有限断层法合成地震动的研究与应用.地震工程与工程振动,25 (4):18—23.
陶夏新,陈富,孙晓丹,2012.强地震动随机合成中震源谱模型的改进.岩土工程学报,34(3):504—507.
吴迪,罗奇峰,熊焱,2009.考虑凹凸体理论的经验格林函数方法.地震学报,31(5):555—563.
王国新,史家平,2008.近场强地震动合成方法研究及地震动模拟.东北地震研究,24(2):4—10.
王海云,谢礼立,2008.近断层地震动模拟现状.地球科学进展,23(10):1043—1049.
汪素云,俞言祥,高阿甲,阎秀杰,2000.中国分区地震动衰减关系的确定.中国地震,16(2):99—106.
王晓荣,易立新,李鹏,2011.利用随机有限断层法计算海河断裂的地震动.地震研究,34(2):188—193.
张翠然,陈厚群,2008.工程地震动模拟研究综述.世界地震工程,24(2):150—157.
张冬丽,陶夏新,周正华,2004.近场地震动格林函数的解析法与数值法对比研究.西北地震学报,26(3):199 —205.
赵凤新,王海江,张郁山,2009.用于核工程地震安全性评价的中小地震水平向加速度反应谱衰减关系研究.中国地震,25(3):274—281.
Anderson J.G.,S.E.Hough,1984.A model for the shape of the Fourier amplitude spectrum of acceleration at high frequencies.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer,74(5):1969—1993.
Atkinson G.M.,2004.Empirical attenuation of ground-motion spectral amplitudes in southeastern Canada and the northeastern United States.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,94(3):1079—1095.
Atkinson G.M.,Boore D.,2006.Earthquake ground-motion prediction equation for eastern north America.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,96(6):2181—2205.
Atkinson G.M.,K.Goda,K.Assatourians,2011.Comparison of nonlinear structural responses for accelerograms simulated from the stochastic finite-fault approach versus the hybrid broadband approach.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,101 (6):2967—2980.
Beresnev I.A.,Atkinson G.M.,1997.Modeling finite-fault radiation from the?nspectrum.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,87(1):67—84.
Beresnev I.A.,Atkinson G.M.,1998.FINSIM-A FORTRAN program for simulating stochastic acceleration time histories from finite faults.Seism.Res.Lett.,69(1):27—32.
Boore D.,1983.Stochastic simulation of high-frequency ground motion based on seismological models of the radiated spectra.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,73(6):1865—1894.
Boore D.,2009.Comparing stochastic point-source and finite-source ground-motion simulations:SMSIM and EXSIM.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,99(6):3202—3216.
Brune J.N.,1970.Tectonic stress and the spetra of seismic shear waves from earthquake.J.Geophys Res.,75(26):4997—5009.
Graves R.W.,Pitarka A.,2010.Broadband ground-motion simulation using a hybrid approach.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,100(5A):2095—2123.
Hartzell S.H.,1978.Earthquake aftershock as Green’s function.Geophys.Res.Lett.,5(1):1—4.
Hartzell,S.Harmsen,A.Frankel et al.,1999.Calculation of broadband time histories of ground motion:Comparison of methods and validation using strong-ground motion from the 1994 Northridge earthquake.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,89 (6):1484—1504.
Irikura K.,1978.Semi-empirical estimation of strong ground motions during large earthquakes.Bull.Disas.Prev.Inst.,33(2):63—104.
Kenneth D.Smith,James N.Brune,Diane de Polo et al.,2001.The 1992 Little Skull Mountain Earthquake Sequence,Southern Nevada Test Site,Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,91(6):1595—1606.
Motazedian D.,Atkinson G.M.,2005.Stochastic finite-fault modeling based on a dynamic corner frequency.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,95(3):995—1010.
Raoof M.,R.B.Herrmann,L.Malagnini,1999.Attenuation and excitation of three-component ground motion in southern California.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,89(4):888—902.
Rowena B.Lohman,Mark Simons,Brian Savage,2002.Location and mechanism of the Little Skull Mountainearthquake as constrained by satellite radar interferometry and seismic waveform modeling.Journal of Geophysical Research,107(6):701—712.
Wells D.,Coppersmith K.,1994.New empirical relationships among magnitude,rupture length,rupture width,rupture area,and surface displacement.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,84(4):974—1002.
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