水库诱发地震的水二级相变孕震模型
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摘要
文中讨论了库水渗漏在水库诱发地震中的作用,经过分析研究现有的水库诱发地震资料及相关理论,类比蒸汽锅炉与重力热管的热工原理,提出了水库地震成因的超临界水二级相变孕震模型。模型在水库孕震的各阶段表现为:初始阶段,渗漏水在压力注射和重力作用下形成水塞密封盖层,在超临界温区的地层裂隙中引发二级相变循环对流;孕育阶段,地层原生裂隙在高围压条件下形成应力腐蚀、化学蚀变、温差应力破碎作用,从而原生裂隙更加发育,制造了更大的对流循环通道;临震突变阶段,在热管下部热交换区内的临界水热通量剧增,超临界水发生横向流动,向封盖层外部扩散;发震阶段,在超临界水重力热管的通量和热管上部交换区所形成的压力,超过地层或封盖层的破坏极限时,推动上部地层做活塞运动导致地震。
Water leakage in a reservoir is considered as an important factor that induces reservoir earthquakes.But the mechanism is complicated.According to the thermal principle of steam boiler and gravity heat pipe,a new seismogenic model of supercritical water second-order phase transition is proposed.The model can be separated into the following four stages.In the initial stage,seeping water under the pressure and gravity forms a water seal cover.Then second-order phase transition cellular convection arises in the stratum fissure of the supercritical temperature zone.In the incubation stage, caused by the fashions of stress corrosion,chemical alteration and thermal stress,primary fissures in stratum under the high confining pressure develop.This action makes the primary fissures grow and then bigger cellular convection passages are formed.In the critical stage,the critical water flux in the lower heat exchange region increases sharply,and the supercritical water laterally flows and diffuses outside the sealing cover.In the last earthquake stage,the huge stress,which exceeds the limit of stratum or sealing cover,pushes the top stratum to move like piston and the earthquake occurs.
Water leakage in a reservoir is considered as an important factor that induces reservoir earthquakes.But the mechanism is complicated.According to the thermal principle of steam boiler and gravity heat pipe,a new seismogenic model of supercritical water second-order phase transition is proposed.The model can be separated into the following four stages.In the initial stage,seeping water under the pressure and gravity forms a water seal cover.Then second-order phase transition cellular convection arises in the stratum fissure of the supercritical temperature zone.In the incubation stage, caused by the fashions of stress corrosion,chemical alteration and thermal stress,primary fissures in stratum under the high confining pressure develop.This action makes the primary fissures grow and then bigger cellular convection passages are formed.In the critical stage,the critical water flux in the lower heat exchange region increases sharply,and the supercritical water laterally flows and diffuses outside the sealing cover.In the last earthquake stage,the huge stress,which exceeds the limit of stratum or sealing cover,pushes the top stratum to move like piston and the earthquake occurs.
引文
[1]成都地质学院水文系编,地下水概论,河北省地震局翻印。
[2]古普塔H K,1990,水库诱发地震,四川省地震局水库地震研究所1996年译。
[1]周强泰,1990,两相流动和热交换。
[2]胡英,1994,近代化工热力学应用研究的新进展。
[1]同727页①。
[1]www.lsbu.ac.uk。
[1]王均,1990,中国地温分布的基本特征。
[2]肖庆辉等,2002,花岗岩研究思维与方法。
[3]Rybach L等,1986,地热系统原理和典型地热系统分析,北京大学地质系地热学研究室译。
陈祖安,孙仲乐,彭土标,等主编.2000.中国水力发电工程·工程地质卷[M].北京:中国电力出版社.80- 100.
CHEN Zu-an,SUN Zhong-le,PEGN Tu-biao,et al(eds).2000.Hydropower Engineering in China[M].China Electric Power Press,Beijing.80-100(in Chinese).
车用太,鱼金子.2006.地震地下流体学[M].北京:气象出版社.
CHE Yong-tai,YU Jin-zi.2006.The Science of Seismic Underground Fluid[M].China Meteorological Press,Beijing (in Chinese).
丁原章,常宝琦,肖安予,等.1989.水库诱发地震[M].北京:地震出版社.159-161.
DING Yuan-zhang,CHANG Bao-qi,XIAO An-yu,et al.1989.Reservoir Induced Earthquake[M].Seismological Press,Beijing.159-161(in Chinese).
龚宇.2000.论褶皱构造在水库诱发地震中的作用[J].四川地震,(3):39-42.
GONG Yu.2000.Effect of fold structure on triggering the reservoir earthquake[J].Earthquake Research in Sichuan, (3):39-42(in Chinese).
雷建设,赵大鹏,苏金蓉,等.2009.龙门山断裂带地壳精细结构与汶川地震发震机理[J].地球物理学报,52 (2):339-345.
LEI Jian-she,ZHAO Da-peng,SU Jin-rong,et al.2009.Fine seismic structure under the Longmenshan Fault zone and the mechanism of the large Wenchuan earthquake[J].Chinese J Geophys,52(2):339-345(in Chinese).
雷兴林,马胜利,闻学泽,等.2008.地表水体对断层应力与地震时空分布影响的综合分析:以紫坪铺水库为例[J].地震地质,30(4):1046-1065.
LEI Xing-lin,MA Sheng-li,WEN Xue-ze,et al.2008.Integrated analysis of stress and regional seismicity by surface looding-A case study of Zipingpu Reservoir[J].Seismology and Geology,30(4):1046-1065(in Chinese).
梁青槐,高士钧,曾心传.1995.水库诱发地震机制研究[J].华南地震,15(1):75-77.
LIANG Qing-huai,GAO Shi-jun,ZENG Xin-chuan.1995.Research on the mechanism of reservoir-induced earthquake [J].South China Journal of Seismology,15(1):75--77(in Chinese).
李世愚,和雪松.2005.以物理模型为指导开展中尺度地震预测试验场研究[J].国际地震动态,(5):106-110.
LI Shi-yu,HE Xue-song.2005.Carrying out the study on moderate scale experimental field of earthquake prediction under the guidance of physical model[J].Recent Developments in World Seismology,(5):106-110(in Chinese).
李祖武,于品清,孔凡健.1984.中国水库地震的地质条件[A].见:国家地震局地震研究所编.中国诱发地震.北京:地震出版社.1-7.
LI Zu-wu,YU Pin-qing,KONG Fan-jian.1984.Geologic condition of reservoir induced earthquake in China[A].In: Institute of Seismology,State Seismological Bureau(ed).Reservoir Induced Earthquake in China.Seismological Press,Beijing.1-7(in Chinese).
刘忠书.1984.试论水在诱发水库地震中的作用[A].见:国家地震局地震研究所编.中国诱发地震.北京:地震出版社.14-21.
LIU Zhong-shu.1984.Effect of water on triggering reservoir earthquake[A].In:Institute of Seismology,State Seismological Bureau(ed).Reservoir Induced Earthquake in China.Seismological Press,Beijing.14-21(in Chinese).
毛玉平,艾永平,邵德盛,等.2007.水库地震安全问题分析[J].地震研究,30(3):253-259. MAO Yu-ping,AI Yong-ping,SHAO De-sheng,et al.2007.Study on seismic safety of reservoir[J].Journal of Seismological Research,30(3):253-259(in Chinese).
毛玉平,李志祥,肖海斌,等.2008.水库诱发地震中的断层响应分析[J].地震研究,31(1):42-50. MAO Yu-ping,LI Zhi-xiang,XIAO Hai-bin,et al.2008.Research on faulting response to reservoir-induced seismicity [J].Journal of Seismological Research,31(1):42-50(in Chinese).
毛宇飞,郭烈锦.2006.超临界水活塞效应传热现象的数值模拟[J].自然科学进展,16(4):457-462. MAO Yu-fei,GUO Lie-jin.2006.Numerical simulation of piston effect of water in the supercritical pressure region [J].Progress in Natural Science,16(4):457-462(in Chinese).
欧作畿.2005.水库诱发地震的研究[J].云南水力发电,21(3):18-29. OU Zuo-ji.2005.Study of Reservoir Induced Earthquakes[J].Yunnan Water Power,21(3):18-29(in Chinese).
秦嘉政,钱晓东,邬成栋.2006.水库诱发地震机制分析与研究[A].见:秦嘉政等编.云南澜沧江流域水库诱发地震监测与研究.昆明:云南科技出版社.67-84. QIN Jia-zheng,QIAN Xiao-dong,WU Cheng-dong.2006.Study and research on the mechanism of reservoir-induced earthquake[A].In:QIN Jia-zheng,et al(eds).Monitoring and Research on Reservoir-induced Earthquake of Yunnan Lancang River Basin.Yunnan Science and Technology Press,Kunming.67-84(in Chinese).
秦四清,张倬元.1995.水库诱震机制新理论的探索:断层带弱化与岩体软化效应诱震理论[J].工程地质学报, 3(1):35-44. QIN Si-qing,ZHANG Zhuo-yuan.1995.Exploration of new theory on reservoir-induced earthquake:Mechanism and theory of earthquake induced by effects of fault zone weakening and rockmass softening[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,3(1):35-44(in Chinese).
司富安.1994.水库地震研究现状及问题探讨[J].水利水电技术,(6):25-30. SI Fu-an.1994.Present state of study on reservoir-induced earthquakes and discussion on several problems[J]. Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,(6):25-30(in Chinese).
苏根利,谢鸿森,丁东业,等.1998.超临界水的物理化学性质及意义[J].地质地球化学,26(2):83-89. SU Gen-li,XIE Hong-sen,DING Dong-ye,et al.1998.Physicochemical properties of supercritical water and their significance[J].Geology Geochemistry,26(2):83-89(in Chinese).
王博,刘耀伟,孙小龙.2008.地下流体与断裂活动关系的研究综述[J].地震研究,31(3):296-302. WANG Bo,LIU Yao-wei,SUN Xiao-long.2008.Overview:Relationship between faulting and underground fluid[J]. Journal of Seismological Research,31(3):296-302(in Chinese).
汪成民,车用太,万迪堃,等.1988.地下水微动态研究[M].北京:地震出版社.1-2. WANG Cheng-min,CHE Yong-tai,WAN Di-kun,et al.1988.Study of Micro-behavior of Groundwater[M]. Seismological Press,Beijing.1-2(in Chinese).
王德滋,刘昌实.2000.中国大百科全书·地质卷(光盘1.1版)[M].北京:中国大百科全书出版社. WANG De-zi,LIU Chang-shi.2000.Encyclopedia of China:Geology(Disk Version 1.1)[M].Encyclopedia of China Publishing House,Beijing(in Chinese).
徐峰,郭烈锦,毛宇飞,等.2005.超临界压力下水在垂直加热管内传热特性的实验研究[J].西安交通大学学报,39(5):468-471. XU Feng,GUO Lie-jin,MAO Yu-fei,et al.2005.Experimental investigation to the heat transfer characteristics of water in vertical pipes under supercritical pressure[J].Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University,39(5):468-471(in Chinese).
徐彦,秦嘉政.2006.水库诱发地震机制分析[A].见:秦嘉政等编.云南澜沧江流域水库诱发地震监测与研究.昆明:云南科技出版社.59-65. XU Yan,QIN Jia-zheng.2006.Analysis on mechanism of reservoir induced earthquake[A].In:QIN Jia-zheng,et al (eds).Monitoring and Research on Reservoir-induced Earthquake of Yunnan Lancang River Basin.Yunnan Science and Technology Press,Kunming.59-65(in Chinese).
杨清源,胡毓良,陈献程,等.1996.国内外水库诱发地震目录[J].地震地质,18(4):453-461. YANG Qing-yuan,HU Yu-liang,CHEN Xian-cheng,et al.1996.Catalogue of reservoir induced seismic events in the world[J].Seismology and Geology,18(4):453-461(in Chinese).
杨清源,陈献程.1998.水库诱发地震的烈度特征[J].水力发电学报,(2):21-25. YANG Qing-yuan,CHEN Xian-cheng.1998.Characteristics of intensity of reservoir induced seismicity[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,(2):21-25(in Chinese).
张林洪,刘荣佩,周建芬,等.2002.构造型水库地震的断裂力学分析[J].地震研究,25(2):186-191. ZHANG Lin-hong,LIU Rong-pei,ZHOU Jian-fen,et al.2002.Fracture mechanics analysis of tectonic reservoirinduced earthquake[J].Journal of Seismological Research,25(2):186-191(in Chinese).
张建中.2007.水库地震应急管理与决策[J].国际地震动态,(2):1-6. ZHANG Jian-zhong.2007.Emergency management and decision for reservoir-induced earthquake[J].Recent Developments in World Seismology,(2):1-6(in Chinese).
周存忠,程式主编.1991.地震词典[M].上海:上海辞书出版社:296. ZHOU Cun-zhong,CHENG Shi(eds).1991.A Dictionary of Seismology[M].Shanghai Lexicographic Publishing House,Shanghai.296.
[2]古普塔H K,1990,水库诱发地震,四川省地震局水库地震研究所1996年译。
[1]周强泰,1990,两相流动和热交换。
[2]胡英,1994,近代化工热力学应用研究的新进展。
[1]同727页①。
[1]www.lsbu.ac.uk。
[1]王均,1990,中国地温分布的基本特征。
[2]肖庆辉等,2002,花岗岩研究思维与方法。
[3]Rybach L等,1986,地热系统原理和典型地热系统分析,北京大学地质系地热学研究室译。
陈祖安,孙仲乐,彭土标,等主编.2000.中国水力发电工程·工程地质卷[M].北京:中国电力出版社.80- 100.
CHEN Zu-an,SUN Zhong-le,PEGN Tu-biao,et al(eds).2000.Hydropower Engineering in China[M].China Electric Power Press,Beijing.80-100(in Chinese).
车用太,鱼金子.2006.地震地下流体学[M].北京:气象出版社.
CHE Yong-tai,YU Jin-zi.2006.The Science of Seismic Underground Fluid[M].China Meteorological Press,Beijing (in Chinese).
丁原章,常宝琦,肖安予,等.1989.水库诱发地震[M].北京:地震出版社.159-161.
DING Yuan-zhang,CHANG Bao-qi,XIAO An-yu,et al.1989.Reservoir Induced Earthquake[M].Seismological Press,Beijing.159-161(in Chinese).
龚宇.2000.论褶皱构造在水库诱发地震中的作用[J].四川地震,(3):39-42.
GONG Yu.2000.Effect of fold structure on triggering the reservoir earthquake[J].Earthquake Research in Sichuan, (3):39-42(in Chinese).
雷建设,赵大鹏,苏金蓉,等.2009.龙门山断裂带地壳精细结构与汶川地震发震机理[J].地球物理学报,52 (2):339-345.
LEI Jian-she,ZHAO Da-peng,SU Jin-rong,et al.2009.Fine seismic structure under the Longmenshan Fault zone and the mechanism of the large Wenchuan earthquake[J].Chinese J Geophys,52(2):339-345(in Chinese).
雷兴林,马胜利,闻学泽,等.2008.地表水体对断层应力与地震时空分布影响的综合分析:以紫坪铺水库为例[J].地震地质,30(4):1046-1065.
LEI Xing-lin,MA Sheng-li,WEN Xue-ze,et al.2008.Integrated analysis of stress and regional seismicity by surface looding-A case study of Zipingpu Reservoir[J].Seismology and Geology,30(4):1046-1065(in Chinese).
梁青槐,高士钧,曾心传.1995.水库诱发地震机制研究[J].华南地震,15(1):75-77.
LIANG Qing-huai,GAO Shi-jun,ZENG Xin-chuan.1995.Research on the mechanism of reservoir-induced earthquake [J].South China Journal of Seismology,15(1):75--77(in Chinese).
李世愚,和雪松.2005.以物理模型为指导开展中尺度地震预测试验场研究[J].国际地震动态,(5):106-110.
LI Shi-yu,HE Xue-song.2005.Carrying out the study on moderate scale experimental field of earthquake prediction under the guidance of physical model[J].Recent Developments in World Seismology,(5):106-110(in Chinese).
李祖武,于品清,孔凡健.1984.中国水库地震的地质条件[A].见:国家地震局地震研究所编.中国诱发地震.北京:地震出版社.1-7.
LI Zu-wu,YU Pin-qing,KONG Fan-jian.1984.Geologic condition of reservoir induced earthquake in China[A].In: Institute of Seismology,State Seismological Bureau(ed).Reservoir Induced Earthquake in China.Seismological Press,Beijing.1-7(in Chinese).
刘忠书.1984.试论水在诱发水库地震中的作用[A].见:国家地震局地震研究所编.中国诱发地震.北京:地震出版社.14-21.
LIU Zhong-shu.1984.Effect of water on triggering reservoir earthquake[A].In:Institute of Seismology,State Seismological Bureau(ed).Reservoir Induced Earthquake in China.Seismological Press,Beijing.14-21(in Chinese).
毛玉平,艾永平,邵德盛,等.2007.水库地震安全问题分析[J].地震研究,30(3):253-259. MAO Yu-ping,AI Yong-ping,SHAO De-sheng,et al.2007.Study on seismic safety of reservoir[J].Journal of Seismological Research,30(3):253-259(in Chinese).
毛玉平,李志祥,肖海斌,等.2008.水库诱发地震中的断层响应分析[J].地震研究,31(1):42-50. MAO Yu-ping,LI Zhi-xiang,XIAO Hai-bin,et al.2008.Research on faulting response to reservoir-induced seismicity [J].Journal of Seismological Research,31(1):42-50(in Chinese).
毛宇飞,郭烈锦.2006.超临界水活塞效应传热现象的数值模拟[J].自然科学进展,16(4):457-462. MAO Yu-fei,GUO Lie-jin.2006.Numerical simulation of piston effect of water in the supercritical pressure region [J].Progress in Natural Science,16(4):457-462(in Chinese).
欧作畿.2005.水库诱发地震的研究[J].云南水力发电,21(3):18-29. OU Zuo-ji.2005.Study of Reservoir Induced Earthquakes[J].Yunnan Water Power,21(3):18-29(in Chinese).
秦嘉政,钱晓东,邬成栋.2006.水库诱发地震机制分析与研究[A].见:秦嘉政等编.云南澜沧江流域水库诱发地震监测与研究.昆明:云南科技出版社.67-84. QIN Jia-zheng,QIAN Xiao-dong,WU Cheng-dong.2006.Study and research on the mechanism of reservoir-induced earthquake[A].In:QIN Jia-zheng,et al(eds).Monitoring and Research on Reservoir-induced Earthquake of Yunnan Lancang River Basin.Yunnan Science and Technology Press,Kunming.67-84(in Chinese).
秦四清,张倬元.1995.水库诱震机制新理论的探索:断层带弱化与岩体软化效应诱震理论[J].工程地质学报, 3(1):35-44. QIN Si-qing,ZHANG Zhuo-yuan.1995.Exploration of new theory on reservoir-induced earthquake:Mechanism and theory of earthquake induced by effects of fault zone weakening and rockmass softening[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,3(1):35-44(in Chinese).
司富安.1994.水库地震研究现状及问题探讨[J].水利水电技术,(6):25-30. SI Fu-an.1994.Present state of study on reservoir-induced earthquakes and discussion on several problems[J]. Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,(6):25-30(in Chinese).
苏根利,谢鸿森,丁东业,等.1998.超临界水的物理化学性质及意义[J].地质地球化学,26(2):83-89. SU Gen-li,XIE Hong-sen,DING Dong-ye,et al.1998.Physicochemical properties of supercritical water and their significance[J].Geology Geochemistry,26(2):83-89(in Chinese).
王博,刘耀伟,孙小龙.2008.地下流体与断裂活动关系的研究综述[J].地震研究,31(3):296-302. WANG Bo,LIU Yao-wei,SUN Xiao-long.2008.Overview:Relationship between faulting and underground fluid[J]. Journal of Seismological Research,31(3):296-302(in Chinese).
汪成民,车用太,万迪堃,等.1988.地下水微动态研究[M].北京:地震出版社.1-2. WANG Cheng-min,CHE Yong-tai,WAN Di-kun,et al.1988.Study of Micro-behavior of Groundwater[M]. Seismological Press,Beijing.1-2(in Chinese).
王德滋,刘昌实.2000.中国大百科全书·地质卷(光盘1.1版)[M].北京:中国大百科全书出版社. WANG De-zi,LIU Chang-shi.2000.Encyclopedia of China:Geology(Disk Version 1.1)[M].Encyclopedia of China Publishing House,Beijing(in Chinese).
徐峰,郭烈锦,毛宇飞,等.2005.超临界压力下水在垂直加热管内传热特性的实验研究[J].西安交通大学学报,39(5):468-471. XU Feng,GUO Lie-jin,MAO Yu-fei,et al.2005.Experimental investigation to the heat transfer characteristics of water in vertical pipes under supercritical pressure[J].Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University,39(5):468-471(in Chinese).
徐彦,秦嘉政.2006.水库诱发地震机制分析[A].见:秦嘉政等编.云南澜沧江流域水库诱发地震监测与研究.昆明:云南科技出版社.59-65. XU Yan,QIN Jia-zheng.2006.Analysis on mechanism of reservoir induced earthquake[A].In:QIN Jia-zheng,et al (eds).Monitoring and Research on Reservoir-induced Earthquake of Yunnan Lancang River Basin.Yunnan Science and Technology Press,Kunming.59-65(in Chinese).
杨清源,胡毓良,陈献程,等.1996.国内外水库诱发地震目录[J].地震地质,18(4):453-461. YANG Qing-yuan,HU Yu-liang,CHEN Xian-cheng,et al.1996.Catalogue of reservoir induced seismic events in the world[J].Seismology and Geology,18(4):453-461(in Chinese).
杨清源,陈献程.1998.水库诱发地震的烈度特征[J].水力发电学报,(2):21-25. YANG Qing-yuan,CHEN Xian-cheng.1998.Characteristics of intensity of reservoir induced seismicity[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,(2):21-25(in Chinese).
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