土壤磁性在石油天然气早期勘探中的应用
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摘要
基于“氧化还原灶”原理（Pirson，1981；Tompkins，1990）的非地震石油天然气的一般物化探方法，常不易于区分油气及相关因素形成的次生异常和由成岩成立作用形成的原生异常，以及测量的结果随昼夜、季节、年份的变化。直接提取油气因素导致的异常信息，开发可记录的油气作用随时间积累的勘探指标，将有可能成为非地震油气勘探的研究前沿课题。近年来．油气田上方的微磁异常和土壤磁化率异常的研究有了重要的进展，异常的含铁矿物与油气渗漏的烃类物质、氧化还原细菌及化学动力学的关系得到了充分的讨论（Donovan．etal，1979；Macheletal.1987;Donaldetal.,1991：Foote,etal.,1992）。土壤中的铁和铁矿物的种类和含量既受烃类物质作用的影响．也为成上作用所左右，并随时间逐渐演化。目前通行的土壤磁化率方法（Donaldetal.，1991）存在简单化问题，不易提取与烃类渗漏作用直接有关的土壤磁化率异常信息。在土壤磁化率研究的基础上，本文针对目前非地震物化探找油气方法存在的两个问题．讨论了影响烃类渗漏带上方土壤磁化率和种种剩磁的主要因素：即（1）烃类物质的数量；（2）硫酸盐还原菌的数量和生态；（3）土壤中铁的数量。价态和矿物类型；（4）土壤接受烃类作用持续的时间等。文中讨论了这些因?
The non-seismic geophysical and geochemical methods for oil and gas exploration which arc based on the principle of" oxidation-reduction stove " are often helpless in distinguishing anomalies caused by hydrocarbon accumulation from anomalies resulting from diagenesis and pedogenesis. Moreover, the measurements are varied with days and nights, seasons, and years. It may be the frontier of non-seismic hydrocarbon exploration research to extract hydrocarbon-related anomalies directly and formulate some recordable exploration indices for hydrocarbon accumulated with time.In recent years, thc research on micro magnetic anomalies and soil susceptibility has made great progress. The relatiun of iron-bearing minerals to the hydrocarbon,oxidation-teduction bacteria and chemical dynamics has been extensively discussed. The contents of iron and iron-bearing minerals in soil are affected not only by hydrocarbon but also by diagenesis and varying with time.The commonly used method of soil susceptibility is simplified and can not be used to extract the anomaly of soil susceptibility resulting from hydrocarbon leakage.Based on a review of soil susceptibility study and counting the two problems existing in nonseismic geophysical and geochcmical methods, this paper discusses the principal factors which affect soil susceptibility and residual magnetism over the hydrocarbon leakage zone. These factors include (1) quantity of hydrocarbon material, (2) quantity and ccology of sulffite rcducing bactcria, (3)quantity, value type, and minerials of iron in soil, and (4 )duration for hydrocarbon action. The paper expounds tbe composite action of hydrocarbon-organism-chemical dynamics among these factors, and theoretically analyzes the determinative factors for the magnitude of viscous and oxidation-reduetion chemical residual magnetism. Particular attention has been payed to the close relation bctween residual magnetism and duration for composite action of hydrocarbon-organismchemicaI dynamics over the hydrocarbon leakagc zone.An experiment with soil magnetic parameters such as natural residual magnetism, oxidationreduction chemical residual magnctism, and viscous residual magnetism shows that (1) in the interrelation of these magnetic parameters, the soil susceptibility has a different genesis from the others, which demonstrate the latter maybe more sensitively reflect the composite action of hydrocarbon-organism-chemical dynamics, and (2) the oxidation-reduction chemical residual magnetism and viscous one are directly related to actions over the hydrocarbon leakage zone in the reservoir. They are accumulated in the geological history and do not vary with time. Using them can avoid thp problems existing in the usual non-scismic geophysical and geochemical methods and thus has an important practical implication.
The non-seismic geophysical and geochemical methods for oil and gas exploration which arc based on the principle of" oxidation-reduction stove " are often helpless in distinguishing anomalies caused by hydrocarbon accumulation from anomalies resulting from diagenesis and pedogenesis. Moreover, the measurements are varied with days and nights, seasons, and years. It may be the frontier of non-seismic hydrocarbon exploration research to extract hydrocarbon-related anomalies directly and formulate some recordable exploration indices for hydrocarbon accumulated with time.In recent years, thc research on micro magnetic anomalies and soil susceptibility has made great progress. The relatiun of iron-bearing minerals to the hydrocarbon,oxidation-teduction bacteria and chemical dynamics has been extensively discussed. The contents of iron and iron-bearing minerals in soil are affected not only by hydrocarbon but also by diagenesis and varying with time.The commonly used method of soil susceptibility is simplified and can not be used to extract the anomaly of soil susceptibility resulting from hydrocarbon leakage.Based on a review of soil susceptibility study and counting the two problems existing in nonseismic geophysical and geochcmical methods, this paper discusses the principal factors which affect soil susceptibility and residual magnetism over the hydrocarbon leakage zone. These factors include (1) quantity of hydrocarbon material, (2) quantity and ccology of sulffite rcducing bactcria, (3)quantity, value type, and minerials of iron in soil, and (4 )duration for hydrocarbon action. The paper expounds tbe composite action of hydrocarbon-organism-chemical dynamics among these factors, and theoretically analyzes the determinative factors for the magnitude of viscous and oxidation-reduetion chemical residual magnetism. Particular attention has been payed to the close relation bctween residual magnetism and duration for composite action of hydrocarbon-organismchemicaI dynamics over the hydrocarbon leakagc zone.An experiment with soil magnetic parameters such as natural residual magnetism, oxidationreduction chemical residual magnctism, and viscous residual magnetism shows that (1) in the interrelation of these magnetic parameters, the soil susceptibility has a different genesis from the others, which demonstrate the latter maybe more sensitively reflect the composite action of hydrocarbon-organism-chemical dynamics, and (2) the oxidation-reduction chemical residual magnetism and viscous one are directly related to actions over the hydrocarbon leakage zone in the reservoir. They are accumulated in the geological history and do not vary with time. Using them can avoid thp problems existing in the usual non-scismic geophysical and geochemical methods and thus has an important practical implication.
引文
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[8]Machel, H.G,E.A.Burton,Chemical and microbial processes causing anomalousmagnetization in enviroments affected by hydrocarbon seepage, Geophysics, 1991, Vol. 56,No.5,P.598～605.
[9] Gerry,G. C. ,How 12 geochemical methods fared in GERT project in permian basin,Oil andGas Journal,1991,Vol.89,No.19,P62～68.
[10] Foote,R.S,and G.J.Long,Correlations of oil and gas producing areas with magneticpropederties of the upper rock column, Eastern Colorado, APGE Bulletin, 1988,Vol.4,P.47～61.
[11] Donald, F.S,K. Ray Burson and C. K. Thompson,Oberved relation of soil magneticsusceptibility and soil gas hydrocarbon analyses to suberface hydrocarbon accumulations.AAPG Bulletin,1991,Vol.75,No. 3,P. 389～408.
[12] Foote, R.S,Use of magnetic field aids oil search,Oil and gas Journal,1992,P. 137～142.
[13] Robert S. Carmichael,Hand book of physical Properties of Rocks,1981.
[14] 俞劲炎、卢升高等,《土壤磁学》,江西科学出版社,1991年。
[15] 李色篆等,《岩矿石磁性研究方法及其应用》,冶金工业出版社,1988年。
[16] D.W.柯林森著,阚济生等译,《岩石磁学和古地磁学方法技术和仪器》,地震出版社。
[2] Ferguson,J.D,The subsurface alteration and mineralization of permain red beds overlyingseveral oil fields in Southern Oklahoma, Shaker, 1979,Vol.29,Part I, P. 172～178.
[3] Elmore, R. D,M.H.Engle,L.Crawford, K. Niek, S. Inbus and Z.Sofer,Evidence for arelationship between hydrocarbonsand authigenic magnetite, Nature, 1987,Vol. 325, P. 428～430.
[4]McCabe, C,R. Sassen and B.Saffer,Occurrence of secondary magnetite within biodegradeoil,Geology,1987.Vol.15,P. 7～10.
[5] Sassen, R,C.McCabe,J.R.Kyle and E.W.Chinn,Deposition of magnetie pyrrhotite duringalteration of crude oil and reduction of surface, Organic Geochemistry, 1988,Vol.14,P.381～392.
[6]Cisowski, S. M, M. Fuller, The generation of magnetic anomalies by combustionmetalmorphism of sedimentary rock and its significance bulltin, 1987,Vol.99,P.21～29.
[7]Kilgore, B,R.D. Elmore,A study of the relationship between hydrocatbon migration and theprecipitation of arthigenic magnetic minerals in the Triassic Chugwater Formation , SouthMontans, Geological Society of American Bulletin, 1987,Vol.101, P.1280～1288.
[8]Machel, H.G,E.A.Burton,Chemical and microbial processes causing anomalousmagnetization in enviroments affected by hydrocarbon seepage, Geophysics, 1991, Vol. 56,No.5,P.598～605.
[9] Gerry,G. C. ,How 12 geochemical methods fared in GERT project in permian basin,Oil andGas Journal,1991,Vol.89,No.19,P62～68.
[10] Foote,R.S,and G.J.Long,Correlations of oil and gas producing areas with magneticpropederties of the upper rock column, Eastern Colorado, APGE Bulletin, 1988,Vol.4,P.47～61.
[11] Donald, F.S,K. Ray Burson and C. K. Thompson,Oberved relation of soil magneticsusceptibility and soil gas hydrocarbon analyses to suberface hydrocarbon accumulations.AAPG Bulletin,1991,Vol.75,No. 3,P. 389～408.
[12] Foote, R.S,Use of magnetic field aids oil search,Oil and gas Journal,1992,P. 137～142.
[13] Robert S. Carmichael,Hand book of physical Properties of Rocks,1981.
[14] 俞劲炎、卢升高等,《土壤磁学》,江西科学出版社,1991年。
[15] 李色篆等,《岩矿石磁性研究方法及其应用》,冶金工业出版社,1988年。
[16] D.W.柯林森著,阚济生等译,《岩石磁学和古地磁学方法技术和仪器》,地震出版社。
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