前陆盆地构造建模的原理与基本方法
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摘要
中国中西部前陆盆地构造变形复杂,增大了地震资料的采集、处理、解释与成图的难度,是对圈闭钻探与油气田开发的严峻挑战。应用现代构造地质学的理论与方法建立前陆盆地及其冲断带合理的构造模型,成为油气勘探开发的关键环节。构造建模要综合应用地表地质、遥感、钻井、重、磁、电、地震等资料,将地表构造、浅层构造与深层构造有机结合,建立几何学上内在协调的、运动学上平衡的与力学机制上可行的构造模型。主要遵循4个基本步骤,轴面分析是基础,断层褶皱形态分析是核心,平衡观念是灵魂,构造复原是手段。中国中西部地区不同类型前陆盆地构造建模的关键环节有较大差别。构造模型随着勘探程度的提高,将不断得到修正,从而越来越符合前陆盆地的特点,满足油气勘探开发的需要。图10表1参32
By integrating the surface geology, remote sensing, drilling,gravitational, magnetic, electric, and seismic data, the surface structures, shallow structures, and deep structures could be combined to provide a most possible structural model which is geometrically compatible, kinematically balanced, and mechanically feasible. The structural model should be built in 4 steps with the axial surface analysis as the basis, the fault-fold geometric analysis as the key, the balanced idea as the guidance and the structural restoration as the fundamental method. With the progression of the exploration activity and the resulting high quality data, the structural models are getting to be modified, to describe more reasonably the characteristics of foreland basin structures, and satisfy more efficiently the needs of hydrocarbon exploration and development.
By integrating the surface geology, remote sensing, drilling,gravitational, magnetic, electric, and seismic data, the surface structures, shallow structures, and deep structures could be combined to provide a most possible structural model which is geometrically compatible, kinematically balanced, and mechanically feasible. The structural model should be built in 4 steps with the axial surface analysis as the basis, the fault-fold geometric analysis as the key, the balanced idea as the guidance and the structural restoration as the fundamental method. With the progression of the exploration activity and the resulting high quality data, the structural models are getting to be modified, to describe more reasonably the characteristics of foreland basin structures, and satisfy more efficiently the needs of hydrocarbon exploration and development.
引文
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[2]何登发,李德生.沉积盆地动力学研究进展[J].地学前缘,1995,2(34):5358.
[3]何登发,周路,雷振宇,等.断层相关褶皱原理在前陆冲断带构造建模中的应用[A].中国中西部前陆盆地冲断带油气勘探文集[C].北京:石油工业出版社,2002.210228.
[4]ShawJH,ConnorsC,SuppeJ.Seismicinterpretationofcontrac tionalfault relatedfolds:AnAAPGseismicatlas[M].American AssociationofPetroleumGeologistsSpecialPublication,2004.1270.
[5]RichJL.Mechanicsoflow angleoverthrustfaultingasillust ratedbyCumberlandthrustblock,Virginia,Kentuckyand Tennessee[J].AAPGBulletin,1934,18:15841596.
[6]SuppeJ.Geometryandkinematicsoffault bendfolding[J].Amer.Jour.Sci.,1983,283:684721.
[7]SuppeJ,MedwedeffD.Geometryandkinematicsoffault propa gationfolding[J].EclogaeGeologicaeHelvetiae,1990,83:409454.
[8]MitraS.Fault propagationfolds:Geometry,kinematicevolu tion,andhydrocarbontraps[J].AAPGBulletin,1990,74:921945.
[9]ErslevEA.Trishearfault propagationfolding[J].Geology,1997,19:617620.
[10]HardyS,FordM.Numericalmodelingoftrishearfaultpropa gationfolding[J].Tectonics,1997,16:841854.
[11]AllmendingerRW.Inverseandforwardmodelingoftrishear fault propagationfolds[J].Tectonics,1998,17:640656.
[12]DahlstromCDA.Geometricconstraintsderivedfromthelawof conservationvolumnandappliedtoevolutionarymodelsfor detachmentfolding[J].AAPGBulletin,1990,74:336344.
[13]EpardJL,GroshongRH.Kinematicmodelofdetachment foldingincludinglimbrotation,fixedhingesandlayer parallel strain[J].Tectonophysics,1995,247:85103.
[14]PobletJ,McClayK.Geometryandkinematicsofsingle layer detachmentfolds[J].AAPGBulletin,1996,80(7):10851109.
[15]MedwedeffD.Geometryandkinematicsofanactive,laterally propagatingwedgethrust,WheelerRidge,California[A].StructuralGeologyofFoldandThrustBelts[C].Baltimore:John HopkinsUniversityPress,1992.328.
[16]MitraS.Duplexstructuresandimbricatethrustsystems:geo metry,structuralpositionandhydrocarbonpotential[J].AAPG Bulletin,1986,70:10871112.
[17]ShawJH,BilottiF,BrennanP.Patternsofimbricatethrusting[J].GeologicalSocietyofAmericaBulletin,1999,111(7):11401154.
[18]NovoaE,MountV,SuppeJ.Map viewinterferenceofmono clinal folds[J].JournalofStructuralGeology,1998,20:339353.
[19]JohnsonKM,JohnsonAM.Mechanicalanalysisofthegeo metryofforced folds[J].JournalofStructuralGeology,2002,24:401410.
[20]FinchE,HardyS,GawthorpeR.Discreteelementmodellingof contractionalfault propagationfoldingaboverigidbasementfault blocks[J].JournalofStructuralGeology,2003,25:515528.
[21]管树巍.南天山库车、喀什晚新生代冲断褶皱构造几何学和运动学分析[D].杭州:浙江大学,2004.
[22]何登发,贾承造.冲断构造与油气聚集[J].石油勘探与开发,2005,32(2):5562.
[23]JamisonWR.Geometricanalysisoffolddevelopmentinover thrust terranes[J].JournalofStructuralGeology,1989,9:207219.
[24]MedwedeffD.Growthfault bendfoldingatsoutheastLostHills,San JoaquinValley,California[J].AAPGBulletin,1989,73:5467.
[25]SuppeJ,ChouGT,HookSP.Ratesoffoldingandfaulting determinedfromgrowthstrata[A].ThrustTectonics[C].London:Chapman&Hall,1992.105121.
[26]SuppeJ,SabatF,MuosJA,etal.Bed by bedfoldgrowthbykink bandmigration:SantLlorendeMorunys,easternPyrenees[J].JournalofStructuralGeology,1997,19:443461.
[27]PobletJ,McClayK,StortiF,etal.Geometriesofsuntectonic sedimentsassociatedwithsingle layerdetachmentfolds[J].Jour.StructuralGeology,1997,19:369381.
[28]ShawJH,HookSC,SuppeJ.Structuraltrendanalysisbyaxial surfacemapping[J].AAPGBulletin,1994,78/5:700721.
[29]管树巍,汪新,杨树锋,等.位移转换的两种概念模型与实例[J].中国科学(D辑),2004,34(9):807817.
[30]DahlstromCDA.Theupperdetachmentinconcentricfolding[J].BulletinofCanadianPetroleumGeology,1969,17:336344.
[31]WilkersonMS,DickenCL.Quick looktechniquesforevaluating two dimensionalcrosssectionsindetachedcontractionalsettings[J].AAPGBulletin,2001,85(10):17591770.
[32]贾承造,何登发,雷振宇,等.前陆冲断带油气勘探[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2000.1116.
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