汶川地震灾区地质环境演化过程与后重建灾害防治措施
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摘要
汶川地震发生在地质环境脆弱的山区,震后内外地质营力加速了灾区地质环境变迁,在变迁过程中,会出现不同的地质作用和地质灾害。本文通过研究灾区地貌变化、地表破坏、山体震裂、水文地质条件改变、地质灾害发育特征等地质环境现状,分析震后斜坡演化过程、地表地质环境变迁过程、外界因素的影响、崩滑流地质灾害转化关系,总结了地质环境变迁过程中地质灾害的发育分布特征并提出后重建阶段地质灾害防治措施:(1)震后地质环境的变迁加快,各种地表斜坡地质环境破坏演化对外界因素处于高度敏感时期。(2)地震及其余震的反复冲击破坏,外界荷载的瞬间叠加,未来数十年内,地质灾害处于高度频发、多发、突发时期。(3)后重建阶段,应加强地质灾害调查评价,注重特殊时期和重要地段的灾害防治,采取"调查评价+群测群防+监测预警+避让搬迁+工程处治"等多种措施组合防治震后地质灾害。
Wenchuan Earthquake happened in weak geological environment of the mountainous area.Both internal and external earthquake vulnerable geologic forces can accelerate the geological environment change in the disaster area.Changes in the process can appear different geological effects and geohazards.People have paid full attentions to the earthquake secondary geological hazards.In the disaster reconstruction process,they notice the geological hazard survey and evaluation,and site selection from fault zone.They can avoid major geological disaster and bad geological,major geological disasters to the management.However,after the earthquake,disaster geological hazards on the lag of the damage still beyond the people's imagination.The Zhouqu debris flow,Qingpping debris flow,the 213 national highway destroyed by the earthquake are warned us that geological disaster prevention and control of the situation are still severe.The need is increased for attention to disaster geological environment,the present situation and the prevention of geological disasters science and technology research.Early effective means of disaster are also needed.This paper studies the disaster area landscape change,the surface damage,mountain earthquake cracked,hydrogeology conditions change,geological disasters such as development features of geological environment situation.It analyzes the evolution process of the earthquake,the surface slope geological environment change process,the influence of the external factors,collapse,landslide and debris flow relationship geological disasters.It summarizes the geological environment changing process of the development of the geological disaster distribution characteristics.It proposes the rebuilding after the geological disaster prevention and control measures to stage.Conclusions are as follows.(1)After the changes of the geological environment speeding up,all kinds of surface slope destruction of geological environment evolution of external factors in a highly sensitive period.(2)the earthquake and its aftershocks of repeated impact damage,outside the moment of load overlay,decades,geological disaster on high frequency,multiple,an unexpected period.(3)After the reconstruction phase should strengthen the investigation of geological hazard assessment,and to pay attention to the special period and the important section of disaster prevention and control,to take "the investigation and assessment of predicting+the crowd monitoring to prevent+monitoring and warning+move geological hazards+engineering management" and so on.the many kinds of combination prevention and control measures have to be adopted after geological disasters.
Wenchuan Earthquake happened in weak geological environment of the mountainous area.Both internal and external earthquake vulnerable geologic forces can accelerate the geological environment change in the disaster area.Changes in the process can appear different geological effects and geohazards.People have paid full attentions to the earthquake secondary geological hazards.In the disaster reconstruction process,they notice the geological hazard survey and evaluation,and site selection from fault zone.They can avoid major geological disaster and bad geological,major geological disasters to the management.However,after the earthquake,disaster geological hazards on the lag of the damage still beyond the people's imagination.The Zhouqu debris flow,Qingpping debris flow,the 213 national highway destroyed by the earthquake are warned us that geological disaster prevention and control of the situation are still severe.The need is increased for attention to disaster geological environment,the present situation and the prevention of geological disasters science and technology research.Early effective means of disaster are also needed.This paper studies the disaster area landscape change,the surface damage,mountain earthquake cracked,hydrogeology conditions change,geological disasters such as development features of geological environment situation.It analyzes the evolution process of the earthquake,the surface slope geological environment change process,the influence of the external factors,collapse,landslide and debris flow relationship geological disasters.It summarizes the geological environment changing process of the development of the geological disaster distribution characteristics.It proposes the rebuilding after the geological disaster prevention and control measures to stage.Conclusions are as follows.(1)After the changes of the geological environment speeding up,all kinds of surface slope destruction of geological environment evolution of external factors in a highly sensitive period.(2)the earthquake and its aftershocks of repeated impact damage,outside the moment of load overlay,decades,geological disaster on high frequency,multiple,an unexpected period.(3)After the reconstruction phase should strengthen the investigation of geological hazard assessment,and to pay attention to the special period and the important section of disaster prevention and control,to take "the investigation and assessment of predicting+the crowd monitoring to prevent+monitoring and warning+move geological hazards+engineering management" and so on.the many kinds of combination prevention and control measures have to be adopted after geological disasters.
引文
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[9]刘传正.四川汶川地震灾害与地质环境安全[J].地质通报,2008,27(11):1907～1912.Liu Chuanzheng.Disasters induced by the Wenchuanearthquakes,Sichuan,China,and geo-environmental safety.Geo-logical Bulletin of China,2008,27(11):1907～1912.
[10]胡国超,杨武年,刘汉湖,等.地震灾区移民搬迁选址方法初探-以5.12大地震后汶川县雁门地区为例[J].工程勘察,2009,37(12):80～82.Hu Guochao,Yang Wunian,Liu Hanhu,et al.Preliminarystudy of site selection for the immigrants in Wenchuanearthquake.Journal of Geotechnical Investigation&Surveying,2009,37(12):80～82.
[11]张永双,雷伟志,石菊松,等.四川省北川县擂鼓盆地地壳稳定性与城镇选址[J].地质学报,2008,82(12):1758～1768.Zhang Yongshuang,Lei Weizhi,Shi Jusong,et al.Crustal sta-bility of the leigu basin in beichuan county,sichuan province andits possibility for a new town site.Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82(12):1758～1768.
[12]吴树仁,石菊松,姚鑫,等.四川汶川地震地质灾害活动强度分析评价[J].地质通报,2008,27(11):1900～1906.Wu Shuren,Shi Jusong,Yao Xin,et al.Analysis and evaluationof geohazard intensity of the Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan,China.Geological Bulletin of China,2008,27(11):1900～1906.
[13]肖进.重大滑坡灾害应急处置理论与实践[D].成都:成都理工大学博士论文,2009.Xiao Jin.Theory and Practice of the Treatment of Vital LandslideHazard[D].Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology,2009.
[14]廖育民.地质灾害预报预警与应急指挥及综合防治务实全书[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨地图出版社,2003,884～888.Liao Yumin.Geological Hazard Prediction and Early Warningand Emergency Command and Control,and Pragmatic Works.Harbin:Harbin Catographic Publishing House,2003,884～888.
[2]DR Montgomery,M Manga,杨明波,兰从欣,王丽红.河流和水对地震的反应[J].世界地震译丛,2004,(4):63～67.Dr Montgomery,M Manga,Yang Mingbo,Lan Congxin,WangLihong.Stream flow and water well response to earthquake.Trans-lated World Seismology,2004,(4):63～67.
[3]许强,汤明高,徐开祥,黄学斌.滑坡时空演化规律及预警预报研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(6):1104～1112.Xu Qiang,Tang Minggao,Xu Kaixiang,Huang Xuebin.Researchon space-time evolution laws and early warning-prediction of land-slides.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(6):1104～1112.
[4]黄润秋,等.汶川地震地质灾害研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.Huang Runqiu,et al.Geohazard Assessment of the WenchuanEarthquake.Beijing:Science Press,2009.
[5]黄润秋.汶川地震地质灾害后效应分析[J].工程地质学报,2011,19(2):145～151.Huang Runqiu.After effect of geohazards induced by theWenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,2011,19(2):145～151.
[6]殷跃平,等.汶川地震地质与滑坡灾害概论[M].北京:地质出版社,2009.Yin Yueping,et al.Wenchuan Earthquake Seismology and Land-slide Hazard.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2009.
[7]殷跃平,成余粮,王军,等.汶川地震触发大光包巨型滑坡遥感研究[J].工程地质学报,2011,19(5):674～684.Yin Yueping,Cheng Yuliang,Wang Jun.,et al.Remote sensingresearch on daguangbao gigantic rockslide triggered by Wenchuanearthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,2011,19(5):674～684.
[8]许强,裴向军,黄润秋,等.汶川地震大型滑坡研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.Xu Qiang,Pei Xiangjun,Huang Runqiu,et al.Large-scaleLandslides Induced by the Wenchuan Earthquake.Beijing:Science Press,2009.
[9]刘传正.四川汶川地震灾害与地质环境安全[J].地质通报,2008,27(11):1907～1912.Liu Chuanzheng.Disasters induced by the Wenchuanearthquakes,Sichuan,China,and geo-environmental safety.Geo-logical Bulletin of China,2008,27(11):1907～1912.
[10]胡国超,杨武年,刘汉湖,等.地震灾区移民搬迁选址方法初探-以5.12大地震后汶川县雁门地区为例[J].工程勘察,2009,37(12):80～82.Hu Guochao,Yang Wunian,Liu Hanhu,et al.Preliminarystudy of site selection for the immigrants in Wenchuanearthquake.Journal of Geotechnical Investigation&Surveying,2009,37(12):80～82.
[11]张永双,雷伟志,石菊松,等.四川省北川县擂鼓盆地地壳稳定性与城镇选址[J].地质学报,2008,82(12):1758～1768.Zhang Yongshuang,Lei Weizhi,Shi Jusong,et al.Crustal sta-bility of the leigu basin in beichuan county,sichuan province andits possibility for a new town site.Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82(12):1758～1768.
[12]吴树仁,石菊松,姚鑫,等.四川汶川地震地质灾害活动强度分析评价[J].地质通报,2008,27(11):1900～1906.Wu Shuren,Shi Jusong,Yao Xin,et al.Analysis and evaluationof geohazard intensity of the Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan,China.Geological Bulletin of China,2008,27(11):1900～1906.
[13]肖进.重大滑坡灾害应急处置理论与实践[D].成都:成都理工大学博士论文,2009.Xiao Jin.Theory and Practice of the Treatment of Vital LandslideHazard[D].Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology,2009.
[14]廖育民.地质灾害预报预警与应急指挥及综合防治务实全书[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨地图出版社,2003,884～888.Liao Yumin.Geological Hazard Prediction and Early Warningand Emergency Command and Control,and Pragmatic Works.Harbin:Harbin Catographic Publishing House,2003,884～888.
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