CO_2地质埋存渗漏风险及补救对策
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摘要
目前,将CO2埋存于地下深部地质构造(如油气藏、煤层、地下含水层及岩溶盐腔)的减排方案能有效地减缓温室效应而备受关注。无论什么储集体,我们都希望CO2在地下埋存的时间越长越好。然而,对于一项具体工程的实施,必然存在一些客观和主观因素造成CO2渗漏,比如废弃井的不完善或不合理处理、地层断裂系统和水动力系统以及地震所造成的渗漏等等。存在渗漏就可能会对周围人和生态环境造成危害。因此,进行CO2地质埋存的风险评估是相当有必要的,是我们能长期有效安全地进行该项减排方案必不可少的基础和保证。本文即想从建立一套完整的风险评估、管理和监测体系的角度并以加拿大Weyburn油田为例,深入分析CO2地质埋存中可能存在的渗漏风险和途径,建立CO2渗漏风险评估机制,并针对具体的渗漏可能性提出相应的补救对策,为全球范围内,尤其对我国刚刚开展CO2地质埋存研究工作提供一些有益的思路。
At present,injecting CO2 into the subsurface oil and gas reservoirs,deep saline aquifers,disused coal-beds and salt caverns,to store CO2 in subsurface is the most valid and economic choice in reducing the CO2 emission into the atmosphere.No matter what reservoirs will be chosen to the subsurface geological storage of CO2,we all wish the time scale of CO2 geologic storage will be longer and longer.However,due to some objective and subjective factors during the engineer operation,such as the abandoned wells without any confined treating,the fault-fractured system and the hydrodynamic system and induced seismic,the leakage risks are inevitable.They might be harm to the human and local environment.Thus,it is necessary to the leakage risk assessment of CO2 geologic storage,which is the indispensable basis and guarantee to safely and effectively geological storage CO2 for a long term.This paper aims to establish a series of integrated leakage risk assessment system through deeply analyzing the possibilities of releasing risk and pathways during the geological storage of CO2,and provides some relevant remediation options according to different leakage risks and pathways,which will promote the global development of CO2 geological storage,especially in our country.
At present,injecting CO2 into the subsurface oil and gas reservoirs,deep saline aquifers,disused coal-beds and salt caverns,to store CO2 in subsurface is the most valid and economic choice in reducing the CO2 emission into the atmosphere.No matter what reservoirs will be chosen to the subsurface geological storage of CO2,we all wish the time scale of CO2 geologic storage will be longer and longer.However,due to some objective and subjective factors during the engineer operation,such as the abandoned wells without any confined treating,the fault-fractured system and the hydrodynamic system and induced seismic,the leakage risks are inevitable.They might be harm to the human and local environment.Thus,it is necessary to the leakage risk assessment of CO2 geologic storage,which is the indispensable basis and guarantee to safely and effectively geological storage CO2 for a long term.This paper aims to establish a series of integrated leakage risk assessment system through deeply analyzing the possibilities of releasing risk and pathways during the geological storage of CO2,and provides some relevant remediation options according to different leakage risks and pathways,which will promote the global development of CO2 geological storage,especially in our country.
引文
段振豪,孙枢,张弛,曾荣树,朱井泉,胡文宣,张毅刚,罗小荣.2004.减少温室气体向大气层的排放CO2地下储藏研究.地质论评,50(5):514～519.
许志刚,陈代钊,曾荣树.2007.CO2的地质埋存与资源化利用进展.地球科学进展,22(7):698～707.
于贵瑞.2003.全球变化与陆地生态系统碳循环和碳蓄积.气象出版社,北京,72～73.
曾荣树,孙枢,陈代钊,等.2004.减少CO2向大气层的排放.中国科学基金,196～200.
Benson S M,Hepple R P.2005.Prospects for early detection andoptions for remediation of leakage from CO2,storage projects.In:Benson S M.ed.CO2Capture for Storage in Deep GeologicFormations Results fromthe CO2Capture Project,Vol.2:Geologic Storage of CO2with Monitoring and Verification.London:Elsevier,1189～1204.
Benson S M.2005.Lessons learned from industrial and naturalanalogs for health,safety and environmental risk assessment forgeologic storage of CO2.In:Benson S M.ed.CO2Capture forStorage in Deep Geologic Formations Results fromthe CO2Capture Project,Vol.2:Geologic Storage of CO2withMonitoring and Verification.London:Elsevier,1133～1141.
Bert Metz,Ogunlade D,Heleen D C,et al.2005.IPCC specialreport on CO2capture and storage.Cambridge UniversityPress,195～276.
Bradshaw J B,Dance T.2005.Mapping geological storageprospectivity of CO2for the world sedimentary basins andregional source to sink matching.Proceedings of the7thInternational Conference on Greenhouse Gas ControlTechnologies(GHGT～7),September5～9,2004,Vancouver,Canada,583～592.
Cawley S,Saunders M,Le Gallo Y,et al.2005.The NGCASProject Assessing the potential for EOR and CO2storageat the Forties Oil field,Offshore UK.In:Benson S M.ed.CO2Capture for Storage in Deep Geologic FormationsResults from the CO2Capture Project,Vol.2:GeologicStorage of CO2with Monitoring and Verification.London:Elsevier,1163～1188.
Chalaturnyk R,Moreno F,Jimenez J,et al.2003.Assessment ofwellbore transport properties Weyburn CO2Storage andMonitoring Project,2003Report:3.4.2.
D Hondt S,Rutherford S,Spivack AJ.2002.Metabolic activity ofsubsurface life in deep-sea sediments.Science,295:2067～2070.
Gasda S E,Bachu S,Celia M A.2004.The potential for CO2leakage fromstorage sites in geological media:analysis of welldistribution in mature sedimentary basins.EnvironmentalGeology,46(6～7):707～720.
Gibbs J F,Healy J H,Raleigh C B,et al.1973.Seismicity in theRangely,Colorado area:1962～1970,Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America,63:1557～1570.
Haveman S A,Pedersen K.2001.Distribution of culturablemicroorganisms in fennoscandian shield groundwater.FEMSMicrobiology Ecology,39(2):129～137.
Jürgen E S,Richard R H.2004.Estimating fault stability andsustainable fluid pressures for underground storage of CO2inporous rock.Energy,29:1445～1456.
Kozak M W,Stenhouse MJ,Little R H.2000.Reference activitylevels for disposal of Ontario Power Generation's low levelwaste.Ontario Power Generation Technical Report05386-REP-03469.3-10000-R00.OPG,Toronto,Ontario,Canada.
Lee A M.2003.The Hutchinson Gas Explosions:Unravelling aGeologic Mystery,Kansas Bar Association.26th Annual KBA/KIOGA Oil and Gas Law Conference,3～29.
Lindeberg E,Bergmo P.2003.The long-termfate of CO2injectedinto an aquifer.In:Gale J and Kaya Y.eds.Proceedings of the6th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas ControlTechnologies(GHGT-6),1～4,October2002.Kyoto,Japan:Pergamon,489～494.
Oldenburg C M,Unger A J.2003.On leakage and seepage fromgeologic carbon sequestration sites:unsaturated zoneattenuation.Vadose Zone Journal,2:287～296.
Oldenburg C M,Unger AJ.2004.Coupled subsurface surfacelayer gas transport for geologic carbon sequestration seepagesimulation.Vadose Zone Journal,3:848～857.
Orphan V J,Taylor L T,Hafenbradl D,et al.2000.Culture-dependent and culture-independent characterization of microbialassemblages associated with high-temperature petroleumreservoirs.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,66(2):700～711.
Parkes R J,Cragg B A,Wellsbury P.2000.Recent studies onbacterial populations and processes in subseafloor sediments:areview.Hydrogeology Journal,8(1):11～28.
Perry K F.2005.Natural gas storage industry experience andtechnology:Potential application to CO2geological storage.In:Benson S M.ed.CO2Capture for Storage in Deep GeologicFormations Results fromthe CO2Capture Project,Vol.2:Geologic Storage of CO2with Monitoring and Verification.London:Elsevier,815～826.
Scherer G W,Celia MA,Prevost J H,et al.2005.Leakage of CO2through Abandoned Wells:Role of Corrosion of Cement.In:Benson S M.ed.CO2Capture for Storage in Deep GeologicFormations Results fromthe CO2Capture Project,Vol.2:Geologic Storage of CO2with Monitoring and Verification.London:Elsevier,827～850.
Shapiro S A,Huenges E,Borm G.1997.Estimating the crustpermeabilityfromfluid-injection-induced seismic emission at theKTB site.Geophysical Journal International,131:F15～F18.
Studlick J R J,Shew R D,Basye G L,et al.1990.A giant CO2accumulation in the Norphlet Formation,Pisgah Anticline,Mississippi.In:Barwis J H,McPherson J G and Studlick J RJ.eds.Sandstone Petroleum Reservoirs.New York:SpringerVerlag,181～203.
Talebi S,Boone T J,Eastwood J E.1998.Injection inducedmicroseismicity in Colorado shales.Pure and AppliedGeophysics,153:95～111.
Walton F C,Tait J C,LeNeveu D,et al.2005.Geological storageof CO2:A statistical approach to assessing performance andrisk.Proceedings of the7th International Conference onGreenhouse Gas Control Technologies(GHGT-7),September5～9,2004,Vancouver,Canada,693～700.
Wang S,JafféP R.2004.Dissolution of trace metals in potableaquifers due to CO2releases from deep formations.EnergyConversion and Management,2833～2848.
Wilson M,Monea M.2005.IEA GHG Weyburn Monitoring andStorage Project,Summary Report,2000～2004.PetroleumTechnology Research Center,Regina SK,Canada.In:Proceedings of the7th International Conference on GreenhouseGas Control Technologies(GHGT-7),Vol.III,September5～9,Vancouver,Canada.
Wo S,Liang J T,Myer L R.2005.CO2storage in coalbeds:Riskassessment of CO2and methane leakage.In:Benson S M.ed.CO2Capture for Storage in Deep Geologic FormationsResults from the CO2Capture Project,Vol.2:GeologicStorage of CO2with Monitoring and Verification.London:Elsevier,1263～1292.
Wo S,Liang J T.2005.CO2storage in coalbeds:CO2/N2injectionand outcrop seepage modeling,CO2Capture for Storagein DeepGeologic Formations.In:Benson S M.ed.CO2Capture forStorage in Deep Geologic Formations Results fromthe CO2Capture Project,Vol.2:Geologic Storage of CO2withMonitoring and Verification.London:Elsevier,897～924.
Zhou W,Stenhouse M J,Arthur S R,et al.2005.The IEAWeyburn CO2monitoring and storage project Modeling ofthe long-term migration of CO2from Weyburn.Proceedings ofthe7th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas ControlTechnologies(GHGT-7),September5～9,2004,Vancouver,Canada,721～730.
许志刚,陈代钊,曾荣树.2007.CO2的地质埋存与资源化利用进展.地球科学进展,22(7):698～707.
于贵瑞.2003.全球变化与陆地生态系统碳循环和碳蓄积.气象出版社,北京,72～73.
曾荣树,孙枢,陈代钊,等.2004.减少CO2向大气层的排放.中国科学基金,196～200.
Benson S M,Hepple R P.2005.Prospects for early detection andoptions for remediation of leakage from CO2,storage projects.In:Benson S M.ed.CO2Capture for Storage in Deep GeologicFormations Results fromthe CO2Capture Project,Vol.2:Geologic Storage of CO2with Monitoring and Verification.London:Elsevier,1189～1204.
Benson S M.2005.Lessons learned from industrial and naturalanalogs for health,safety and environmental risk assessment forgeologic storage of CO2.In:Benson S M.ed.CO2Capture forStorage in Deep Geologic Formations Results fromthe CO2Capture Project,Vol.2:Geologic Storage of CO2withMonitoring and Verification.London:Elsevier,1133～1141.
Bert Metz,Ogunlade D,Heleen D C,et al.2005.IPCC specialreport on CO2capture and storage.Cambridge UniversityPress,195～276.
Bradshaw J B,Dance T.2005.Mapping geological storageprospectivity of CO2for the world sedimentary basins andregional source to sink matching.Proceedings of the7thInternational Conference on Greenhouse Gas ControlTechnologies(GHGT～7),September5～9,2004,Vancouver,Canada,583～592.
Cawley S,Saunders M,Le Gallo Y,et al.2005.The NGCASProject Assessing the potential for EOR and CO2storageat the Forties Oil field,Offshore UK.In:Benson S M.ed.CO2Capture for Storage in Deep Geologic FormationsResults from the CO2Capture Project,Vol.2:GeologicStorage of CO2with Monitoring and Verification.London:Elsevier,1163～1188.
Chalaturnyk R,Moreno F,Jimenez J,et al.2003.Assessment ofwellbore transport properties Weyburn CO2Storage andMonitoring Project,2003Report:3.4.2.
D Hondt S,Rutherford S,Spivack AJ.2002.Metabolic activity ofsubsurface life in deep-sea sediments.Science,295:2067～2070.
Gasda S E,Bachu S,Celia M A.2004.The potential for CO2leakage fromstorage sites in geological media:analysis of welldistribution in mature sedimentary basins.EnvironmentalGeology,46(6～7):707～720.
Gibbs J F,Healy J H,Raleigh C B,et al.1973.Seismicity in theRangely,Colorado area:1962～1970,Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America,63:1557～1570.
Haveman S A,Pedersen K.2001.Distribution of culturablemicroorganisms in fennoscandian shield groundwater.FEMSMicrobiology Ecology,39(2):129～137.
Jürgen E S,Richard R H.2004.Estimating fault stability andsustainable fluid pressures for underground storage of CO2inporous rock.Energy,29:1445～1456.
Kozak M W,Stenhouse MJ,Little R H.2000.Reference activitylevels for disposal of Ontario Power Generation's low levelwaste.Ontario Power Generation Technical Report05386-REP-03469.3-10000-R00.OPG,Toronto,Ontario,Canada.
Lee A M.2003.The Hutchinson Gas Explosions:Unravelling aGeologic Mystery,Kansas Bar Association.26th Annual KBA/KIOGA Oil and Gas Law Conference,3～29.
Lindeberg E,Bergmo P.2003.The long-termfate of CO2injectedinto an aquifer.In:Gale J and Kaya Y.eds.Proceedings of the6th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas ControlTechnologies(GHGT-6),1～4,October2002.Kyoto,Japan:Pergamon,489～494.
Oldenburg C M,Unger A J.2003.On leakage and seepage fromgeologic carbon sequestration sites:unsaturated zoneattenuation.Vadose Zone Journal,2:287～296.
Oldenburg C M,Unger AJ.2004.Coupled subsurface surfacelayer gas transport for geologic carbon sequestration seepagesimulation.Vadose Zone Journal,3:848～857.
Orphan V J,Taylor L T,Hafenbradl D,et al.2000.Culture-dependent and culture-independent characterization of microbialassemblages associated with high-temperature petroleumreservoirs.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,66(2):700～711.
Parkes R J,Cragg B A,Wellsbury P.2000.Recent studies onbacterial populations and processes in subseafloor sediments:areview.Hydrogeology Journal,8(1):11～28.
Perry K F.2005.Natural gas storage industry experience andtechnology:Potential application to CO2geological storage.In:Benson S M.ed.CO2Capture for Storage in Deep GeologicFormations Results fromthe CO2Capture Project,Vol.2:Geologic Storage of CO2with Monitoring and Verification.London:Elsevier,815～826.
Scherer G W,Celia MA,Prevost J H,et al.2005.Leakage of CO2through Abandoned Wells:Role of Corrosion of Cement.In:Benson S M.ed.CO2Capture for Storage in Deep GeologicFormations Results fromthe CO2Capture Project,Vol.2:Geologic Storage of CO2with Monitoring and Verification.London:Elsevier,827～850.
Shapiro S A,Huenges E,Borm G.1997.Estimating the crustpermeabilityfromfluid-injection-induced seismic emission at theKTB site.Geophysical Journal International,131:F15～F18.
Studlick J R J,Shew R D,Basye G L,et al.1990.A giant CO2accumulation in the Norphlet Formation,Pisgah Anticline,Mississippi.In:Barwis J H,McPherson J G and Studlick J RJ.eds.Sandstone Petroleum Reservoirs.New York:SpringerVerlag,181～203.
Talebi S,Boone T J,Eastwood J E.1998.Injection inducedmicroseismicity in Colorado shales.Pure and AppliedGeophysics,153:95～111.
Walton F C,Tait J C,LeNeveu D,et al.2005.Geological storageof CO2:A statistical approach to assessing performance andrisk.Proceedings of the7th International Conference onGreenhouse Gas Control Technologies(GHGT-7),September5～9,2004,Vancouver,Canada,693～700.
Wang S,JafféP R.2004.Dissolution of trace metals in potableaquifers due to CO2releases from deep formations.EnergyConversion and Management,2833～2848.
Wilson M,Monea M.2005.IEA GHG Weyburn Monitoring andStorage Project,Summary Report,2000～2004.PetroleumTechnology Research Center,Regina SK,Canada.In:Proceedings of the7th International Conference on GreenhouseGas Control Technologies(GHGT-7),Vol.III,September5～9,Vancouver,Canada.
Wo S,Liang J T,Myer L R.2005.CO2storage in coalbeds:Riskassessment of CO2and methane leakage.In:Benson S M.ed.CO2Capture for Storage in Deep Geologic FormationsResults from the CO2Capture Project,Vol.2:GeologicStorage of CO2with Monitoring and Verification.London:Elsevier,1263～1292.
Wo S,Liang J T.2005.CO2storage in coalbeds:CO2/N2injectionand outcrop seepage modeling,CO2Capture for Storagein DeepGeologic Formations.In:Benson S M.ed.CO2Capture forStorage in Deep Geologic Formations Results fromthe CO2Capture Project,Vol.2:Geologic Storage of CO2withMonitoring and Verification.London:Elsevier,897～924.
Zhou W,Stenhouse M J,Arthur S R,et al.2005.The IEAWeyburn CO2monitoring and storage project Modeling ofthe long-term migration of CO2from Weyburn.Proceedings ofthe7th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas ControlTechnologies(GHGT-7),September5～9,2004,Vancouver,Canada,721～730.
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