地幔柱、大火成岩省及大陆裂解——兼论中国东部中、新生代地幔柱问题
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摘要
根据前人对地幔流体力学数值模拟、全球地震层析成像和火成岩方面的研究成果 ,详细叙述了地幔柱的基本特征 ,即 :地幔柱具有巨大的球状顶冠和细窄尾管的形态 ,具备高温、低粘的物理性质 ,来自 2 90 0km处核 /幔边界附近的“D”层 .大火成岩省 (LIP)是地幔柱到达地表最好的表现形式 .基于地幔柱、大火成岩省的基本特征 ,以及地幔柱和大陆解体的时空关系 ,通过对中国东部中、新生代火成岩的岩石学、地球化学和时空分布特征 ,以及这些火成岩产生的构造背景等方面的研究 ,认为中国东南地区中生代火成岩与典型的地幔柱有关的LIP的基本特征并不符合 ,不能把东南地区中生代火成岩作为典型的与地幔柱活动相关的大火成岩省的实例来看待 ;东北地区新生代火成岩不具备热点、地幔柱活动的典型特征 ,新生代火山活动与地幔柱活动可能没有直接关系 .
Based on the former workers′ study results such as numerical simulation of fluid mechanics, seismic tomography of the whole earth and igneous rocks, the basic characte- ristics of mantle plumes are summarized in detail, namely the mantle plume, from the D″ layer near the core-mantle boundary (CMB) 2 900 km deep, is characterized by the shape of large head and thin narrow conduit, by the physical property of high temperature and low viscosity. The LIP (large igneous province) is the best exhibition when the mantle plume ascends to the surface. According to the basic characteristics of the mantle plumes and the LIP, as well as the temporal-spatial relationships between the mantle plume and continental breakup, the detailed research on petrology, geochemistry, temporal-spatial distribution, tectonic background of the Cenozoic-Mesozoic igneous rocks and gravity anomaly distribution in east China has been done. As a result, the Mesozoic igneous rocks in southeast China should not be regarded as an example of typical LIP related to mantle plumes, for their related characteristics are not consistent with those of the typical LIPs related to mantle plumes. The Cenozoic igneous rocks in northeast China have no typical characteristics of mantle plumes and hotspots, so the Cenozoic volcanism in northeast China might have no direct relationships with the activity of mantle plumes.
Based on the former workers′ study results such as numerical simulation of fluid mechanics, seismic tomography of the whole earth and igneous rocks, the basic characte- ristics of mantle plumes are summarized in detail, namely the mantle plume, from the D″ layer near the core-mantle boundary (CMB) 2 900 km deep, is characterized by the shape of large head and thin narrow conduit, by the physical property of high temperature and low viscosity. The LIP (large igneous province) is the best exhibition when the mantle plume ascends to the surface. According to the basic characteristics of the mantle plumes and the LIP, as well as the temporal-spatial relationships between the mantle plume and continental breakup, the detailed research on petrology, geochemistry, temporal-spatial distribution, tectonic background of the Cenozoic-Mesozoic igneous rocks and gravity anomaly distribution in east China has been done. As a result, the Mesozoic igneous rocks in southeast China should not be regarded as an example of typical LIP related to mantle plumes, for their related characteristics are not consistent with those of the typical LIPs related to mantle plumes. The Cenozoic igneous rocks in northeast China have no typical characteristics of mantle plumes and hotspots, so the Cenozoic volcanism in northeast China might have no direct relationships with the activity of mantle plumes.
引文
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王登红.1995.热点研究评述[J].地质科技情报,14(1):9～15
王登红.1998.地幔柱及其成矿理论[M ].北京:地震出版社,1～19
谢窦克,马荣升,张禹慎.1996.华南大陆壳生长过程与地幔柱构造[M ].北京:地质出版社,1～257
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赵红军,胡瑞忠,蒋国豪,等.2001.初论地幔热柱与铀成矿关系[J].大地构造与成矿学,25(2):171～178
周新民,李武显.2002.中国东南部晚中生代花岗质火山侵入杂岩形成的构造岩浆模式[A].见:王德滋,周新民编.中国东南部晚中生代花岗质火山侵入杂岩成因与地壳演化[C].北京:科学出版社,273～295
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BrunetD ,YuenDA .2000.Mantleplumespinchedinthetransitionzone[J].EarthPlanetSciLett,178:13～27
CampbellFH .1990.Implicationofmantleplumestructuresfortheevolutionoffloodbasalts[J].EarthPlanetSciLett,99:79～83
CoffinMF ,EldholmO .1992.Volcanismandcontinentalbreak up:aglobalcompilationoflargeigneousprovinces[A].In:StoreyBC ,AlabasterT ,PankhurstRJeds.MagmatismandtheCausesofContinentalBreak up[C].London:SpecPublGeolSoc,17～30
CoffinMF ,EldholmO .1993.Scratchingthesurface:estimatingdimensionsoflargeigneousprovinces[J].Geology,21:515～518
CoxKG .1988.KarooProvince[A].In:MacdougallJDed.FloodBasalts[C].Hingham:KluwerAcademicPubishers,239～271
DaviesGF .1990.Mantleplumes,mantlestirring,andhotspotchemistry[J].EarthPlanetSciLett,99:94～109
DaviesGF .1992.Mantleconvection[J].JGeol,100:151～206
DuncanRA ,HooperPR ,RehacekJ,etal.1997.ThetiminganddurationoftheKarooigneousevent,southernGondwana[J].JGeophysRes,102:18127～18138
DuncanRA ,RichardsMA .1991.Hotspots,mantleplumes,floodbasalts,andtruepolarwander[J].RevGeophys,29:31～50
ElliotDH .1992.JurassicmagmatismandtectonismassociatedwithGondwanalandbreak up:anAntarcticperspective[A].In:StoreyBC ,AlabasterT ,PankhurstRJeds.MagmatismandtheCauseofContinentalBreak up[C].London:SpecPublGeoSoc,165～184
EncarnacionJ ,FlemingTH ,ElliotDH ,etal.1996.SynchronousemplacementofFerrarandKaroodoleritesandtheearlybreakupofGondwana[J].Geology,24:535～538
GriffithsRW .1986.Thermalsinextremeviscousfluids,includingtheeffectsoftemperaturedependentviscosity[J].JFluidMech,166:115～138
GriffithsRW ,CampbellIH .1990.Stirringandstructureinmantlestartingplumes[J].EarthPlaneSciLett,99:66～78
HillRI.1991.Startingplumesandcontinentalbreakup[J].EarthPlanetSciLett,104:398～416
HillRI,CampbellIH ,DaviesGF ,etal.1992.Mantleplu
邓晋福,赵海玲,莫宣学,等.1996.中国大陆根柱构造———大陆动力学的钥匙[M].北京:地质出版社,1～110
高学兑.1995.水口山矿田主要金矿床类型及其找矿方向[J].湖南地质,14(4):220～225
侯增谦,卢记仁,汪云亮,等.1999a.峨嵋火成岩省:结构、成因与特色[J].地质论评,45(增刊):885～891
侯增谦,汪云量,张成江,等.1999b.峨嵋火成岩省地幔热柱的主要元素及Cr、Ni地球化学特征[J].地质论评,45(增刊):880～883
李荫亭.2000.动态地幔柱尾管结构[J].地球物理学报,43(1):29～36
刘若新,陈文寄,孙建中,等.1992.中国新生代火山岩的K Ar年代与构造背景[A].见:刘若新编.中国新生代火山岩年代学与地球化学[C].北京:地震出版社,1～43
毛建仁,陶奎元,邢光福.1999.中国东南大陆边缘中新生代地幔柱活动的岩石学记录[J].地球学报,20(3):253～258
毛景文,华仁民,李晓波.1999.浅议大规模成矿与大型矿集区[J].矿床地质,18(4):291～299
邱检生,沈渭洲,王德滋.2002.浙闽沿海晚中生代A型花岗岩[A].见:王德滋,周新民编.中国东南部晚中生代花岗质火山侵入杂岩成因与地壳演化[C].北京:科学出版社,160～188
宋谢炎,侯增谦,黄永健,等.1999.峨嵋火成岩省地幔热柱稀土元素标志[J].地质论评,45(增刊):872～875
陶奎元,邢光福.1999.中国东部燕山期火山岩浆大爆发[J].矿床地质,18(4):316～322
万天丰.1993.中国东部中、新生代板内变形构造应力场及其应用[M].北京:地质出版社,211
汪洋.1999.中国东北华北新生代火山活动的深部动力学机制[J].地质论评,45(增刊):174～179
王登红.1995.热点研究评述[J].地质科技情报,14(1):9～15
王登红.1998.地幔柱及其成矿理论[M ].北京:地震出版社,1～19
谢窦克,马荣升,张禹慎.1996.华南大陆壳生长过程与地幔柱构造[M ].北京:地质出版社,1～257
谢桂青,胡瑞忠,赵红军,等.2001.中国东南部地幔柱及其与中生代大规模成矿关系初探[J].大地构造与成矿学,25(2):1791～86
邢光福,杨祝良,毛建仁,等.2002.东南大陆边缘早侏罗世火成岩特征及其构造意义[J].地质通报,21(7):384～391
赵海玲,邓晋福,李凯明,等.2001.大火成岩省及地幔动力学[J].岩石矿物学杂志,20(3):307～312
赵红军,胡瑞忠,蒋国豪,等.2001.初论地幔热柱与铀成矿关系[J].大地构造与成矿学,25(2):171～178
周新民,李武显.2002.中国东南部晚中生代花岗质火山侵入杂岩形成的构造岩浆模式[A].见:王德滋,周新民编.中国东南部晚中生代花岗质火山侵入杂岩成因与地壳演化[C].北京:科学出版社,273～295
AlbaredeF ,VanderHilstRD .1999.Newmantleconvectionmodelmayreconcileconflictingevidence[J].EOS ,80:535～539
BijwaardH ,SpakmanW .1999.TomographicevidenceforanarrowwholemantleplumebelowIceland[J].EarthPlanetSciLett,166:121～126
BrunetD ,YuenDA .2000.Mantleplumespinchedinthetransitionzone[J].EarthPlanetSciLett,178:13～27
CampbellFH .1990.Implicationofmantleplumestructuresfortheevolutionoffloodbasalts[J].EarthPlanetSciLett,99:79～83
CoffinMF ,EldholmO .1992.Volcanismandcontinentalbreak up:aglobalcompilationoflargeigneousprovinces[A].In:StoreyBC ,AlabasterT ,PankhurstRJeds.MagmatismandtheCausesofContinentalBreak up[C].London:SpecPublGeolSoc,17～30
CoffinMF ,EldholmO .1993.Scratchingthesurface:estimatingdimensionsoflargeigneousprovinces[J].Geology,21:515～518
CoxKG .1988.KarooProvince[A].In:MacdougallJDed.FloodBasalts[C].Hingham:KluwerAcademicPubishers,239～271
DaviesGF .1990.Mantleplumes,mantlestirring,andhotspotchemistry[J].EarthPlanetSciLett,99:94～109
DaviesGF .1992.Mantleconvection[J].JGeol,100:151～206
DuncanRA ,HooperPR ,RehacekJ,etal.1997.ThetiminganddurationoftheKarooigneousevent,southernGondwana[J].JGeophysRes,102:18127～18138
DuncanRA ,RichardsMA .1991.Hotspots,mantleplumes,floodbasalts,andtruepolarwander[J].RevGeophys,29:31～50
ElliotDH .1992.JurassicmagmatismandtectonismassociatedwithGondwanalandbreak up:anAntarcticperspective[A].In:StoreyBC ,AlabasterT ,PankhurstRJeds.MagmatismandtheCauseofContinentalBreak up[C].London:SpecPublGeoSoc,165～184
EncarnacionJ ,FlemingTH ,ElliotDH ,etal.1996.SynchronousemplacementofFerrarandKaroodoleritesandtheearlybreakupofGondwana[J].Geology,24:535～538
GriffithsRW .1986.Thermalsinextremeviscousfluids,includingtheeffectsoftemperaturedependentviscosity[J].JFluidMech,166:115～138
GriffithsRW ,CampbellIH .1990.Stirringandstructureinmantlestartingplumes[J].EarthPlaneSciLett,99:66～78
HillRI.1991.Startingplumesandcontinentalbreakup[J].EarthPlanetSciLett,104:398～416
HillRI,CampbellIH ,DaviesGF ,etal.1992.Mantleplu
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