深水盆地中多边形断层的几何特征与形成机制探讨
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摘要
多边形断层是指一种在平面上呈多边形具有微小断距的张性断层系。自1994年被提出以来,已有十余年的研究历史,并在世界50多个被动大陆边缘盆地中被识别出来。研究多边形断层需要高精度的3D地震资料。我们根据琼东南盆地3D地震资料并利用相干切片技术,首次在琼东南盆地南部发现了多边形断层,并对其进行了初步研究。多边形断层的成因机制是前期多边形断层研究的重点,许多学者认为深水沉积物早期压实脱水体积收缩形成的;也有学者认为重力扩展控制断裂的发育。岩石物性、成岩作用及构造应力是影响多边形断层发育的重要因素。多边形断层对深水盆地的油气储集体的性质和分布;以及油气、天然气水合物的运移和聚集有着重要的意义。
Polygonal fault system is a tensional fault system with small throws.Because of their polygonal shape on plan,they are named polygonal faults.They have been studied for more than ten years since they were defined in North Sea in 1994,and from then on,they have been recognized in more than fifty passive basins worldwide.Research on polygonal fault needs high-resolution 3D seismic data,so,until now no research on polygonal fault has been made in China.The mechanism of polygonal fault is the focus of preliminary studies.Many experts think that the volumetric contraction induced by syneresis during the early-stage compaction of fine sedimentation is the mechanism for the development of polygonal fault systems.Many polygonal faults formed in continental slope,so some scholars believe that gravitational spreading is the mechanism for the polygonal fault formation.Polygonal faults affect the attributes and distribution of deep-water hydrocarbon reservoir which provide pathway for fluid,so they are important for migration and accumulation of hydrocarbon and gas hydrate.
Polygonal fault system is a tensional fault system with small throws.Because of their polygonal shape on plan,they are named polygonal faults.They have been studied for more than ten years since they were defined in North Sea in 1994,and from then on,they have been recognized in more than fifty passive basins worldwide.Research on polygonal fault needs high-resolution 3D seismic data,so,until now no research on polygonal fault has been made in China.The mechanism of polygonal fault is the focus of preliminary studies.Many experts think that the volumetric contraction induced by syneresis during the early-stage compaction of fine sedimentation is the mechanism for the development of polygonal fault systems.Many polygonal faults formed in continental slope,so some scholars believe that gravitational spreading is the mechanism for the polygonal fault formation.Polygonal faults affect the attributes and distribution of deep-water hydrocarbon reservoir which provide pathway for fluid,so they are important for migration and accumulation of hydrocarbon and gas hydrate.
引文
[1]Cartwright J A.Episodic basin-wide hydrofracturing of overpressured Early Cenozoic mudrock sequences in the North Sea Basin[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,1994,11(5):587~607.
[2]Rundberg Y.Tertiary sedimentary history and basin evolution of the Northern North Sea[M].Dr Ing.thesis,Trondheim,Norway,1989.
[3]Henriet J P,Batist D,Verschuren M.Early fracturing of Palaeogene clays,southernmost North Sea:relevance to mechanisms ofprimary hydrocarbon migration[J].In:Generation,Accumulation and Production of Europe s Hydrocarbons(Ed.A.M.Spencer),Spec.Pub.Eur.Assoc.Petrol Geol 1,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1991.217~227.
[4]Higgs W G,McClay K R.Analogue sandbox modelling of Miocene extensional faulting in the Outer Moray Firth[J].In:Tectonics and Sequence Stratigraphy(Eds G.D.Williams and A.Dob).Spec Publ Geol Soc London No.71,1993.
[5]Hansen D M,Shimeldb J W,Williamsonb M A,Andersena H L.Development of a major polygonal fault system in UpperCretaceous chalk and Cenozoic mudrocks of the Sable Subbasin,Canadian Atlantic margin[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2004,21:1205~1219.
[6]Cartwright J A,Lonergan L.Volumetric contraction during the compaction of mudrocks:a mechanism for the development ofregional-scale polygonal fault systems[J].Basin Research,1996,8:183~193.
[7]Lonergan L,Cartwright J,Joliy R.The geometry of polygonal fault systems in Tertiary mudrocks of the North Sea[J].Journal ofStructural Geology,1998,20(5):529~545.
[8]Dewhurst D N,Cartwright J.Lonergan L.The development of polygonal fault systems by syneresis of colloidal sediments[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,1999a,16:793~810.
[9]Cartwright J A,Dewhurst D N.Layer-bound compaction faults in fine-grained sediments[J].Geological Society of AmericaBulletin,1998,110:1242~1257.
[10]Goulty N J.Mechanics of layer-bound polygonal faulting in fine-grained sediments[J].J.Geol.Soc.London,2003,159:239~246.
[11]Gay A,Lopez M,Berndt C,Séranne M.Geological controls on focused fluid flow associated with seafloor seeps in the LowerCongo Basin[J].Marine Geology,2007,244:68~92.
[12]Shoulders S J,Cartwright J,Huusec M.Large-scale conical sandstone intrusions and polygonal fault systems in Tranche 6,Faroe-Shetland Basin[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2007,24:173~188.
[13]Larter S,Aplina A C,Bowlera B,Lloyda R,Zwachb C,Hansenb S,Telnaesb N,Syltac O,Yardleyd G,Childse C.Adrain in my graben:an integrated study of the Heimdal area petroleum system[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2000,69~70:619~622.
[14]Victor P,Moretti I.Polygonal fault systems and channel boudinage:3D analysis of multidirectional extension in analogue sandboxexperiments[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2006,23:777~789.
[15]Stuevold L M,Faerseth R B,Arnesen L,Cartwright J,Mller N.Polygonal faults in the Ormen Lange Field,More Basin,offshore Mid Norway[J].In:Subsurface Sediment Mobilization.Geol.Soc.Spec.Publ,2003,16:263~281.
[16]Stewart S A.Implications of passive salt diapir kinematics for reservoir segmentation by radial and concentric faults[J].Marineand Petroleum Geology,2006,23:843~853.
[17]Hansen D M,Cartwrigh J.The three-dimensional geometry and growth of forced folds above saucer-shaped igneous sills[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2006,28:1520~1535.
[18]Dewhurst D N,Cartwright J A,Lonergan L.Three dimensional consolidation of fine-grained sediments[J].Canadian Journal ofGeotechniques,1999b,36:1~8.
[19]Paola N D,Collettini C,Trippetta F,Barchi M R,Minelli G.A mechanical model for complex fault patterns induced byevaporite dehydration and cyclic changes in fluid pressure[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2007,29:1573~1584.
[20]Davies R J,Cartwright J A.Kilometer-scale chemical reaction boundary patterns and deformation in sedimentary rocks[J].Earthand Planetary Science Letters,2007,262:125~137.
[21]Trincardi F,Cattaneo A,Correggiari A,Ridente D.Evidence of soft sediment deformation,fluid escape,sediment failure andregional weak layers within the late Quaternary mud deposits of the Adriatic Sea[J].Marine Geology,2004,213:91~119.
[22]Bünz S,Mienert J,Berndt C.Geological controls on the Storegga gas-hydrate system of the mid-Norwegian continental margin[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2003,209:291~307.
[23]Gay A,Lopez M,Cochonat P,Levache D,Sermondadaz G,Seranne M.Evidences of early to late fluid migration from anupper Miocene turbiditic channel revealed by 3D seismic coupled to geochemical sampling within seafloor pockmarks,Lower CongoBasin[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2006a,23:387~399.
[24]Gay A,Lopez M,Cochonat P,Seranne M,Levache D,Sermondadaz G.Isolated seafloor pockmarks linked to BSRs,fluidchimneys,polygonal faults and stacked Oligocene-Miocene turbiditic palaeochannels in the Lower Congo Basin[J].MarineGeology,2006b,226:25~40.
[25]Watterson J,Walsh J,NICOL A,Nell P A R,Bretan P G.Geometry and origin of a polygonal fault system[J].Journal of theGeological Society,2000,157:151~162.
[26]Nicola D P,Cristiano C,Trippetta F,Massimiliano R,Barchi,Giorgio M.A mechanical model for complex fault patternsinduced by evaporite dehydration and cyclic changes in fluid pressure[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2007,29(10):1573~1584.
[27]Panien M,Moretti I,Calassou S.Analogical model of the deformation of sandy submarine channels in shaly pelagic sediments[J].Oil&Gas Science and Technology-Review of IFP,2001,56(4):319~325.
[28]Hustoft S,Mienert J,Bünz S,NouzéH.High-resolution 3D-seismic data indicate focussed fluid migration pathways abovepolygonal fault systems of the mid-Norwegian margin[J].Marine Geology,245:89~106.
[29]Gay A,Lopez M,Cochonatz P,Sermondadaz G.Polygonal faults-furrows systemrelated to early stages of compaction-UpperMiocene to recent sediments of the Lower Congo Basin[J].Basin Research,2004,16:101~116.
[2]Rundberg Y.Tertiary sedimentary history and basin evolution of the Northern North Sea[M].Dr Ing.thesis,Trondheim,Norway,1989.
[3]Henriet J P,Batist D,Verschuren M.Early fracturing of Palaeogene clays,southernmost North Sea:relevance to mechanisms ofprimary hydrocarbon migration[J].In:Generation,Accumulation and Production of Europe s Hydrocarbons(Ed.A.M.Spencer),Spec.Pub.Eur.Assoc.Petrol Geol 1,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1991.217~227.
[4]Higgs W G,McClay K R.Analogue sandbox modelling of Miocene extensional faulting in the Outer Moray Firth[J].In:Tectonics and Sequence Stratigraphy(Eds G.D.Williams and A.Dob).Spec Publ Geol Soc London No.71,1993.
[5]Hansen D M,Shimeldb J W,Williamsonb M A,Andersena H L.Development of a major polygonal fault system in UpperCretaceous chalk and Cenozoic mudrocks of the Sable Subbasin,Canadian Atlantic margin[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2004,21:1205~1219.
[6]Cartwright J A,Lonergan L.Volumetric contraction during the compaction of mudrocks:a mechanism for the development ofregional-scale polygonal fault systems[J].Basin Research,1996,8:183~193.
[7]Lonergan L,Cartwright J,Joliy R.The geometry of polygonal fault systems in Tertiary mudrocks of the North Sea[J].Journal ofStructural Geology,1998,20(5):529~545.
[8]Dewhurst D N,Cartwright J.Lonergan L.The development of polygonal fault systems by syneresis of colloidal sediments[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,1999a,16:793~810.
[9]Cartwright J A,Dewhurst D N.Layer-bound compaction faults in fine-grained sediments[J].Geological Society of AmericaBulletin,1998,110:1242~1257.
[10]Goulty N J.Mechanics of layer-bound polygonal faulting in fine-grained sediments[J].J.Geol.Soc.London,2003,159:239~246.
[11]Gay A,Lopez M,Berndt C,Séranne M.Geological controls on focused fluid flow associated with seafloor seeps in the LowerCongo Basin[J].Marine Geology,2007,244:68~92.
[12]Shoulders S J,Cartwright J,Huusec M.Large-scale conical sandstone intrusions and polygonal fault systems in Tranche 6,Faroe-Shetland Basin[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2007,24:173~188.
[13]Larter S,Aplina A C,Bowlera B,Lloyda R,Zwachb C,Hansenb S,Telnaesb N,Syltac O,Yardleyd G,Childse C.Adrain in my graben:an integrated study of the Heimdal area petroleum system[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2000,69~70:619~622.
[14]Victor P,Moretti I.Polygonal fault systems and channel boudinage:3D analysis of multidirectional extension in analogue sandboxexperiments[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2006,23:777~789.
[15]Stuevold L M,Faerseth R B,Arnesen L,Cartwright J,Mller N.Polygonal faults in the Ormen Lange Field,More Basin,offshore Mid Norway[J].In:Subsurface Sediment Mobilization.Geol.Soc.Spec.Publ,2003,16:263~281.
[16]Stewart S A.Implications of passive salt diapir kinematics for reservoir segmentation by radial and concentric faults[J].Marineand Petroleum Geology,2006,23:843~853.
[17]Hansen D M,Cartwrigh J.The three-dimensional geometry and growth of forced folds above saucer-shaped igneous sills[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2006,28:1520~1535.
[18]Dewhurst D N,Cartwright J A,Lonergan L.Three dimensional consolidation of fine-grained sediments[J].Canadian Journal ofGeotechniques,1999b,36:1~8.
[19]Paola N D,Collettini C,Trippetta F,Barchi M R,Minelli G.A mechanical model for complex fault patterns induced byevaporite dehydration and cyclic changes in fluid pressure[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2007,29:1573~1584.
[20]Davies R J,Cartwright J A.Kilometer-scale chemical reaction boundary patterns and deformation in sedimentary rocks[J].Earthand Planetary Science Letters,2007,262:125~137.
[21]Trincardi F,Cattaneo A,Correggiari A,Ridente D.Evidence of soft sediment deformation,fluid escape,sediment failure andregional weak layers within the late Quaternary mud deposits of the Adriatic Sea[J].Marine Geology,2004,213:91~119.
[22]Bünz S,Mienert J,Berndt C.Geological controls on the Storegga gas-hydrate system of the mid-Norwegian continental margin[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2003,209:291~307.
[23]Gay A,Lopez M,Cochonat P,Levache D,Sermondadaz G,Seranne M.Evidences of early to late fluid migration from anupper Miocene turbiditic channel revealed by 3D seismic coupled to geochemical sampling within seafloor pockmarks,Lower CongoBasin[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2006a,23:387~399.
[24]Gay A,Lopez M,Cochonat P,Seranne M,Levache D,Sermondadaz G.Isolated seafloor pockmarks linked to BSRs,fluidchimneys,polygonal faults and stacked Oligocene-Miocene turbiditic palaeochannels in the Lower Congo Basin[J].MarineGeology,2006b,226:25~40.
[25]Watterson J,Walsh J,NICOL A,Nell P A R,Bretan P G.Geometry and origin of a polygonal fault system[J].Journal of theGeological Society,2000,157:151~162.
[26]Nicola D P,Cristiano C,Trippetta F,Massimiliano R,Barchi,Giorgio M.A mechanical model for complex fault patternsinduced by evaporite dehydration and cyclic changes in fluid pressure[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2007,29(10):1573~1584.
[27]Panien M,Moretti I,Calassou S.Analogical model of the deformation of sandy submarine channels in shaly pelagic sediments[J].Oil&Gas Science and Technology-Review of IFP,2001,56(4):319~325.
[28]Hustoft S,Mienert J,Bünz S,NouzéH.High-resolution 3D-seismic data indicate focussed fluid migration pathways abovepolygonal fault systems of the mid-Norwegian margin[J].Marine Geology,245:89~106.
[29]Gay A,Lopez M,Cochonatz P,Sermondadaz G.Polygonal faults-furrows systemrelated to early stages of compaction-UpperMiocene to recent sediments of the Lower Congo Basin[J].Basin Research,2004,16:101~116.
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