Poly3D软件及其在地学中的应用
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摘要
免费的Poly3D边界元软件基于位移不连续性方法,它不仅能够模拟断层或裂缝的静态生长,而且所采用的多边形单元可以很好地表示出复杂多边的不连续界面。该软件在地学中的应用较为广泛,诸如裂缝形成、由断层互相作用造成的应力扰动和滑移量分布、地下断层形态的确定、低于地震识别精度的断层的预测、地震触发等等。
Free Poly3D software is a three-dimensional boundary element program,based on the displacement discontinuity method and linear elasticity theory.The polygonal element is specially used to model complex surfaces with curving boundaries.This software has been increasingly applied widely to structural geology and tectonics for the studies of formation of cracks,stress-perturbation caused by the interaction among the faults,distribution of slipping amount,confirmation of fault geometries,predication of sub-seismic faults,possible trigger mechanism of earthquakes,and so forth.
Free Poly3D software is a three-dimensional boundary element program,based on the displacement discontinuity method and linear elasticity theory.The polygonal element is specially used to model complex surfaces with curving boundaries.This software has been increasingly applied widely to structural geology and tectonics for the studies of formation of cracks,stress-perturbation caused by the interaction among the faults,distribution of slipping amount,confirmation of fault geometries,predication of sub-seismic faults,possible trigger mechanism of earthquakes,and so forth.
引文
Bai T,Maerten L,Gross M R and Aydina.2001.Orthogonalcross joints:do they imply a regional stress rotation Jour-nal ofStructural Geology,24:77-88.
Bourne S J and Willemse E J M.2001.Elastic stress control onthe pattern of tensile fracturing around a small fault networkat Nash Point,UK.Journal of Structural Geology,23:1753-1770.
Comninou MAand Dunders J.1975.The angular dislocation ina half-space.Journal ofElasticity,5:203-216.
Crider J G and Pollard D D.1998.Fault linkage:3D mechani-cal interaction between overlapping normal faults.JournalofGeophysical Research,103:24373-24391.
Crider J G.2001.Oblique slip and the geometry of normal-faultlinkage:mechanics and a case study from the Basin andRange in Oregon.Journal ofStructural Geology,23:1997-2009.
Crider J G,Schaff D P,Pollard D D and Beroza G C.2001.Considering the third dimension in stress-triggering of after-shocks:1993Klamath Falls(OR)earthquake sequence.Geophysical Research Letters,28:2739-2742.
Diez M,La Femina P C,Connor C B,Strauch W and TenorioV.2005.Evidence for static stress changes triggering the1999eruption of Cerro Negro Volcano,Nicaragua and re-gional aftershock sequences.Geophysical Research Letters,32:L04309.
Damsleth E,Sangolt V and Aamodt G.1998.Subseismic faultscan seriously affect fluid flow in the Njord field off westernNorway-A stochastic fault modelling case study.Society ofPetroleum Engineers Annual Technical Conference and Ex-hibition,New Orleans,SPE Paper49024,10.
Griffin K.1998.A Tutorial-based user′s manual for Poly3D:1-58.
Jeager J and Cook N G W.1979.Fundamentals of rock Me-chanics.New York:Champman and Hall,19-79.
Jeyakumaran M,Rudnicki J W and Keer L M.1992.Modelingslip zones with triangular dislocation elements.Seismologi-cal Society ofAmerica Bulletin,82:2153-2169.
Kattenhorn S A,Aydin Aand Pollard D D.2000.Joints at highangles to normal fault strike:An explanation using3D nu-merical models of fault-perturbed stress fields.Journal ofStructural Geology,22:1-23.
Kattenhorn S A and Pollard D D.2001.Integrating3D seismicdata,field analogs and mechanical models in the analysis ofsegmented normal faults in the Wytch Farm oil field,south-ern England.American Association ofPetroleum GeologistsBulletin,85:1183-1210.
Kreemer C,Blewitt G and Maerten F.2006.Co-and postseis-mic deformation of the28March2005Nias Mvv8.7earth-quake from continuous GPS data.Geophysical Research Let-ters,33:07307.
Maerten L,Willemse E J M,Pollard D D and Rawnsley K.1999.Slip distributions on intersecting normal faults.Jour-nal ofStructural Geology,21:259-271
Maerten L,Pollard D D and Rkappuz R.2000.How to con-strain3-D fault continuity and linkage using reflection seis-mic data:A geomechanical approach.American AssociationofPetroleum Geologists Bulletin,84:1311-1324.
Maerten L.2000.Variation in slip on intersectiong normalfaults:Implications for paleostress inversion.Journal ofGeophysical Research,105:25553-25565.
Maerten L,Gillespie P and Pollard D D.2002.Effects of localstress perturbation on secondary fault development.JournalofStructural Geology,24:145-153.
Maerten L,Gillespie P and Daniel J M.2006.3-D geomechani-cal modeling for constraint of subseismic fault simulation.American Association ofPetroleum Geologists,90:1337-1358.
Martel S J and Boger W A.1998.Geometry and mechanics ofsecondary fracturing around small three-dimensional faultsin granitic rock.Journal ofGeophysical Research,103:21,299-21,314.
Muller J R,Aydin A and Maerten F.2003.Investigating thetransition between the1967Mudurnu Valley and1999Izmitearthquakes along the North Anatolian fault with staticstress changes.Geophysics Journal International,154:471-482.
Muller J R and Aydin A.2005.Using geomechanical modelingto constrain the fault geometry within the Marmara Sea,Turkey.Journal ofGeophysical Research,110:B03407.
Reasenberg P A and Simpson R W.1992.Response of regionalseismicity to the static stress change produced by the LomaPrieta earthquake.Science,255:1687-1690.
Resor P G,Maerten F,Pollard D D and Maerten L.2005.Co-seismic slip estimate for the1999Hector Mine earthquakeusing a multi-segment fault model.Penrose Conferences,Mammoth Lakes,California.
Schlische R W,Young S S,Ackermann R V and Gupta A.1996.Geometry and scaling relations of a population ofvery small rift-related normal faults.Geology,24:683-686.
Soliva R,Benedicto A and Maerten L.2006.Spacing and link-age of confined normal faults:Importance of mechanicalthickness.Journal ofGeophysical Research,111:01402.
Thomas AL.1993.Poly3D:Athree-dimensional,polygonal el-ement,displacement discontinuity boundary element com-puter program with applications to fractures,faults,andcavities in the Earth's crust.M.S.Thesis,Stanford Uni-versity,Stanford,CA.
Willemse E J M,Pollard D D and Aydina A.1996.Three-di-mensional analyses of slip distributions on normal fault ar-rays with consequences for fault scaling.Journal ofStruc-tural Geology,18:295-309.
Willemse E J M and Pollard D D.1998.On the orientation andpatterns of wing cracks and solution surfaces at the tips of asliding flawor fault.Journal ofGeophysical Research,103:2427-2438.
Yielding G,Needham T and Jones H.1996.Sampling of faultpopulations using sub-surface data:A review.Journal ofStructural Geology,18:135-146.
Yoffe E H.1960.The angular dislocation.Phil Mag,5:161-175.
Young S S,Pollard D D,Davies R K,Van Nostrand D L andKrantz R W.1999.Improving seismic interpretations ofnormal fault geometries with dislocation models.AmericanAssociation of Petroleum Geologists Annual Convention,A157.
Bourne S J and Willemse E J M.2001.Elastic stress control onthe pattern of tensile fracturing around a small fault networkat Nash Point,UK.Journal of Structural Geology,23:1753-1770.
Comninou MAand Dunders J.1975.The angular dislocation ina half-space.Journal ofElasticity,5:203-216.
Crider J G and Pollard D D.1998.Fault linkage:3D mechani-cal interaction between overlapping normal faults.JournalofGeophysical Research,103:24373-24391.
Crider J G.2001.Oblique slip and the geometry of normal-faultlinkage:mechanics and a case study from the Basin andRange in Oregon.Journal ofStructural Geology,23:1997-2009.
Crider J G,Schaff D P,Pollard D D and Beroza G C.2001.Considering the third dimension in stress-triggering of after-shocks:1993Klamath Falls(OR)earthquake sequence.Geophysical Research Letters,28:2739-2742.
Diez M,La Femina P C,Connor C B,Strauch W and TenorioV.2005.Evidence for static stress changes triggering the1999eruption of Cerro Negro Volcano,Nicaragua and re-gional aftershock sequences.Geophysical Research Letters,32:L04309.
Damsleth E,Sangolt V and Aamodt G.1998.Subseismic faultscan seriously affect fluid flow in the Njord field off westernNorway-A stochastic fault modelling case study.Society ofPetroleum Engineers Annual Technical Conference and Ex-hibition,New Orleans,SPE Paper49024,10.
Griffin K.1998.A Tutorial-based user′s manual for Poly3D:1-58.
Jeager J and Cook N G W.1979.Fundamentals of rock Me-chanics.New York:Champman and Hall,19-79.
Jeyakumaran M,Rudnicki J W and Keer L M.1992.Modelingslip zones with triangular dislocation elements.Seismologi-cal Society ofAmerica Bulletin,82:2153-2169.
Kattenhorn S A,Aydin Aand Pollard D D.2000.Joints at highangles to normal fault strike:An explanation using3D nu-merical models of fault-perturbed stress fields.Journal ofStructural Geology,22:1-23.
Kattenhorn S A and Pollard D D.2001.Integrating3D seismicdata,field analogs and mechanical models in the analysis ofsegmented normal faults in the Wytch Farm oil field,south-ern England.American Association ofPetroleum GeologistsBulletin,85:1183-1210.
Kreemer C,Blewitt G and Maerten F.2006.Co-and postseis-mic deformation of the28March2005Nias Mvv8.7earth-quake from continuous GPS data.Geophysical Research Let-ters,33:07307.
Maerten L,Willemse E J M,Pollard D D and Rawnsley K.1999.Slip distributions on intersecting normal faults.Jour-nal ofStructural Geology,21:259-271
Maerten L,Pollard D D and Rkappuz R.2000.How to con-strain3-D fault continuity and linkage using reflection seis-mic data:A geomechanical approach.American AssociationofPetroleum Geologists Bulletin,84:1311-1324.
Maerten L.2000.Variation in slip on intersectiong normalfaults:Implications for paleostress inversion.Journal ofGeophysical Research,105:25553-25565.
Maerten L,Gillespie P and Pollard D D.2002.Effects of localstress perturbation on secondary fault development.JournalofStructural Geology,24:145-153.
Maerten L,Gillespie P and Daniel J M.2006.3-D geomechani-cal modeling for constraint of subseismic fault simulation.American Association ofPetroleum Geologists,90:1337-1358.
Martel S J and Boger W A.1998.Geometry and mechanics ofsecondary fracturing around small three-dimensional faultsin granitic rock.Journal ofGeophysical Research,103:21,299-21,314.
Muller J R,Aydin A and Maerten F.2003.Investigating thetransition between the1967Mudurnu Valley and1999Izmitearthquakes along the North Anatolian fault with staticstress changes.Geophysics Journal International,154:471-482.
Muller J R and Aydin A.2005.Using geomechanical modelingto constrain the fault geometry within the Marmara Sea,Turkey.Journal ofGeophysical Research,110:B03407.
Reasenberg P A and Simpson R W.1992.Response of regionalseismicity to the static stress change produced by the LomaPrieta earthquake.Science,255:1687-1690.
Resor P G,Maerten F,Pollard D D and Maerten L.2005.Co-seismic slip estimate for the1999Hector Mine earthquakeusing a multi-segment fault model.Penrose Conferences,Mammoth Lakes,California.
Schlische R W,Young S S,Ackermann R V and Gupta A.1996.Geometry and scaling relations of a population ofvery small rift-related normal faults.Geology,24:683-686.
Soliva R,Benedicto A and Maerten L.2006.Spacing and link-age of confined normal faults:Importance of mechanicalthickness.Journal ofGeophysical Research,111:01402.
Thomas AL.1993.Poly3D:Athree-dimensional,polygonal el-ement,displacement discontinuity boundary element com-puter program with applications to fractures,faults,andcavities in the Earth's crust.M.S.Thesis,Stanford Uni-versity,Stanford,CA.
Willemse E J M,Pollard D D and Aydina A.1996.Three-di-mensional analyses of slip distributions on normal fault ar-rays with consequences for fault scaling.Journal ofStruc-tural Geology,18:295-309.
Willemse E J M and Pollard D D.1998.On the orientation andpatterns of wing cracks and solution surfaces at the tips of asliding flawor fault.Journal ofGeophysical Research,103:2427-2438.
Yielding G,Needham T and Jones H.1996.Sampling of faultpopulations using sub-surface data:A review.Journal ofStructural Geology,18:135-146.
Yoffe E H.1960.The angular dislocation.Phil Mag,5:161-175.
Young S S,Pollard D D,Davies R K,Van Nostrand D L andKrantz R W.1999.Improving seismic interpretations ofnormal fault geometries with dislocation models.AmericanAssociation of Petroleum Geologists Annual Convention,A157.
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