南海北部陆坡高速堆积体的构造成因
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摘要
南海北部陆坡是南海海域沉积活动最为活跃的地区之一,发育着迄今为止所发现的南海最高沉积速率堆积体。构成该堆积体的沉积物究竟来自何方,仍是南海沉积学研究中未解决的问题之一。通过对南海北部多道地震剖面的解释和海底底流观测资料的分析,指出南海北部中新统披覆层是南海北部断陷阶段结束后开始沉积的一套地层,直到上新世开始前,该地层在很大一个区域内是保持水平的;上新世后,由于构造抬升,中新统披覆层随之隆起,并在东沙隆起的部位遭受很大程度的剥蚀,其剥蚀量和南海北部珠江、韩江以及台湾西南部高屏溪和曾文溪向南海的输沙量相当,为南海北部一个非常重要的沉积物来源。研究分析指出,如果珠江和韩江所携带的沉积物全部沉积到南海北部陆坡区,则可获得的沉积速率为12 cm/ka,这一数值远低于该高速堆积体上的沉积速率值。从南海北部现今的沉积动力条件和地形上看,来自珠江和韩江的沉积物几乎不可能经过平坦的陆架区,再绕过东沙岛,优先沉积到该高速堆积体上。本研究中的高速堆积体的沉积物也不可能主要来自台湾西南的高屏溪和曾文溪,因为台西南河流所携带的沉积物被特殊的洋流体系圈闭于台湾周边一个较小的范围内沉积下来。观测数据表明,南海北部东沙隆起区有足够强的水动力环境能够剥蚀海底隆起的沉积地层,并将剥蚀下来的沉积物向南经陆架输运到陆坡区;该高速堆积体紧邻东沙隆起剥蚀区,其沉积物来源应该主要来自东沙隆起剥蚀区。
The northern slope of the South China Sea is one of the most active areas in the world oceans with modern sedimentary process.A high-deposition-rate sediment drift was found on the down slope of Dongsha islands.The material sources of this sediment drift were examined and discussed by several other papers,but not yet solved.Based on the multi-channel seismic data and the long term bottom current observation data,this paper finds a new source for this sediment drift.The seismic profiles show that a Miocene drape formation which was started from the end of Oligocene and ended to the Early Pliocene was very well and originally developed as a horizontal layer in the study area.Since about 3 Ma,the Miocene drape formation was uplifted and eroded along Dongsha area.The amount of the eroded materials from the Miocene drape formation could be as much as that from Pearl River and Hanjiang River to the northern South China Sea,and that from the rivers of southwest Taiwan to north South China Sea.The calculated result shows that a sediment rate of only 12 cm/ka could be reached if all the materials from Pearl River and Hanjiang River deposited on the northern slope of the South China Sea.So,it seems impossible that the sediments on the high-deposition-rate sediment drift are mainly from Pearl River and Hanjiang River.Considering the special oceanic current regime of the northern South China Sea and its adjacent areas,most part of the sediments from rivers of southwestern Taiwan was trapped in the area around Taiwan,and only small part could move far to and deposit on the high-deposition-rate sediment drift.Bottom current observation data show that the hydrodynamic environment of the northern South China Sea Shelf is powerful enough to erode the uplifted Miocene drape formation at the sea floor and transfers the eroded materials along the northern shelf of the South China Sea southward to the slope area,and these materials become the main source of the high-deposition-rate sediment drift.
The northern slope of the South China Sea is one of the most active areas in the world oceans with modern sedimentary process.A high-deposition-rate sediment drift was found on the down slope of Dongsha islands.The material sources of this sediment drift were examined and discussed by several other papers,but not yet solved.Based on the multi-channel seismic data and the long term bottom current observation data,this paper finds a new source for this sediment drift.The seismic profiles show that a Miocene drape formation which was started from the end of Oligocene and ended to the Early Pliocene was very well and originally developed as a horizontal layer in the study area.Since about 3 Ma,the Miocene drape formation was uplifted and eroded along Dongsha area.The amount of the eroded materials from the Miocene drape formation could be as much as that from Pearl River and Hanjiang River to the northern South China Sea,and that from the rivers of southwest Taiwan to north South China Sea.The calculated result shows that a sediment rate of only 12 cm/ka could be reached if all the materials from Pearl River and Hanjiang River deposited on the northern slope of the South China Sea.So,it seems impossible that the sediments on the high-deposition-rate sediment drift are mainly from Pearl River and Hanjiang River.Considering the special oceanic current regime of the northern South China Sea and its adjacent areas,most part of the sediments from rivers of southwestern Taiwan was trapped in the area around Taiwan,and only small part could move far to and deposit on the high-deposition-rate sediment drift.Bottom current observation data show that the hydrodynamic environment of the northern South China Sea Shelf is powerful enough to erode the uplifted Miocene drape formation at the sea floor and transfers the eroded materials along the northern shelf of the South China Sea southward to the slope area,and these materials become the main source of the high-deposition-rate sediment drift.
引文
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[22]黄梅英,李舫志,李平鲁.珠江口盆地东部前第三纪—早第三纪洼陷特征及油气前景[J].中国海上油气(地质),1993,7(3):1-9.
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[30]彭学超,吴庐山,崔兆国,等.南海东沙群岛以北海底沙波稳定性分析[J].热带海洋学报,2006,25(3):21-27.
[31]邱章,方文东.南海北部春季海流的垂向变化[J].热带海洋,1999,18(4):32-39.
[32]Yan P,Deng H,Liu H,et a1.The temporal and spatial distri-bution of volcanism in the South China Sea region[J].Journalof Asian Earth Sciences,2006,27:647-659.
[33]汪品先.十五万年来的南海[M].上海:同济大学出版社,1995:1-14.
[34]Milliman J D,Meade R H.World wide delivery of river sedi-ment to the ocean[J].Journal of Geology,1983,91:1-21.
[35]Wang J,Chern C S.On the distribution of bottom cold waters inTaiwan Strait during summertime[J].La mer,1992,30:213-221.
[36]Jan S,Chao S Y.Seasonal variation of volume transport in themajor inflow region of the Taiwan Strait:the Penghu Channel[J].Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanogra-phy,2003,50:1117-1126.
[37]Liu K K,Chao S Y,Shaw P T,et a1.Monsoon forced chloro-phyll distribution and primary productivity in the South ChinaSea:observations and a numerical study[J].Deep Sea Re-search Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,2002,49:1387-1412.
[38]陈芳,苏新,Nurnberg D,等.南海东沙海域末次冰期以来的沉积特征[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2006,26(6):9-17.
[39]张兴茂,翁焕新.南海北部陆坡铁锰沉积记录对环境变化的指示意义[J].海洋学报,2005,27(1):93-100.
[40]徐国强,吕炳全,王红罡.新生代南海北部碳酸盐岩台地的淹没事件研究[J].同济大学学报,2002,30(1):35-40.
[2]Wang L,Sarenthein M,Erlenkeuser H,et a1.East Asianmonsoon climate during the Late Pleistocene:high-resolution sed-iment records from the South China Sea[J].Marine Geology,1999,156:254-284.
[3]Lin D C,Liu C H,Fang TH,et a1.Millennial-scale changes interrestrial sediment input and Holocene surface hydrography in thenorthern South China Sea[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatol-ogy,Palaeoecology,2006,236:56-73.
[4]Wang P X,Prell W L,Blum P,et al.Proceedings of the OceanDrilling Program,Leg 184,Initial Reports[M].College Sta-tion,Texas:Texas A&MUniversity(Ocean Drilling Program),2000:18-20.
[5]B櫣hring C,Sarnthein M,Erlenkeuser H.Toward a high-resolu-tion stable isotope stratigraphy of the last 1.1 My:Site 1144,South China Sea[M]//Prell W L,Wang P,Blum P,et al.Proceedings of Ocean Drilling Program,Leg 184,Scientific Re-sults.College Station,Texas:Texas A&M University(OceanDrilling Program),2004:1-29.
[6]杨文光,郑洪波,谢昕,等.南海北部陆坡沉积记录的全新世早期夏季季风强事件[J].第四纪研究,2008,28(3):425-430.
[7]邵磊,李学杰,乔培军,等.南海北部深水底流沉积作用[J].中国科学:D辑,2007,37(6):771-777.
[8]邵磊,李献华,韦刚健,等.南海陆坡高速堆积体的物质来源[J].中国科学:D辑,2001,31(10):828-833.
[9]L櫣dmann T,Wong HK,Wang P X.Plio-Quaternary sedimen-tation processes and neotectonics of the northern continenta1 mar-gin of the South China Sea[J].Marine Geology,2001,172:331-358.
[10]L櫣dmann T,Wong HK,Berglar K.Upward flow of North Pa-cific Deep Water in the northern South China Sea as deduced fromthe occurrence of drift sediments[J].Geophysical Research Let-ters,2005,32:L05614.
[11]钟广法,李前裕,郝沪军,等.深水沉积物波及其在南海研究之现状[J].地球科学进展,2007,22(9):907-913.
[12]Liu Z,Tuo S,Colin C,et a1.Detrital fine-grained sedimentcontribution from Taiwan to the northern South China Sea and itsrelation to regional ocean circulation[J].Marine Geology,2008,255:149-155.
[13]刘宝林,王亚平,王吉中,等.南海北部陆坡海洋沉积物稀土元素及物源和成岩环境[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2004,24(4):18-23.
[14]姚伯初,万玲,曾维军,等.中国南海海域岩石圈三维结构及演化[M].北京:地质出版社,2006:1-223.
[15]Zhang X Y,Zhang F Y,Zhang W Y.Regional variation of87Sr/86Sr ratio and compositions of the surface sediment in theeastern South China Sea[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2003,25(4):43-49.
[16]Liu B L,Wang Y P,Wang J Z,et a1.Geochemical charactersof REE in the seafloor sediment in northern continental slope ofthe South China Sea and analysis of source of material and diagen-esis environment[J].Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology,2004,24(4):17-23.
[17]Liang W D,Tang TY,Yang Y J,et a1.Upper-ocean currentsaround Taiwan[J].Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studiesin Oceanography,2003,50:1085-1105.
[18]Guan B.Winter counter-wind current of the southeastern Chinacoast and preliminary investigation of its source[M]//Su J,Wen S C,Ya H.Proceedings of the Symposium on the Physicaland Chemical Oceanography of the China Seas.Beijing:ChinaOcean Press,2003:1-9.
[19]Shaw P T,Chao S Y.Surface circulation in the South China Sea[J].Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,1994,41:1663-1683.
[20]Wang P,Wang L,Bian Y et a1.Late Quaternary paleoceanogra-phy of the South China Sea:surface circulation and carbonate cy-cles[J].Marine Geology,1995,127:145-165.
[21]Tamburini F,Adatte T,F llmi K,et al.Investigating the historyof East Asian monsoon and climate during the last glacial intergla-cial period(0-140000 years):mineralogy and geochemistry ofODP Sites 1143 and 1144,South China Sea[J].MarineGeology,2003,201:147-168.
[22]黄梅英,李舫志,李平鲁.珠江口盆地东部前第三纪—早第三纪洼陷特征及油气前景[J].中国海上油气(地质),1993,7(3):1-9.
[23]李平鲁.珠江口盆地新生代构造运动[J].中国海上油气(地质),1993,7(6):11-17.
[24]姚伯初.南海南部地区的新生代构造演化[J].南海地质研究,1994(6):1-15.
[25]苏乃容,曾麟,李平鲁.珠江口盆地东部中生代凹陷地质特征[J].中国海上油气(地质),1995,9(4):228-236.
[26]龚再升,李思田,谢泰俊,等.南海北部大陆架边缘盆地分析与油气聚集[M].北京:科学出版社,1997:1-510.
[27]龚再升,李思田.南海北部大陆边缘盆地油气成藏动力学研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:1-339.
[28]朱伟林,张功成,杨少坤,等.南海北部大陆边缘盆地天然气地质[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2007:1-391.
[29]王尚毅,李大鸣.南海珠江口盆地陆架斜坡及大陆坡海底沙波动态分析[J].海洋学报,1994,16(6):122-132.
[30]彭学超,吴庐山,崔兆国,等.南海东沙群岛以北海底沙波稳定性分析[J].热带海洋学报,2006,25(3):21-27.
[31]邱章,方文东.南海北部春季海流的垂向变化[J].热带海洋,1999,18(4):32-39.
[32]Yan P,Deng H,Liu H,et a1.The temporal and spatial distri-bution of volcanism in the South China Sea region[J].Journalof Asian Earth Sciences,2006,27:647-659.
[33]汪品先.十五万年来的南海[M].上海:同济大学出版社,1995:1-14.
[34]Milliman J D,Meade R H.World wide delivery of river sedi-ment to the ocean[J].Journal of Geology,1983,91:1-21.
[35]Wang J,Chern C S.On the distribution of bottom cold waters inTaiwan Strait during summertime[J].La mer,1992,30:213-221.
[36]Jan S,Chao S Y.Seasonal variation of volume transport in themajor inflow region of the Taiwan Strait:the Penghu Channel[J].Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanogra-phy,2003,50:1117-1126.
[37]Liu K K,Chao S Y,Shaw P T,et a1.Monsoon forced chloro-phyll distribution and primary productivity in the South ChinaSea:observations and a numerical study[J].Deep Sea Re-search Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,2002,49:1387-1412.
[38]陈芳,苏新,Nurnberg D,等.南海东沙海域末次冰期以来的沉积特征[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2006,26(6):9-17.
[39]张兴茂,翁焕新.南海北部陆坡铁锰沉积记录对环境变化的指示意义[J].海洋学报,2005,27(1):93-100.
[40]徐国强,吕炳全,王红罡.新生代南海北部碳酸盐岩台地的淹没事件研究[J].同济大学学报,2002,30(1):35-40.
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