南海北部陆坡构造坡折带中的天然气水合物
|
摘要
构造坡折带是由同沉积构造长期活动引起的沉积斜坡明显突变的地带,对盆地充填的可容纳空间和沉积作用可产生重要的影响,构造坡折带和油气资源分布有着较为密切的关系。本文首次把"构造坡折带"概念引入到天然气水合物调查研究中,认为:构造坡折带是天然气水合物发育和赋存的重要构造单元。论文从海底坡降、断层发育以及温压场环境等角度讨论了构造坡折带对天然气水合物的控制作用,发现BSR发育位置的海底坡降一般在10×10-2～30×10-2之间;利用论文中设计的相对构造强度的算法计算了南海北部陆坡D区的相对构造强度,发现相对构造强度的次高值区有利于水合物赋存;根据高分辨率地震数据计算的构造坡折带的温压场环境,发现构造坡折带中连续变化的温压场环境能够使游离气运移到适宜的温压场中并形成水合物。在对上述研究进行总结归纳的基础上,初步提出了南海北部陆坡构造坡折带中天然气水合物的成藏模式。
The structural slope break zone(SSBZ),which constrains the change in the accommodation space of the basins,controlling the development of the depositional sequence and the distribution of the depositional system tracts and the sand bodies,resulting in the abrupt change of the depositional slope,is initiated by the long term activity of syndepositional structure.Researches show that distribution of petroleum is closely connected with the SSBZ.The paper introduce the term of "Structural Slope-Break Zone" into the investigation and research of gas hydrate first time and concludes that SSBZ is an important structural unit for the formation and accumulation of gas hydrate.Furthermore,the paper analyzes the role of SSBZ controlling in gas hydrate in view of gradient of seafloor,fault,temperature,and pressure.Statistics show that the average gradient of the seafloor where BSR is recognized is between 10×10-2～30×10-2.The paper calculates the structural intensity of area D in the north slope of the SCS by introduction of structural intensity and design of algorithm,which shows that there are some favorable relationship between areas of hypo-value of structural intensity and BSR.The paper calculates the temperature and pressure in SSBZ based on high resolution seismic data and finds that the free gas can always meet the favorable P-T environment and form gas hydrates when the gas transfers in the SSBZ because of the continuously various P-T environment in the structure.We put forward a model of the accumulation of gas hydrate in SSBZ primarily in the end based on the summarizing of the achievements mentioned above.
The structural slope break zone(SSBZ),which constrains the change in the accommodation space of the basins,controlling the development of the depositional sequence and the distribution of the depositional system tracts and the sand bodies,resulting in the abrupt change of the depositional slope,is initiated by the long term activity of syndepositional structure.Researches show that distribution of petroleum is closely connected with the SSBZ.The paper introduce the term of "Structural Slope-Break Zone" into the investigation and research of gas hydrate first time and concludes that SSBZ is an important structural unit for the formation and accumulation of gas hydrate.Furthermore,the paper analyzes the role of SSBZ controlling in gas hydrate in view of gradient of seafloor,fault,temperature,and pressure.Statistics show that the average gradient of the seafloor where BSR is recognized is between 10×10-2～30×10-2.The paper calculates the structural intensity of area D in the north slope of the SCS by introduction of structural intensity and design of algorithm,which shows that there are some favorable relationship between areas of hypo-value of structural intensity and BSR.The paper calculates the temperature and pressure in SSBZ based on high resolution seismic data and finds that the free gas can always meet the favorable P-T environment and form gas hydrates when the gas transfers in the SSBZ because of the continuously various P-T environment in the structure.We put forward a model of the accumulation of gas hydrate in SSBZ primarily in the end based on the summarizing of the achievements mentioned above.
引文
1任建业,陆永潮,张青林.断陷盆地构造坡折带形成机制及其对层序发育样式的控制[J].地球科学(中国地质大学学报),2004,29(5):596-602[Ren Jianye,Lu Yongchao,Zhang Qinglin.Forming mechanism of structural slope-break and its control on sequence style in faulted basin[J].Earth Science(Journal of China University of Geosci-ences),2004,29(5):596-602]
2林畅松,潘元林,肖建新,等.“构造坡折带”——断陷盆地层序分析和油气预测的重要概念[J].地球科学(中国地质大学学报),2000,25(3):260-266[Lin Changsong,Pan Yuanlin,Xiao Jianxin,et al.Structural slope-break zone:key concept for stratigraphic sequence and analysis and petroleum forecasting in fault subsidence basins[J].Earth Science(Journal of China University of Geosciences),2000,25(3):260-266]
3李思田,潘元林,陆永潮,等.断陷湖盆隐蔽油藏预测及勘探的关键技术——高精度地震探测基础上的层序地层学研究[J].地球科学(中国地质大学学报),2002,27(5):592-598[Li Sitian,Pan Yuanlin,Lu Yongchao,et al.Key technology of prospecting and explo-ration of subtle traps in lacustrine fault basins:sequence stratigraphic researches on the basis of high resolution seismic survey[J].Earth Sci-ence(Journal of China University of Geosciences),2002,27(5):592-598]
4姜秀芳,宗国洪,郭玉新,等.断裂坡折带低位扇成因及成藏模式[J].石油与天然气地质,2002,23(2):143-155[Jiang Xiufang,Zong Guohong,Guo Yuxin,et al.Origin of lowstand fan in faulted-topo-graphic break and play’s characteristics[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2002,23(2):143-155]
5刘豪,王英民,王媛,等.大型坳陷湖盆坡折带的研究及其意义——以准噶尔盆地西北缘侏罗纪坳陷湖盆为例[J].沉积学报,2004,22(1):95-102[Liu Hao,Wang Yingmin,Wang Yuan,et al.Study on slope breaks in large down warped lake basins and its signifi-cance:a case study from Jurassic lake in northwestern Junggar Basin[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2004,22(1):95-102]
6王英民,刘豪,李立诚,等.准噶尔大型坳陷湖盆坡折带的类型和分布特征[J].地球科学(中国地质大学学报),2002,27(6):683-688[Wang Yingmin,Liu Hao,Li Licheng,et al.Types and distribu-tion characteristics of slope breaks of large-type down-warped lake ba-sins[J].Earth Science(Journal of China University of Geosciences),2002,27(6):683-688]
7Collett TS.Natural gas hydrates of the Prudhoe Bay and Kupruk River area,North Slope,Alask[J].American Association of PetroleumGeolo-gists Bulletin,1993,77(5):793-812
8Yamazaki Akira.MITI’s plan of research and development for technol-ogy of methane hydrate development as domestic gas resources[C].Co-penhagen:20th World Gas Conference,1997
9Anon.Gas hydrates to boost India’s gas resource[J].Oil and Gas Journal,1997,95(37):28-39
10雷怀彦,王先彬,房玄,等.天然气水合物研究现状与未来挑战[J].沉积学报,1999,17(3):493-498[Lei Huaiyan,Wang Xian-bin,Fang Xuan,et al.Current situation of gas hydrates resarch and challenges for future[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,1999,17(3):493-498]
11姚伯初.南海北部陆缘天然气水合物初探[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1998,18(4):11-181[Yao Bochu.Preliminary exploration of gas hydrate in the northern margin of the South China Sea[J].Ma-rine Geology&Quaternary Geology,1998,18(4):11-181]
12姚伯初.南海的天然气水合物矿藏[J].热带海洋学报,2001,20(2):20-281[Yao Bochu.The gas hydrate in the South China Sea[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography,2001,20(2):20-281]
13张光学,黄永样,祝有海,等.南海天然气水合物的成矿远景[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2002,22(1):75-811[Zhang Guangxue,Huang Yongyang,Zhu Youhai,et al.Prospect of gas hydrate re-sources in the South China Sea[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Ge-ology,2002,22(1):75-811]
14刘学伟,李敏锋,张聿文,等.天然气水合物地震响应研究——中国南海HD152测线应用实例[J].现代地质,2004,33-38[Liu Xuewei,Li Minfeng,Zhang Yuwen,et al.Studies of seismic charac-teristics about gas hydrate:a case study of line HD152in the South China Sea[J].Geoscience,2004,33-38]
15刘坚,陆红锋,廖志良,等.东沙海域浅层沉积物硫化物分布特征及其与天然气水合物的关系[J].地学前缘,2005,3:258-262[Liu Jian,Lu Hongfeng,Liao Zhiliang,et al.Distribution of sulfides in shallowsediments in Dongsha area,South China Sea,and its relation-ship to gas hydrates[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2005,3:258-262]
16苏新,陈芳,于兴河,等.南海陆坡中新世以来沉积物的特性与气体水合物的分布初探[J].现代地质,2005,3:1-13[Su Xin,Chen Fang,Yu Xinghe,et al.A pilot study on Miocene through Holocene sediments from the continental slope of the South China Sea in correla-tion with possible distribution of gas hydrates[J].Geoscience,2005,3:1-13]
17陈多福,姚伯初,赵振华,等.珠江口和琼东南盆地天然气水合物形成和稳定分布的地球化学边界条件及其分布区[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2001,21(4):73-78[Chen Duofu,Yao Bochu,Zhao Zhenhua,et al.Geochemical constraints and potential distributions of gas hydrates in Pearl River Mouth basin and Qiongdongnan basin and in the northern margin of the South China Sea[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2001,21(4):73-78]
18蒋少涌,杨涛,薛紫晨,等.南海北部海区海底沉积物中孔隙水的Cl-和SO24-浓度异常特征及其对天然气水合物的指示意义[J].现代地质,2005,19(1):45-54[Jiang Shaoyong,Yang Tao,Xue Zichen,et al.Chlorine and sulfate concentrations in pore waters from marine sediments in the north margin of the South China Sea and their implications for gas hydrate exploration[J].Geoscience,2005,19(1):45-54]
19祝有海,饶竹,刘坚,等.南海西沙海槽S14站位的地球化学异常特征及其意义[J].现代地质,2005,19(1):39-44[Zhu Youhai,Rao Zhu,Liu Jian,et al.Geochemical anomalies and their implica-tion from site14,the Xisha trough,the South China Sea[J].Geosci-ence,2005,19(1):39-44]
20李振宏,崔泽宏,李林涛.断裂坡折带对海相沉积层序的影响——以鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩为例[J].海相油气地质,2004,9(1-2):31-36[Li Zhenhong,Cui Zehong,Li Lintao.Influence of fractured slope break zone on sedimentary se-quence:cases of Ordovician marine carbonate rock in the western margin area of Ordos Basin[J].Marine Origin Petroleum Geology,2004,9(1-2):31-36]
21林畅松,刘景彦,张燕梅.沉积盆地动力学与模拟研究[J].地学前缘.1998,5(增刊):119-125[Lin Changsong,Liu Jingyan,Zhang Yanmei.Geodynamic and modeling of sedimentary basins[J].Earth Science Frontiers,1998,5(Suppl.):119-125]
22杨道庆,赵追,贾曙光,等.东庄次凹边缘断层坡折带对油气成藏的作用[J].大庆石油地质与开发,2002,21(3):14-16[Yang Daoqing,Zhao Zhui,Jia Shuguang,et al.Reservoir forming condi-tions in fault slope break at the margin of Dongzhuang subdepression[J].PetroleumGeology&Oilfield Development in Daqing,2002,21(3):14-16]
23方玉斌,刘秋生,刘淑,等.缓坡坡折带———箕状断陷的精华[J].断块油气田,2003,10(1):15-18[Fang Yubin,Liu Qiush-eng,Liu Shu,et al.Slow slope fold belt-the soul of half graben rift[J].Fault-block Oil&Gas Field,2003,10(1):15-18]
24王宏斌,张光学,杨木壮,等.南海陆坡天然气水合物成藏的构造环境.海洋地质与第四纪地质[J].2003,23(1):81-86[Wang Hongbin,Zhang Guangxue,Yang Muzhuang,et al.Structural circum-stance of gas hydrate deposition in the continent margin,the South China Sea[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2003.23(1):81-86]
25Milkov A V.Worldwide distribution of submarine mud volcanoes and associated gas hydrates[J].Marine Geology,2000,167:29-42
26Xu W,Ruppel C.Predicting the occurrence,distribution and evolu-tion of methane gas hydrate in porous marine sediments[J].Journal of Geophysics Research,1999,104:5081-5096
27关连绪.浅谈构造强度控矿[J].黄金地质,2002,8(4):1-7[Guan Lianxu.Discussion on ore control of tectonic strength[J].Gold Geology,2002,8(4):1-7]
28冯志强,冯文科,薛万俊,等.南海北部地质灾害及海底工程地质条件评价[M].南京:河海大学出版社,1996[Feng Zhinqiang,Fei Wenke,Xue Wanjun,et al.Evaluation of Marine Geologic Hazards and Engineering Geological Conditions in the Northern South China Sea[M].Nanjing:Heihai University Publishing House,1996]
29王淑红,宋海斌,彦文,等.天然气水合物稳定带的计算方法与参数选择探讨[J].现代地质,2005,19(1):101-107[Wang Shu-hong,Song Haibin,Yan Wen,et al.Discussion of the calculation methods and selection of parameters of the gas hydrate stability zone[J].Geoscience,2005,19(1):101-107]
30Kaul N,Rosenberger A,Villinger H.Comparison of measured and BSR-derived heat flow values,Makram accretionary prism,Pakistan[J].Marine Geology,2000,164(1-2):37-51
31Hyndman R D,Wang K,Yuan T,et al.Tectonic sediment thicken-ing,fluid expulsion,and the thermal regime of subduction zone accre-tionary prisms:the Cascadia margin off Vancouver Island[J].Journal of Geophysics Research,1993,98:21865-21876
32Hyndman R D,Foucher J P,Yamano M,et al.Deep sea bottom-simulating-reflectors:calibration of the base of the hydrate stability field as used for heat flow estimates[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letter,1992,109:289-301
33Davis E E,Hyndman R D,Villinger H.Rates of fluid expulsion across the northern Cascadia accretionary prism:constraints from new heat flowand multichannel seismic reflection data[J].Journal of Geo-physics Research,1990,95:8869-8889
34Tamake K,Pisciotto K,Allen J,et al.Shipboard Scientific Party(hole796).Site796(Leg127).Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program,Initial Reports[C].College Station,Texas:Texas A&M U-niversity(Ocean Drilling Program),1990:247-322
35Trehu A M,Lin G,Maxwell E,et al.A seismic reflection profile across the Cascadia subduction zone offshore central Oregon:Newcon-straints on methane distribution and crystal structure[J].Journal of Geophysics Research,1995,100(B8):15101-15116
2林畅松,潘元林,肖建新,等.“构造坡折带”——断陷盆地层序分析和油气预测的重要概念[J].地球科学(中国地质大学学报),2000,25(3):260-266[Lin Changsong,Pan Yuanlin,Xiao Jianxin,et al.Structural slope-break zone:key concept for stratigraphic sequence and analysis and petroleum forecasting in fault subsidence basins[J].Earth Science(Journal of China University of Geosciences),2000,25(3):260-266]
3李思田,潘元林,陆永潮,等.断陷湖盆隐蔽油藏预测及勘探的关键技术——高精度地震探测基础上的层序地层学研究[J].地球科学(中国地质大学学报),2002,27(5):592-598[Li Sitian,Pan Yuanlin,Lu Yongchao,et al.Key technology of prospecting and explo-ration of subtle traps in lacustrine fault basins:sequence stratigraphic researches on the basis of high resolution seismic survey[J].Earth Sci-ence(Journal of China University of Geosciences),2002,27(5):592-598]
4姜秀芳,宗国洪,郭玉新,等.断裂坡折带低位扇成因及成藏模式[J].石油与天然气地质,2002,23(2):143-155[Jiang Xiufang,Zong Guohong,Guo Yuxin,et al.Origin of lowstand fan in faulted-topo-graphic break and play’s characteristics[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2002,23(2):143-155]
5刘豪,王英民,王媛,等.大型坳陷湖盆坡折带的研究及其意义——以准噶尔盆地西北缘侏罗纪坳陷湖盆为例[J].沉积学报,2004,22(1):95-102[Liu Hao,Wang Yingmin,Wang Yuan,et al.Study on slope breaks in large down warped lake basins and its signifi-cance:a case study from Jurassic lake in northwestern Junggar Basin[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2004,22(1):95-102]
6王英民,刘豪,李立诚,等.准噶尔大型坳陷湖盆坡折带的类型和分布特征[J].地球科学(中国地质大学学报),2002,27(6):683-688[Wang Yingmin,Liu Hao,Li Licheng,et al.Types and distribu-tion characteristics of slope breaks of large-type down-warped lake ba-sins[J].Earth Science(Journal of China University of Geosciences),2002,27(6):683-688]
7Collett TS.Natural gas hydrates of the Prudhoe Bay and Kupruk River area,North Slope,Alask[J].American Association of PetroleumGeolo-gists Bulletin,1993,77(5):793-812
8Yamazaki Akira.MITI’s plan of research and development for technol-ogy of methane hydrate development as domestic gas resources[C].Co-penhagen:20th World Gas Conference,1997
9Anon.Gas hydrates to boost India’s gas resource[J].Oil and Gas Journal,1997,95(37):28-39
10雷怀彦,王先彬,房玄,等.天然气水合物研究现状与未来挑战[J].沉积学报,1999,17(3):493-498[Lei Huaiyan,Wang Xian-bin,Fang Xuan,et al.Current situation of gas hydrates resarch and challenges for future[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,1999,17(3):493-498]
11姚伯初.南海北部陆缘天然气水合物初探[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1998,18(4):11-181[Yao Bochu.Preliminary exploration of gas hydrate in the northern margin of the South China Sea[J].Ma-rine Geology&Quaternary Geology,1998,18(4):11-181]
12姚伯初.南海的天然气水合物矿藏[J].热带海洋学报,2001,20(2):20-281[Yao Bochu.The gas hydrate in the South China Sea[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography,2001,20(2):20-281]
13张光学,黄永样,祝有海,等.南海天然气水合物的成矿远景[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2002,22(1):75-811[Zhang Guangxue,Huang Yongyang,Zhu Youhai,et al.Prospect of gas hydrate re-sources in the South China Sea[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Ge-ology,2002,22(1):75-811]
14刘学伟,李敏锋,张聿文,等.天然气水合物地震响应研究——中国南海HD152测线应用实例[J].现代地质,2004,33-38[Liu Xuewei,Li Minfeng,Zhang Yuwen,et al.Studies of seismic charac-teristics about gas hydrate:a case study of line HD152in the South China Sea[J].Geoscience,2004,33-38]
15刘坚,陆红锋,廖志良,等.东沙海域浅层沉积物硫化物分布特征及其与天然气水合物的关系[J].地学前缘,2005,3:258-262[Liu Jian,Lu Hongfeng,Liao Zhiliang,et al.Distribution of sulfides in shallowsediments in Dongsha area,South China Sea,and its relation-ship to gas hydrates[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2005,3:258-262]
16苏新,陈芳,于兴河,等.南海陆坡中新世以来沉积物的特性与气体水合物的分布初探[J].现代地质,2005,3:1-13[Su Xin,Chen Fang,Yu Xinghe,et al.A pilot study on Miocene through Holocene sediments from the continental slope of the South China Sea in correla-tion with possible distribution of gas hydrates[J].Geoscience,2005,3:1-13]
17陈多福,姚伯初,赵振华,等.珠江口和琼东南盆地天然气水合物形成和稳定分布的地球化学边界条件及其分布区[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2001,21(4):73-78[Chen Duofu,Yao Bochu,Zhao Zhenhua,et al.Geochemical constraints and potential distributions of gas hydrates in Pearl River Mouth basin and Qiongdongnan basin and in the northern margin of the South China Sea[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2001,21(4):73-78]
18蒋少涌,杨涛,薛紫晨,等.南海北部海区海底沉积物中孔隙水的Cl-和SO24-浓度异常特征及其对天然气水合物的指示意义[J].现代地质,2005,19(1):45-54[Jiang Shaoyong,Yang Tao,Xue Zichen,et al.Chlorine and sulfate concentrations in pore waters from marine sediments in the north margin of the South China Sea and their implications for gas hydrate exploration[J].Geoscience,2005,19(1):45-54]
19祝有海,饶竹,刘坚,等.南海西沙海槽S14站位的地球化学异常特征及其意义[J].现代地质,2005,19(1):39-44[Zhu Youhai,Rao Zhu,Liu Jian,et al.Geochemical anomalies and their implica-tion from site14,the Xisha trough,the South China Sea[J].Geosci-ence,2005,19(1):39-44]
20李振宏,崔泽宏,李林涛.断裂坡折带对海相沉积层序的影响——以鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩为例[J].海相油气地质,2004,9(1-2):31-36[Li Zhenhong,Cui Zehong,Li Lintao.Influence of fractured slope break zone on sedimentary se-quence:cases of Ordovician marine carbonate rock in the western margin area of Ordos Basin[J].Marine Origin Petroleum Geology,2004,9(1-2):31-36]
21林畅松,刘景彦,张燕梅.沉积盆地动力学与模拟研究[J].地学前缘.1998,5(增刊):119-125[Lin Changsong,Liu Jingyan,Zhang Yanmei.Geodynamic and modeling of sedimentary basins[J].Earth Science Frontiers,1998,5(Suppl.):119-125]
22杨道庆,赵追,贾曙光,等.东庄次凹边缘断层坡折带对油气成藏的作用[J].大庆石油地质与开发,2002,21(3):14-16[Yang Daoqing,Zhao Zhui,Jia Shuguang,et al.Reservoir forming condi-tions in fault slope break at the margin of Dongzhuang subdepression[J].PetroleumGeology&Oilfield Development in Daqing,2002,21(3):14-16]
23方玉斌,刘秋生,刘淑,等.缓坡坡折带———箕状断陷的精华[J].断块油气田,2003,10(1):15-18[Fang Yubin,Liu Qiush-eng,Liu Shu,et al.Slow slope fold belt-the soul of half graben rift[J].Fault-block Oil&Gas Field,2003,10(1):15-18]
24王宏斌,张光学,杨木壮,等.南海陆坡天然气水合物成藏的构造环境.海洋地质与第四纪地质[J].2003,23(1):81-86[Wang Hongbin,Zhang Guangxue,Yang Muzhuang,et al.Structural circum-stance of gas hydrate deposition in the continent margin,the South China Sea[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2003.23(1):81-86]
25Milkov A V.Worldwide distribution of submarine mud volcanoes and associated gas hydrates[J].Marine Geology,2000,167:29-42
26Xu W,Ruppel C.Predicting the occurrence,distribution and evolu-tion of methane gas hydrate in porous marine sediments[J].Journal of Geophysics Research,1999,104:5081-5096
27关连绪.浅谈构造强度控矿[J].黄金地质,2002,8(4):1-7[Guan Lianxu.Discussion on ore control of tectonic strength[J].Gold Geology,2002,8(4):1-7]
28冯志强,冯文科,薛万俊,等.南海北部地质灾害及海底工程地质条件评价[M].南京:河海大学出版社,1996[Feng Zhinqiang,Fei Wenke,Xue Wanjun,et al.Evaluation of Marine Geologic Hazards and Engineering Geological Conditions in the Northern South China Sea[M].Nanjing:Heihai University Publishing House,1996]
29王淑红,宋海斌,彦文,等.天然气水合物稳定带的计算方法与参数选择探讨[J].现代地质,2005,19(1):101-107[Wang Shu-hong,Song Haibin,Yan Wen,et al.Discussion of the calculation methods and selection of parameters of the gas hydrate stability zone[J].Geoscience,2005,19(1):101-107]
30Kaul N,Rosenberger A,Villinger H.Comparison of measured and BSR-derived heat flow values,Makram accretionary prism,Pakistan[J].Marine Geology,2000,164(1-2):37-51
31Hyndman R D,Wang K,Yuan T,et al.Tectonic sediment thicken-ing,fluid expulsion,and the thermal regime of subduction zone accre-tionary prisms:the Cascadia margin off Vancouver Island[J].Journal of Geophysics Research,1993,98:21865-21876
32Hyndman R D,Foucher J P,Yamano M,et al.Deep sea bottom-simulating-reflectors:calibration of the base of the hydrate stability field as used for heat flow estimates[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letter,1992,109:289-301
33Davis E E,Hyndman R D,Villinger H.Rates of fluid expulsion across the northern Cascadia accretionary prism:constraints from new heat flowand multichannel seismic reflection data[J].Journal of Geo-physics Research,1990,95:8869-8889
34Tamake K,Pisciotto K,Allen J,et al.Shipboard Scientific Party(hole796).Site796(Leg127).Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program,Initial Reports[C].College Station,Texas:Texas A&M U-niversity(Ocean Drilling Program),1990:247-322
35Trehu A M,Lin G,Maxwell E,et al.A seismic reflection profile across the Cascadia subduction zone offshore central Oregon:Newcon-straints on methane distribution and crystal structure[J].Journal of Geophysics Research,1995,100(B8):15101-15116
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心