海底活动断裂研究方法及我国近海活动断裂研究
摘要
海底断裂引起的地震/海啸等灾害有着巨大的破坏性,这使得地震和地质学家越来越关注那些位于海底之下的活动断裂。总结了20世纪90年代以来国外在海底活动断裂研究中常用的技术方法和手段,这些方法包括高分辨率声学探测技术、水下照相/摄像技术、定年技术、海底钻孔取样、GPS变形测量和OBS观测等,而我国也正逐渐拥有和掌握这些技术方法。目前,我国对海底活动断裂的研究尚处于起步阶段。在我国近海海域中,渤海和福建—粤东沿海是强震的多发区,主要与几条规模较大的海底断裂的活动密切相关,如郯庐断裂渤海段,张家口—蓬莱断裂和华南的滨海断裂等,因此,为了增强对近岸海域地震的预测、评价地震危险性并对地震所造成的灾害进行评估,有必要在上述海域开展海底活动断裂的研究。
引文
[1]国家海洋局第一海洋研究所.青岛市活动断层海域控制性浅地层探测报告.2006.
[2]国家海洋局第一海洋研究所.天津海河及近海浅地层探测报告.2006.
[1]江娃利.有关1976年唐山地震发震断层的讨论[J]地震地质,2006,28(2):312-315.
[2]Awata Y,Mizuno K,Sugiyama Y,et al.Surface faults associated with the Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake of1995[J].Chishitsu-News,1995,486:16-20.
[3]Niemi T M,Hall N T.Late Holocene slip rate and re-currence of great earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault in northern California[J].Geology,1992,20:195-198.
[4]徐杰,高祥林,陈国光,等.2004年12月26日印度尼西亚8.7级大地震构造背景的初步分析[J].地震地质,2005,27(2):324-327.
[5]Harinarayana T,Hirata N.Destructive earthquake and disastrous tsunami inthe Indian Ocean,what next?[J].Gondwana Research(Gondwana Newsletter Section),2005,8(2):246-257.
[6]Taymaz T,Jackson J A,McKenzie D P.Active tecton-ics of the north and central Aegean Sea[J].Geophysical Journal International,1991,106:433-490.
[7]Alvarez-Marr NJ.Pliocene to Holocene structure of the eastern Alboran Sea(Western Mediterranean)[C]//Zahn R,Comas M C,Klaus A(Eds.).Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program.Scientific Results,1999,161:145-156.
[8]Itoh Y,Tsutsumi H,Yamamoto H,et al.Active right-lateral strike-slipfault zone alongthe southern margin of the Japan Sea[J].Tectonophysics,2002,351:301-314.
[9]Okay A,Demirbag E,Kurt H,et al.An active,deep marine strike-slip basin along the North Anatolian fault in Turkey[J].Tectonics,1999,18(1):129-147.
[10]Dverchre J,Yelles K,Domzig A,et al.Active thrust faulting offshore Boumerdes,Algeria,andits relations to the2003Mw6.9earthquake[J].Geophysical Re-search Letters,2005,32.
[11]Wu S G,Sakamoto I,Xu J R,et al.A Comprehensive investigation of an offshore active fault in the Western Sagami Bay,central Japan[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2002,76(3):300-307.
[12]Okay AI,Kaslilar-Ozcan,I mren A C,et al.Active faults and evolving strike-slip fault basins in the Mar-mara Sea,northwest Turkey:A multichannel reflec-tion study[J].Tectonophysics,2000,312:189-218.
[13]I mren C,Le Pichon X,Rangin C,et al.The North Anatolian fault within the Sea of Marmara:A new e-valuation based on multichannel seismic and multibeam data[J].Earth Planetary Science Letter,2001,186:143-158.
[14]Demirbag E,Rangin C,Le Pichon X,et al.Investiga-tion of the tectonics of the Main Marmara Fault by means of deep-towed seismic data[J].Tectonophys-ics,2003,361:1-19.
[15]Gazioglu C,Gokasan E,Algan O,et al.Morphologic features of the Marmara Sea from multibeamdata[J].Marine Geology,2002,190(1):397-420.
[16]Yaltirak C,Alpar B.Evolution of the middle strand of north Anatolian Fault and shallowseismicinvestigation of the southestern Marmara Sea(Gemlik bay)[J].Marine Geology,2002,190:307-328.
[17]Armijo R,Pondard N,Meyer B,et al.Submarine fault scarps in the Sea of Marmara pull-apart(North Anatolian Fault):I mplications for seismic hazard in Istanbul[J].Journal of the Earth Sciences,2005,6(6).
[18]Lyons J B,Snellenburg J.Datingfaults[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1971,82(6):1749-1751.
[19]Ikeya M,Mlki T,Tanaka K.Dating of a fault by ESR On intra-fault materials[J].Science,1982,215:1392-l393.
[20]Fukuchi T.ESR studies for absolute dating of fault movements[J].Journal of Geology Society,1992,149:265-272.
[21]卢演俦.活动构造测年方法和年代学研究的现状与问题.[M]//国家地震局地质研究所.现今地球动力学研究及其应用.北京:地震出版社,1994:380-388.
[22]Grn R.Remarks on ESR dating of fault movements[J].Journal of the Geological Society,1992,149(2):261-264.
[23]Toyoda S,Rink WJ,Schwarcz H P,et al.Crushing effects on TL and quartz:Relevance to fault dating[J].Radiation Measurements,2000,32:667-672.
[24]赵根模,赵国敏,杨港生,等.声波探测显示的渤海湾西部全新世断层活动[J].中国地震,2005,21(2):139-146.
[25]Hail wood E A,Maddock R H,Fung T,et al.Palaeo-magnetic analysis of fault gouge and dating fault move-ment,Anglesey,North Wales[J].Journal of the Geo-logical Society,1992,149(2):273-284.
[26]McClusky S,Balassanian S,Barka A,et al.Global Po-sitioning Systemconstraints onthe plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2000,105:5695-5720.
[27]Meade B J,Hager B H,McClusky S,et al.Esti mates of seismic potential in the Marmara Sea region from block models of secular deformation constrained by Global Positioning System measurements[J].Seismol-ogy.Society of America Bulletin,2002,92:208-215.
[28]Flerit F,Armijo R,King G C,et al.Slip partitioning in the Sea of Marmara pull-apart determined from GPS velocity vectors[J].Geophysical Journal International,2003,154:1-7.
[29]Straub C,Kahle H G,Schindler C.GPS and geologic esti mates of the tectonic activityinthe Marmara Sea re-gion,NW Anatolia[J].Journal of Geophysical Re-search(Solid Earth),1997,B12:27587-27601.
[30]Taymaz T,Kasahara J,Hirn A,et al.Investigations of microearthquake activity within the Sea of Marmara and surrounding regions by using ocean bottom seis-mometers(OBS)andland seismographs:Initial results[C]//Taymaz T.(Ed.),Symposia on Seismotectonics of the Northwestern Anatolia-Aegean and Recent Turkish Earthquakes.Scientific Activities2001(Fac-ulty of Mines),Istanbul Technical University:Istan-bul,2001:42-51.
[31]Sato T,Kasahara J,Taymaz T,et al.Astudy of mi-croearthquake seismicity and focal mechanisms within the Sea of Marmara(NWTurkey)using ocean bottom seismometers(OBSs)[J].Tectonophysics,2004,391:303-314
[32]丁祥焕.福建东南沿海活动断裂与地震[M].福州:福建科学技术出版社,1999.
[33]邓起东,闽伟,晁洪太,等.渤海地区新生代构造与地震活动[M]//卢演俦等主编.新构造与环境.北京:地震出版社,2001:218-233.
[34]顾功叙.中国地震目录[M].北京:科学出版社,1983:188.
[35]环文林,汪素云,常向东,等.渤海地震活动特征[J].地震研究,1989,12(1):1-9.
[36]刁守中,蒋海昆.渤海及其邻区地震活动特征和构造涵义[J].地震学刊,1990,3:7-17.
[37]魏光兴,季同仁.渤海地震的研究综述[J].地震学刊,1990,3:1-6.
[38]晁洪太,李家灵,崔昭文,等.郯庐断裂带中段全新世活断层的特征滑动行为与特征地震[J].内陆地震,1994,8(4):297-300.
[39]高战武.张家口—蓬莱断裂带地震地质特征研究[D].北京:中国地震局地质研究所,2001.
[40]Xu J,Gao Z W,Sun J B,et a1.Apreli minary study on geological and seismogenic structures in the region of1969M7.4Bohai Sea earthquake[J].Earthquake Re-searchin China,,2001,15(4):365-37.
[41]丁学仁.闽粤海外历史地震与台湾海峡现今强震活动图象[J].中国地震,1998,14(3):51-59
[42]廖其林,王振明,王屏路,等。福州—泉州—汕头地区地壳结构的爆炸地震研究[J].地球物理学报,1988,31(3):270-280.
[43]Nissen S S,Hayes D E,Buhl P,et al.Deep penetration seismic soundings across the north margin of the South China Sea[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1995,100(B11):22407-22433.
[44]Yan P,Zhou D,Liu Z S.A crustal structure profile across the northern continental margin of the South China Sea[J].Tectonophysics,2001,338:1-21.
[45]Chen A T,Nakamura Y.Velocity structure beneath eastern offshore of southern Tai wan based on OBS da-ta andits tectonic significance[J].TAO,1998,9(3):409-424.
[46]赵明辉,丘学林,叶春明,等.南海东北部海陆深地震联测与滨海断裂带两侧地壳结构分析[J].地球物理学报,2004,47(5):845-852.
[47]胡政,丁东.渤海地震震中附近地区浅层地质构造特征[J].地震学刊,1990,3:26-32.
[48]王志才,邓起东,晁洪太,等.山东半岛北部近海海域北西向蓬莱—威海断裂带的声波探测[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(4):1092-1101.
[49]郑彦鹏,王勇,陈宇坤,等.天津塘沽地区海河断裂的浅部构造特征[J].海洋科学进展,2006,24(3):307-313.
[2]国家海洋局第一海洋研究所.天津海河及近海浅地层探测报告.2006.
[1]江娃利.有关1976年唐山地震发震断层的讨论[J]地震地质,2006,28(2):312-315.
[2]Awata Y,Mizuno K,Sugiyama Y,et al.Surface faults associated with the Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake of1995[J].Chishitsu-News,1995,486:16-20.
[3]Niemi T M,Hall N T.Late Holocene slip rate and re-currence of great earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault in northern California[J].Geology,1992,20:195-198.
[4]徐杰,高祥林,陈国光,等.2004年12月26日印度尼西亚8.7级大地震构造背景的初步分析[J].地震地质,2005,27(2):324-327.
[5]Harinarayana T,Hirata N.Destructive earthquake and disastrous tsunami inthe Indian Ocean,what next?[J].Gondwana Research(Gondwana Newsletter Section),2005,8(2):246-257.
[6]Taymaz T,Jackson J A,McKenzie D P.Active tecton-ics of the north and central Aegean Sea[J].Geophysical Journal International,1991,106:433-490.
[7]Alvarez-Marr NJ.Pliocene to Holocene structure of the eastern Alboran Sea(Western Mediterranean)[C]//Zahn R,Comas M C,Klaus A(Eds.).Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program.Scientific Results,1999,161:145-156.
[8]Itoh Y,Tsutsumi H,Yamamoto H,et al.Active right-lateral strike-slipfault zone alongthe southern margin of the Japan Sea[J].Tectonophysics,2002,351:301-314.
[9]Okay A,Demirbag E,Kurt H,et al.An active,deep marine strike-slip basin along the North Anatolian fault in Turkey[J].Tectonics,1999,18(1):129-147.
[10]Dverchre J,Yelles K,Domzig A,et al.Active thrust faulting offshore Boumerdes,Algeria,andits relations to the2003Mw6.9earthquake[J].Geophysical Re-search Letters,2005,32.
[11]Wu S G,Sakamoto I,Xu J R,et al.A Comprehensive investigation of an offshore active fault in the Western Sagami Bay,central Japan[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2002,76(3):300-307.
[12]Okay AI,Kaslilar-Ozcan,I mren A C,et al.Active faults and evolving strike-slip fault basins in the Mar-mara Sea,northwest Turkey:A multichannel reflec-tion study[J].Tectonophysics,2000,312:189-218.
[13]I mren C,Le Pichon X,Rangin C,et al.The North Anatolian fault within the Sea of Marmara:A new e-valuation based on multichannel seismic and multibeam data[J].Earth Planetary Science Letter,2001,186:143-158.
[14]Demirbag E,Rangin C,Le Pichon X,et al.Investiga-tion of the tectonics of the Main Marmara Fault by means of deep-towed seismic data[J].Tectonophys-ics,2003,361:1-19.
[15]Gazioglu C,Gokasan E,Algan O,et al.Morphologic features of the Marmara Sea from multibeamdata[J].Marine Geology,2002,190(1):397-420.
[16]Yaltirak C,Alpar B.Evolution of the middle strand of north Anatolian Fault and shallowseismicinvestigation of the southestern Marmara Sea(Gemlik bay)[J].Marine Geology,2002,190:307-328.
[17]Armijo R,Pondard N,Meyer B,et al.Submarine fault scarps in the Sea of Marmara pull-apart(North Anatolian Fault):I mplications for seismic hazard in Istanbul[J].Journal of the Earth Sciences,2005,6(6).
[18]Lyons J B,Snellenburg J.Datingfaults[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1971,82(6):1749-1751.
[19]Ikeya M,Mlki T,Tanaka K.Dating of a fault by ESR On intra-fault materials[J].Science,1982,215:1392-l393.
[20]Fukuchi T.ESR studies for absolute dating of fault movements[J].Journal of Geology Society,1992,149:265-272.
[21]卢演俦.活动构造测年方法和年代学研究的现状与问题.[M]//国家地震局地质研究所.现今地球动力学研究及其应用.北京:地震出版社,1994:380-388.
[22]Grn R.Remarks on ESR dating of fault movements[J].Journal of the Geological Society,1992,149(2):261-264.
[23]Toyoda S,Rink WJ,Schwarcz H P,et al.Crushing effects on TL and quartz:Relevance to fault dating[J].Radiation Measurements,2000,32:667-672.
[24]赵根模,赵国敏,杨港生,等.声波探测显示的渤海湾西部全新世断层活动[J].中国地震,2005,21(2):139-146.
[25]Hail wood E A,Maddock R H,Fung T,et al.Palaeo-magnetic analysis of fault gouge and dating fault move-ment,Anglesey,North Wales[J].Journal of the Geo-logical Society,1992,149(2):273-284.
[26]McClusky S,Balassanian S,Barka A,et al.Global Po-sitioning Systemconstraints onthe plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2000,105:5695-5720.
[27]Meade B J,Hager B H,McClusky S,et al.Esti mates of seismic potential in the Marmara Sea region from block models of secular deformation constrained by Global Positioning System measurements[J].Seismol-ogy.Society of America Bulletin,2002,92:208-215.
[28]Flerit F,Armijo R,King G C,et al.Slip partitioning in the Sea of Marmara pull-apart determined from GPS velocity vectors[J].Geophysical Journal International,2003,154:1-7.
[29]Straub C,Kahle H G,Schindler C.GPS and geologic esti mates of the tectonic activityinthe Marmara Sea re-gion,NW Anatolia[J].Journal of Geophysical Re-search(Solid Earth),1997,B12:27587-27601.
[30]Taymaz T,Kasahara J,Hirn A,et al.Investigations of microearthquake activity within the Sea of Marmara and surrounding regions by using ocean bottom seis-mometers(OBS)andland seismographs:Initial results[C]//Taymaz T.(Ed.),Symposia on Seismotectonics of the Northwestern Anatolia-Aegean and Recent Turkish Earthquakes.Scientific Activities2001(Fac-ulty of Mines),Istanbul Technical University:Istan-bul,2001:42-51.
[31]Sato T,Kasahara J,Taymaz T,et al.Astudy of mi-croearthquake seismicity and focal mechanisms within the Sea of Marmara(NWTurkey)using ocean bottom seismometers(OBSs)[J].Tectonophysics,2004,391:303-314
[32]丁祥焕.福建东南沿海活动断裂与地震[M].福州:福建科学技术出版社,1999.
[33]邓起东,闽伟,晁洪太,等.渤海地区新生代构造与地震活动[M]//卢演俦等主编.新构造与环境.北京:地震出版社,2001:218-233.
[34]顾功叙.中国地震目录[M].北京:科学出版社,1983:188.
[35]环文林,汪素云,常向东,等.渤海地震活动特征[J].地震研究,1989,12(1):1-9.
[36]刁守中,蒋海昆.渤海及其邻区地震活动特征和构造涵义[J].地震学刊,1990,3:7-17.
[37]魏光兴,季同仁.渤海地震的研究综述[J].地震学刊,1990,3:1-6.
[38]晁洪太,李家灵,崔昭文,等.郯庐断裂带中段全新世活断层的特征滑动行为与特征地震[J].内陆地震,1994,8(4):297-300.
[39]高战武.张家口—蓬莱断裂带地震地质特征研究[D].北京:中国地震局地质研究所,2001.
[40]Xu J,Gao Z W,Sun J B,et a1.Apreli minary study on geological and seismogenic structures in the region of1969M7.4Bohai Sea earthquake[J].Earthquake Re-searchin China,,2001,15(4):365-37.
[41]丁学仁.闽粤海外历史地震与台湾海峡现今强震活动图象[J].中国地震,1998,14(3):51-59
[42]廖其林,王振明,王屏路,等。福州—泉州—汕头地区地壳结构的爆炸地震研究[J].地球物理学报,1988,31(3):270-280.
[43]Nissen S S,Hayes D E,Buhl P,et al.Deep penetration seismic soundings across the north margin of the South China Sea[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1995,100(B11):22407-22433.
[44]Yan P,Zhou D,Liu Z S.A crustal structure profile across the northern continental margin of the South China Sea[J].Tectonophysics,2001,338:1-21.
[45]Chen A T,Nakamura Y.Velocity structure beneath eastern offshore of southern Tai wan based on OBS da-ta andits tectonic significance[J].TAO,1998,9(3):409-424.
[46]赵明辉,丘学林,叶春明,等.南海东北部海陆深地震联测与滨海断裂带两侧地壳结构分析[J].地球物理学报,2004,47(5):845-852.
[47]胡政,丁东.渤海地震震中附近地区浅层地质构造特征[J].地震学刊,1990,3:26-32.
[48]王志才,邓起东,晁洪太,等.山东半岛北部近海海域北西向蓬莱—威海断裂带的声波探测[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(4):1092-1101.
[49]郑彦鹏,王勇,陈宇坤,等.天津塘沽地区海河断裂的浅部构造特征[J].海洋科学进展,2006,24(3):307-313.
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