强震造成的活动地块地壳形变差异探讨
|
摘要
20 0 1年 11月 14日发生在昆仑山口西的 8 1级地震 ,在地表产生了长度大于 35 0km的破裂带 ,最大水平位移 6m左右 ,为左旋走滑断层。在昆仑山口西 8 1级地震周围不同活动地块内不同构造部位布设的GPS基准站对地震的响应存在明显的差异。其中位于柴达木活动地块内部的德令哈基准站在地震的当天观测到 7 5mm的同震位移 ,位于川滇活动地块西南边界带的下关基准站在震后 3d发生了 6 8mm以上的明显位移 ,而位于同一地块内部的昆明基准站和位于祁连山活动地块内的西宁基准站、位于拉萨活动地块内的拉萨基准站震时和震后都没有产生明显的位移。GPS基准站的观测资料表明 ,强震所处的活动地块和其相邻活动地块对强震有明显的响应 ,如果相隔一活动地块 ,则受强震的影响较小 ;在活动地块内 ,活动强烈的边界带或其它活动较强的部位对强震引起的地壳形变的响应明显大于活动强度较弱的部位 ;强震对相邻活动地块影响的差异 ,主要与强震所处活动地块运动时对其产生的作用方式的差异有关。
The most remarkable feature of Cenozoic and present day tectonic deformation of the continental lithosphere of China is that the crust has been cut by huge late Quaternary active faults, forming active crustal blocks of different orders. Various active crustal blocks exhibit different horizontal movement and different deformation styles. The inner part of the active crustal block is relatively stable. Deformation commonly takes places along their boundary structures, and most of the great earthquakes ( M ≥7) occur along these boundaries. In order to monitor crustal movement in China mainland, China Crustal Movement Observation Network has disposed 25 continuous GPS base stations in the main tectonic units all over the country. These stations had been run for 3 years from March 1999 to December 2001. On 14 Nov. 2001, an earthquake of M S 8.1 occurred to the west of the Kunlun Mountain Pass. This event has produced a surface rupture zone of more than 350km in length with a general strike of 70°～90°. The rupture zone is dominated by left lateral strike slipping, and the largest horizontal displacement is about 6m. The observation data of continuous GPS measurement stations show that various GPS stations in different active blocks around this earthquake site had different responses to the earthquake. The GPS station within the active block where the earthquake occurred, such as the Delingha station, exhibited very obvious displacement. However, no obvious displacement was observed at the GPS stations located in the active blocks that are secluded by one active block from the earthquake site,such as the Lhasa GPS station. If the GPS stations are located on the boundary structures of the active blocks adjacent to the earthquake site, such as the Xiaguan GPS station, then they would record obvious displacements several days after the occurrence of the earthquake. If the stations are located within the active blocks, such as the Xining and Kunming GPS stations, no obvious displacement would be observed. However, no obvious displacements was observed at the Xiaguan GPS station after Burma earthquake ( M =7.2) occurred in the north of Burma active block, although the epicentral distance of this earthquake (about 370km) is significantly less than that of the west of Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake. This can be attributed to the relative small magnitude of the Burma earthquake, which did not cause the compression of the Sichuan Yunnan active block. This fact may indicate that the deformation on the boundary zone of the active block is obviously stronger than that occurs within the block, and it is independent to the epicentral distance. The difference of the effects of great earthquakes on its adjacent active blocks depends mainly on the mode of action on the adjacent block by the movement of active block where the great earthquake occurs. If the movement of the block results in compression of the adjacent block, then the effect of the earthquake will be obvious, while the movement does not result in compression of the adjacent block, no obvious effect can be recorded by the GPS station in this block, because the effect may rapidly decrease when it passes through the boundary zone of the block. The observation data of the GPS stations in response to great earthquake demonstrate that more effective monitoring of earthquake related crustal movement can be fulfilled, provided that the GPS stations are reasonably disposed within the active blocks and on their boundary zones.
The most remarkable feature of Cenozoic and present day tectonic deformation of the continental lithosphere of China is that the crust has been cut by huge late Quaternary active faults, forming active crustal blocks of different orders. Various active crustal blocks exhibit different horizontal movement and different deformation styles. The inner part of the active crustal block is relatively stable. Deformation commonly takes places along their boundary structures, and most of the great earthquakes ( M ≥7) occur along these boundaries. In order to monitor crustal movement in China mainland, China Crustal Movement Observation Network has disposed 25 continuous GPS base stations in the main tectonic units all over the country. These stations had been run for 3 years from March 1999 to December 2001. On 14 Nov. 2001, an earthquake of M S 8.1 occurred to the west of the Kunlun Mountain Pass. This event has produced a surface rupture zone of more than 350km in length with a general strike of 70°～90°. The rupture zone is dominated by left lateral strike slipping, and the largest horizontal displacement is about 6m. The observation data of continuous GPS measurement stations show that various GPS stations in different active blocks around this earthquake site had different responses to the earthquake. The GPS station within the active block where the earthquake occurred, such as the Delingha station, exhibited very obvious displacement. However, no obvious displacement was observed at the GPS stations located in the active blocks that are secluded by one active block from the earthquake site,such as the Lhasa GPS station. If the GPS stations are located on the boundary structures of the active blocks adjacent to the earthquake site, such as the Xiaguan GPS station, then they would record obvious displacements several days after the occurrence of the earthquake. If the stations are located within the active blocks, such as the Xining and Kunming GPS stations, no obvious displacement would be observed. However, no obvious displacements was observed at the Xiaguan GPS station after Burma earthquake ( M =7.2) occurred in the north of Burma active block, although the epicentral distance of this earthquake (about 370km) is significantly less than that of the west of Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake. This can be attributed to the relative small magnitude of the Burma earthquake, which did not cause the compression of the Sichuan Yunnan active block. This fact may indicate that the deformation on the boundary zone of the active block is obviously stronger than that occurs within the block, and it is independent to the epicentral distance. The difference of the effects of great earthquakes on its adjacent active blocks depends mainly on the mode of action on the adjacent block by the movement of active block where the great earthquake occurs. If the movement of the block results in compression of the adjacent block, then the effect of the earthquake will be obvious, while the movement does not result in compression of the adjacent block, no obvious effect can be recorded by the GPS station in this block, because the effect may rapidly decrease when it passes through the boundary zone of the block. The observation data of the GPS stations in response to great earthquake demonstrate that more effective monitoring of earthquake related crustal movement can be fulfilled, provided that the GPS stations are reasonably disposed within the active blocks and on their boundary zones.
引文
江在森,张希,崔笃信,等.2001.青藏块体东北缘近期水平运动与变形〔J〕.地球物理学报,44(5):636—644.
JIANGZai sen,ZhangXi,CuiDu xin,etal.2001.RecenthorizontalmovementanddeformationinthenortheastmarginofQinghaiTibetblock〔J〕.ChineseJournalofGeophysics,44(5):636—644(inChinese).
马宗晋,陈鑫连,叶叔华,等.2001.中国大陆区现今地壳运动的GPS研究〔J〕.科学通报,46(13):1118—1120.
MAZong jin,CHENXin lian,YEShu hua,etal.2001.Studyonpresent daycrustalmovementofChinamainlandconstrainedbyGPSmeasurements〔J〕.ChineseScienceBulletin,46(13):1118—1120(inChinese).
宋方敏,汪一鹏,俞维贤,等.1998.小江活动断裂带〔M〕.北京:地震出版社.
SONGFang min,WANGYi peng,YUWei xian,etal.1998.TheActiveXiaojiangFaultZone〔M〕.Seismologi calPress,Beijing(inChinese).
苏有锦,秦嘉政.2001.川滇地区强地震活动与区域新构造运动的关系〔J〕.中国地震,17(1):24—35.
SUYou jin,QINJia zheng.2001.StrongearthquakeactivityandrelationtoregionalneotectonicmovementinSichuanYunnanregion〔J〕.EarthquakeResearchinChina,17(1):24—35(inChinese).
王二七,BurchfielBC ,季建青.2001.东喜马拉雅构造结新生代地壳缩短量的估算及其地质依据〔J〕.中国科学(D辑),31(1):1—9.
WANGEr qi,BurchfielBC ,JIJian qing.2001.EvidenceandestimationofCenozoiccrustalshorteningacrosstheeasternHimalayasyntax〔J〕.ScienceinChina(SeriesD),31(1):1—9(inChinese).
王琪,张培震,牛之俊,等.2001.中国大陆现今地壳运动和构造变形〔J〕.中国科学(D辑),31(7):529—536.
WANGQi,ZHANGPei zhen,NIUZhi jun,etal.2001.Present daycrustalmovementandtectonicdeformationinChinaMainland〔J〕.ScienceinChina(SeriesD),31(7):529—536(inChinese).
徐锡伟,陈文彬,于贵华,等.2002.2001年11月14日昆仑山库赛湖地震(MS81)地表破裂带的基本特征〔J〕.地震地质,24(1):1—13.
XUXi wei,CHENWen bin,YuGui hua,etal.2002.CharacteristicfeaturesofthesurfacerupturesoftheHohSaiHu(Kunlunshan)earthquake(MS8.1),northernTibetanPlateau,China〔J〕.SeismologyandGeology,24(1):1—13(inChinese).
张国民,傅征祥,桂燮泰,等.2001.地震预报引论〔M〕.北京:科学出版社.
ZHANGGuo ming,FuZheng xiang,GUIXie tai,etal.2001.IntroductiontoEarthquakePrediction〔M〕.Sci encePress,Beijing(inChinese).
张培震,王琪,马宗晋.2002a.青藏高原现今构造变形特征与GPS速度场〔J〕.地学前缘,9(2):442—447.
ZHANGPei zhen,WANGQi,MAZong jin.2002a.GPSvelocityfieldandactivecrustaldeformationinandaroundtheQinghaiTibetPlateau〔J〕.EarthScienceFrontiers,9(2):442—447(inChinese).
张培震,王琪,马宗晋.2002b.中国大陆现今构造运动的GPS速度场与活动地块〔J〕.地学前缘,9(2):430—441.
ZHANGPei zhen,WANGQi,MAZong jin.2002b.GPSvelocityfieldandactivecrustalblocksofcontemporarytectonicdeformationincontinentalChina〔J〕.EarthScienceFrontiers,9(2):430—441.
张培震.1999.中国大陆岩石圈最新构造变动与地震灾害〔J〕.第四纪研究,5:404—413.
ZHANGPei zhen.1999.LateQuaternarytectonicdeformationandearthquakehazardincontinentalChina〔J〕.Qua ternarySciences,5:404—413.
张强,朱文耀.2000.中国地壳运动各构造块体运动模型的初建〔J〕.科学通报,45(9):967—973.
ZHANGQiang,ZHUWen yao.2000.OriginalfoundationofeachtectonicblockmovementmodelofChinacrustalmovement〔J〕.ChineseScienceBulletin,45(9):967—973(inChinese).
ArmijoR ,TapponnierP ,TongLinH .1989.LateCenozoicright lateralstrike slipfaultinginsouthernTibet〔J〕.JourGeophysRes,94:2787—2838.
ArmijoR ,TapponnierP ,MercierJL ,etal.1986.QuaternaryextensioninsouthernTibet:Fieldobservationsandtectonicimplications〔J〕.JourGeophysRes,91:13803—13972.
ChenZ ,BurchfielBC ,LiuY ,etal.2000.GlobalPositioningSystemmeasurementsfromeasternTibetandtheirimplicationsforIndia/Eurasiaintercontinentaldeformation〔J〕.JourGeophysRes,105:16215—16227.
FanJun xi,MaJin,DiaoGui ling,etal.2001.Correlationbetweenmovementoftectonicblocksandearthquakeingroups〔J〕.ActaSeismologicaSinica,14(5):547—555.
MolnarP ,DengQi dong.1984.FaultingassociatedwithlargeearthquakesandtheaveragerateofdeformationincentralandeasternAsia〔J〕.JourGeophysRes,89:6203—6227.
ShenZK ,ZhaoCh,YinA ,etal.2000.ContemporarycrustaldeformationineasternAsiaconstrainedbyGlobalPositioningSystemmeasurements〔J〕.JourGeophysRes,105:5721—5734.
WangQ ,ZhangPZ ,FreymuellerJT ,etal.2001.Present daycrustaldeformationinChinaconstrainedbyGlobalPositioningSystemmeasurements〔J〕
JIANGZai sen,ZhangXi,CuiDu xin,etal.2001.RecenthorizontalmovementanddeformationinthenortheastmarginofQinghaiTibetblock〔J〕.ChineseJournalofGeophysics,44(5):636—644(inChinese).
马宗晋,陈鑫连,叶叔华,等.2001.中国大陆区现今地壳运动的GPS研究〔J〕.科学通报,46(13):1118—1120.
MAZong jin,CHENXin lian,YEShu hua,etal.2001.Studyonpresent daycrustalmovementofChinamainlandconstrainedbyGPSmeasurements〔J〕.ChineseScienceBulletin,46(13):1118—1120(inChinese).
宋方敏,汪一鹏,俞维贤,等.1998.小江活动断裂带〔M〕.北京:地震出版社.
SONGFang min,WANGYi peng,YUWei xian,etal.1998.TheActiveXiaojiangFaultZone〔M〕.Seismologi calPress,Beijing(inChinese).
苏有锦,秦嘉政.2001.川滇地区强地震活动与区域新构造运动的关系〔J〕.中国地震,17(1):24—35.
SUYou jin,QINJia zheng.2001.StrongearthquakeactivityandrelationtoregionalneotectonicmovementinSichuanYunnanregion〔J〕.EarthquakeResearchinChina,17(1):24—35(inChinese).
王二七,BurchfielBC ,季建青.2001.东喜马拉雅构造结新生代地壳缩短量的估算及其地质依据〔J〕.中国科学(D辑),31(1):1—9.
WANGEr qi,BurchfielBC ,JIJian qing.2001.EvidenceandestimationofCenozoiccrustalshorteningacrosstheeasternHimalayasyntax〔J〕.ScienceinChina(SeriesD),31(1):1—9(inChinese).
王琪,张培震,牛之俊,等.2001.中国大陆现今地壳运动和构造变形〔J〕.中国科学(D辑),31(7):529—536.
WANGQi,ZHANGPei zhen,NIUZhi jun,etal.2001.Present daycrustalmovementandtectonicdeformationinChinaMainland〔J〕.ScienceinChina(SeriesD),31(7):529—536(inChinese).
徐锡伟,陈文彬,于贵华,等.2002.2001年11月14日昆仑山库赛湖地震(MS81)地表破裂带的基本特征〔J〕.地震地质,24(1):1—13.
XUXi wei,CHENWen bin,YuGui hua,etal.2002.CharacteristicfeaturesofthesurfacerupturesoftheHohSaiHu(Kunlunshan)earthquake(MS8.1),northernTibetanPlateau,China〔J〕.SeismologyandGeology,24(1):1—13(inChinese).
张国民,傅征祥,桂燮泰,等.2001.地震预报引论〔M〕.北京:科学出版社.
ZHANGGuo ming,FuZheng xiang,GUIXie tai,etal.2001.IntroductiontoEarthquakePrediction〔M〕.Sci encePress,Beijing(inChinese).
张培震,王琪,马宗晋.2002a.青藏高原现今构造变形特征与GPS速度场〔J〕.地学前缘,9(2):442—447.
ZHANGPei zhen,WANGQi,MAZong jin.2002a.GPSvelocityfieldandactivecrustaldeformationinandaroundtheQinghaiTibetPlateau〔J〕.EarthScienceFrontiers,9(2):442—447(inChinese).
张培震,王琪,马宗晋.2002b.中国大陆现今构造运动的GPS速度场与活动地块〔J〕.地学前缘,9(2):430—441.
ZHANGPei zhen,WANGQi,MAZong jin.2002b.GPSvelocityfieldandactivecrustalblocksofcontemporarytectonicdeformationincontinentalChina〔J〕.EarthScienceFrontiers,9(2):430—441.
张培震.1999.中国大陆岩石圈最新构造变动与地震灾害〔J〕.第四纪研究,5:404—413.
ZHANGPei zhen.1999.LateQuaternarytectonicdeformationandearthquakehazardincontinentalChina〔J〕.Qua ternarySciences,5:404—413.
张强,朱文耀.2000.中国地壳运动各构造块体运动模型的初建〔J〕.科学通报,45(9):967—973.
ZHANGQiang,ZHUWen yao.2000.OriginalfoundationofeachtectonicblockmovementmodelofChinacrustalmovement〔J〕.ChineseScienceBulletin,45(9):967—973(inChinese).
ArmijoR ,TapponnierP ,TongLinH .1989.LateCenozoicright lateralstrike slipfaultinginsouthernTibet〔J〕.JourGeophysRes,94:2787—2838.
ArmijoR ,TapponnierP ,MercierJL ,etal.1986.QuaternaryextensioninsouthernTibet:Fieldobservationsandtectonicimplications〔J〕.JourGeophysRes,91:13803—13972.
ChenZ ,BurchfielBC ,LiuY ,etal.2000.GlobalPositioningSystemmeasurementsfromeasternTibetandtheirimplicationsforIndia/Eurasiaintercontinentaldeformation〔J〕.JourGeophysRes,105:16215—16227.
FanJun xi,MaJin,DiaoGui ling,etal.2001.Correlationbetweenmovementoftectonicblocksandearthquakeingroups〔J〕.ActaSeismologicaSinica,14(5):547—555.
MolnarP ,DengQi dong.1984.FaultingassociatedwithlargeearthquakesandtheaveragerateofdeformationincentralandeasternAsia〔J〕.JourGeophysRes,89:6203—6227.
ShenZK ,ZhaoCh,YinA ,etal.2000.ContemporarycrustaldeformationineasternAsiaconstrainedbyGlobalPositioningSystemmeasurements〔J〕.JourGeophysRes,105:5721—5734.
WangQ ,ZhangPZ ,FreymuellerJT ,etal.2001.Present daycrustaldeformationinChinaconstrainedbyGlobalPositioningSystemmeasurements〔J〕
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心