臼齿构造主要成因模式及时空分布意义
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摘要
在综述臼齿碳酸盐岩成因研究历程和国内外最新研究成果的基础上,总结评述了6种主要的臼齿构造成因模式,其核心问题是在元古代正常潮下浅海环境中构建成岩作用早期臼齿构造裂缝形成及等粒微亮晶方解石快速沉淀充填的物理、化学及微生物条件。其中,气泡扩张裂缝模式、微生物-地球化学模式和同沉积地震脱水模式等具有一定的代表性。臼齿构造多产出于正常浅海潮下环境,并且呈幕式特点产出于前寒武纪地层记录中,其时空发育特点似乎表明与叠层石发育的不相容性。臼齿碳酸盐岩在中新元古代集中发育的事实可能反映了有利的物理、化学和生物条件在地质历史上的唯一结合。理清臼齿构造成因问题是认识前寒武纪复杂的碳酸盐岩世界的重要线索。
Molar tooth carbonate is a category of fine-grained cryptocrystalline mud carbonate in the Precambrian era with molar tooth structure,which are characterized by various morphologic features and different sizes filled with equigranular microspar calcite,and there is no analog in the Phanerozoic.On the basis of the research course analysis and the latest investigation on molar tooth structures,six dominating origin models are outlined.The core issue is how to construct a reasonable physical,chemical and microbial condition for early rapid precipitation and filling of molar tooth cracks in the subtidal shallow marine.Of these,three models of gas bubble and expansion crack origin,microbial-geochemical origin and synsedimentary seismic origin are the most representative ones.Molar tooth structures are episodically located in Precambrian subtidal shallow marine environment,and their temporal and spatial characteristics indicate incompatibility with stromatolites.The fact that molar tooth carbonates were concentrated in the period of Mid-and Neo-Proterozoic may reflect the only combination of favorable physical,chemical and biological conditions in the entire geological history.Understanding the genetic origin of molar tooth structures is a crucial clue to the complicated Precambrian carbonate world.
Molar tooth carbonate is a category of fine-grained cryptocrystalline mud carbonate in the Precambrian era with molar tooth structure,which are characterized by various morphologic features and different sizes filled with equigranular microspar calcite,and there is no analog in the Phanerozoic.On the basis of the research course analysis and the latest investigation on molar tooth structures,six dominating origin models are outlined.The core issue is how to construct a reasonable physical,chemical and microbial condition for early rapid precipitation and filling of molar tooth cracks in the subtidal shallow marine.Of these,three models of gas bubble and expansion crack origin,microbial-geochemical origin and synsedimentary seismic origin are the most representative ones.Molar tooth structures are episodically located in Precambrian subtidal shallow marine environment,and their temporal and spatial characteristics indicate incompatibility with stromatolites.The fact that molar tooth carbonates were concentrated in the period of Mid-and Neo-Proterozoic may reflect the only combination of favorable physical,chemical and biological conditions in the entire geological history.Understanding the genetic origin of molar tooth structures is a crucial clue to the complicated Precambrian carbonate world.
引文
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[23]Smith A G.The Origin and Deformation of Some“Molar-tooth”Structures in the Precambrian Belt-purcell Superg-roup[J].Journal of Geology,1968,76(4):426-443.
[24]Knoll A H.Microbiotas of the Late Precambrian HunnbergFormation,Nordaustlandet,Svalbard[J].Journal of Paleon-tology,1984,58(1):131-162.
[25]Winston D.Evidence for Intracratonic,Fluvial and LacustrineSettings of Middle to Late Proterozoic Basins of WesternUSA[C]∥Gower C F,Rivers T,Ryan B.Mid-proterozoicLaurentia-baltica.St John s:Geological Association of Cana-da,1990:535-564.
[26]Shields G A.“Molar-tooth Microspar”:a Chemical Explana-tion for Its Disappearance~750 Ma[J].Terra Nova,2002,14(2):108-113.
[27]曹瑞骥,袁训来.叠层石[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,2006.
[28]陈留勤.地史中叠层石衰减机制综述[J].新疆地质,2007,25(4):365-367.
[29]梅冥相.前寒武纪“臼齿状构造谜”的一些认识:来自天津蓟县剖面高于庄组的信息[J].古地理学报,2007,9(6):597-610.
[30]乔秀夫,高林志,彭阳.古郯庐带新元古界:灾变.层序.生物[M].北京:地质出版社,2001.
[31]Hofmann H J,Aitken J D.Precambrian Biota from the LittleDal Group,Mackenzie Mountains,Northwestern Canada[J].Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,1979,16:150-166.
[32]梅冥相.燕山地区中元古代高于庄组非叠层石碳酸盐岩序列的沉积特征及其重要意义[J].现代地质,2007,21(1):45-56.
[33]Riding R.Microbial Carbonate Abundance Compared withFluctuations in Metazoan Diversity over Geological Time[J].Sedimentary Geology,2006,185(3/4):229-238.
[34]Grotzinger J P.Facies and Evolution of Precambrian Carbon-ate Depositional Systems:Emergence of the Modern Plat-form Archetype[C]∥Crevello P D,Wilson J L,Sarg J F,etal.Controls on Carbonate Platform and Basin Development.Darlington:Society for Sedimentary Geology,1989:79-106.
[35]Grotzinger J P,James N P.Precambrian Carbonates:Evolutionof Understanding[C]∥Grotzinger J P,James N P.CarbonateSedimentation and Diagenesis in the Evolving PrecambrianWorld.Darlington:Society for Sedimentary Geology,2000:3-22.
[36]Riding R.Stromatolite Decline:a Brief Reassessment[J].Facies,1997,36:227-230.
[37]Pratt B R.Oceanography,Bathymetry and SyndepositionalTectonics of a Precambrian Intracratonic Basin:IntegratingSediments,Storms,Earthquakes and Tsunamis in the BeltSupergroup(Helena Formation,Ca.1.45 Ga),Western North A-merica[J].Sedimentary Geology,2001,141/142:371-394.
[38]Hardie L A.Secular Variations in Precambrian SeawaterChemistry and the Timing of Precambrian Aragonite Seasand Calcite Seas[J].Geology,2003,31(9):785-788.
[39]Pettijohn F J,Potter P E.Atlas and Glossary of Primary Sed-imentary Structures[M].Berlin:Springer-Verlag,1964.
[40]Noffke N,Gerdes G,Klenke T,et al.Microbially InducedSedimentary Structures:a New Category Within the Classifi-cation of Primary Sedimentary Structures[J].Journal of Sed-imentary Research,2001,71(5):649-656.
[41]梅冥相,高金汉,孟庆芬.从席底构造到第五类原生沉积构造:沉积学中具有重要意义的概念[J].现代地质,2006,20(3):413-422.
[2]James N P,Narbonne G M,Sherman A G.Molar-tooth Car-bonates:Shallow Subtidal Facies of the Mid-to Late Proter-ozoic[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,1998,68(5):716-722.
[3]Bauerman H.Report on the Geology of the Country near theForty-ninth Parallel of North Latitude West of the RockyMountains[R].Ottawa:Geological and Natural History Sur-vey of Canada,1885.
[4]葛铭,孟祥化,旷红伟,等.微亮晶(臼齿)碳酸盐岩:21世纪全球地学研究的新热点[J].沉积学报,2003,21(1):81-89.
[5]孟祥化,葛铭.中朝板块层序.事件.演化——天文周期的沉积响应和意义[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[6]孟祥化,葛铭,旷红伟,等.微亮晶(臼齿)碳酸盐成因及其在元古宙地球演化中的意义[J].岩石学报,2006,22(8):2133-2143.
[7]孟祥化,葛铭.中朝板块新元古代微亮晶碳酸岩中超微生物化石群的发现及其地质学意义[J].地球科学——中国地质大学学报,2007,32(增刊):24-32.
[8]Frank T D,Lyons T W.“Molar-tooth”Structures:a Geo-chemical Perspective on a Proterozoic Enigma[J].Geology,1998,26(8):683-686.
[9]Pratt B R.Molar-tooth Structure in Proterozoic CarbonateRocks:Origin from Synsedimentary Earthquakes,and Impli-cations for the Nature and Evolution of Basins and MarineSediment[J].GSA Bulletin,1998,110(8):1028-1045.
[10]Bishop J W,Sumner D Y,Huerta N J.Molar Tooth Struc-tures of the Neoarchean Monteville Formation,Transvaal Su-pergroup,South Africa II:a Wave-induced Fluid Flow Model[J].Sedimentology,2006,53(5):1069-1082.
[11]Bishop J W,Sumner D Y.Molar Tooth Structures of theNeoarchean Monteville Formation,Transvaal Supergroup,South Africa I:Constraints on Microcrystalline CaCO3Pre-cipitation[J].Sedimentology,2006,53(5):1049-1068.
[12]Long D G F.Tomographic Study of Paleoproterozoic Carbon-ates as Key to Understanding the Formation of Molar-toothStructure[J].Gondwana Research,2007,12(4):566-570.
[13]Fairchild I J,Einsele G,Song T R.Possible Seismic Origin ofMolar Tooth Structures in Neoproterozoic Carbonate RampDeposits,North China[J].Sedimentology,1997,44(4):611-636.
[14]Awramik S M,Sprinkle J.Proterozoic Stromatolites:theFirst Marine Evolutionary Biota[J].Historical Biology,1999,13(4):241-253.
[15]Noffke N,Gerdes G,Klenke T.Benthic Cyanobacteria andTheir Influence on the Sedimentary Dynamics of PeritidalDepositional Systems(Siliciclastic,Evaporitic Salty,andEvaporitic Carbonatic)[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2003,62(1/2):163-176.
[16]Eby D E.Carbonate Sedimentation Under Elevated Salinitiesand Implication for the Origin of“MT”Structure in the Mid-dle Belt Internal(Late Procambrian),Northwestern Montana[J].Geological Society of America,1975,7:1062-1063.
[17]Furniss G,Rittle J F,Winston D.Gas Bubble and ExpansionCrack Origin of“Molar-tooth”Calcite Structures in the Mid-dle Proterozoic Belt Supergroup,Western Montana[J].Jour-nal of Sedimentary Research,1998,68(1):104-114.
[18]Pollock M D,Kah L C,Bartley J K.Morphology of Molar-tooth Structures in Precambrian Carbonates:Influence ofSubstrate Rheology and Implications for Genesis[J].Journalof Sedimentary Research,2006,76(2):310-323.
[19]Pratt B R.Syneresis Cracks:Subaqueous Shrinkage in Argil-laceous Sediments Caused by Earthquake-induced Dewatering[J].Sedimentary Geology,1998,117(1/2):1-10.
[20]乔秀夫,高林志.华北中新元古代及早古生代地震灾变事件及与Rodinia的关系[J].科学通报,1999,44(16):1753-1758.
[21]乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,等.碳酸盐岩振动液化地震序列[J].地质学报,1994,68(1):16-34.
[22]Sherman A G,Narbonne G M,James N P.Anatomy of a Cycli-cally Packaged Mesoproterozoic Carbonate Ramp in NorthernCanada[J].Sedimentary Geology,2001,139(3/4):171-203.
[23]Smith A G.The Origin and Deformation of Some“Molar-tooth”Structures in the Precambrian Belt-purcell Superg-roup[J].Journal of Geology,1968,76(4):426-443.
[24]Knoll A H.Microbiotas of the Late Precambrian HunnbergFormation,Nordaustlandet,Svalbard[J].Journal of Paleon-tology,1984,58(1):131-162.
[25]Winston D.Evidence for Intracratonic,Fluvial and LacustrineSettings of Middle to Late Proterozoic Basins of WesternUSA[C]∥Gower C F,Rivers T,Ryan B.Mid-proterozoicLaurentia-baltica.St John s:Geological Association of Cana-da,1990:535-564.
[26]Shields G A.“Molar-tooth Microspar”:a Chemical Explana-tion for Its Disappearance~750 Ma[J].Terra Nova,2002,14(2):108-113.
[27]曹瑞骥,袁训来.叠层石[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,2006.
[28]陈留勤.地史中叠层石衰减机制综述[J].新疆地质,2007,25(4):365-367.
[29]梅冥相.前寒武纪“臼齿状构造谜”的一些认识:来自天津蓟县剖面高于庄组的信息[J].古地理学报,2007,9(6):597-610.
[30]乔秀夫,高林志,彭阳.古郯庐带新元古界:灾变.层序.生物[M].北京:地质出版社,2001.
[31]Hofmann H J,Aitken J D.Precambrian Biota from the LittleDal Group,Mackenzie Mountains,Northwestern Canada[J].Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,1979,16:150-166.
[32]梅冥相.燕山地区中元古代高于庄组非叠层石碳酸盐岩序列的沉积特征及其重要意义[J].现代地质,2007,21(1):45-56.
[33]Riding R.Microbial Carbonate Abundance Compared withFluctuations in Metazoan Diversity over Geological Time[J].Sedimentary Geology,2006,185(3/4):229-238.
[34]Grotzinger J P.Facies and Evolution of Precambrian Carbon-ate Depositional Systems:Emergence of the Modern Plat-form Archetype[C]∥Crevello P D,Wilson J L,Sarg J F,etal.Controls on Carbonate Platform and Basin Development.Darlington:Society for Sedimentary Geology,1989:79-106.
[35]Grotzinger J P,James N P.Precambrian Carbonates:Evolutionof Understanding[C]∥Grotzinger J P,James N P.CarbonateSedimentation and Diagenesis in the Evolving PrecambrianWorld.Darlington:Society for Sedimentary Geology,2000:3-22.
[36]Riding R.Stromatolite Decline:a Brief Reassessment[J].Facies,1997,36:227-230.
[37]Pratt B R.Oceanography,Bathymetry and SyndepositionalTectonics of a Precambrian Intracratonic Basin:IntegratingSediments,Storms,Earthquakes and Tsunamis in the BeltSupergroup(Helena Formation,Ca.1.45 Ga),Western North A-merica[J].Sedimentary Geology,2001,141/142:371-394.
[38]Hardie L A.Secular Variations in Precambrian SeawaterChemistry and the Timing of Precambrian Aragonite Seasand Calcite Seas[J].Geology,2003,31(9):785-788.
[39]Pettijohn F J,Potter P E.Atlas and Glossary of Primary Sed-imentary Structures[M].Berlin:Springer-Verlag,1964.
[40]Noffke N,Gerdes G,Klenke T,et al.Microbially InducedSedimentary Structures:a New Category Within the Classifi-cation of Primary Sedimentary Structures[J].Journal of Sed-imentary Research,2001,71(5):649-656.
[41]梅冥相,高金汉,孟庆芬.从席底构造到第五类原生沉积构造:沉积学中具有重要意义的概念[J].现代地质,2006,20(3):413-422.
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