隐伏和出露地表断层近断层地表运动特征的研究进展
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摘要
本文介绍了在强震地震学研究方面国内外目前所关注的重要问题:隐伏断层和出露地表断层在地震发生时近断层地表运动特征存在着明显的差异。根据近几十年全球发生的中强地震的地表运动参数的统计分析所得的结果表明,由隐伏断层所造成的近断层地表运动强度(速度、加速度)大于出露地表断层所产生的地表运动强度,虽然发生在出露地表断层的地震往往可造成较大的近断层地表位移,但是当地震矩震级(MW)达到 7.5 级以上的时候,近断层地表加速度和速度在近源区却出现了饱和现象。对该问题的深入研究有着十分重要的科学意义和工程应用价值。本文着重介绍了当前国际上对该问题的研究现状,并且建议在此基础上利用三维有限差分断层动力学模型,模拟断层的动态破裂过程以及近断层地表运动的特征。
In this paper, we focus on the difference of strong ground motion between buried and surface earthquake faults. According to the statistical analysis on ground motion data of mediate and large earthquakes from all over the world in recent several decades, the ground motions (velocity, acceleration) produced by ground surface faults are weaker than that produced by buried faults. Although the shallow events have much larger near-surface displacements, the velocity and acceleration near fault may reach saturation state with large magnitudes (MS≥7.5) and close distances. It is of great scientific significance and construction value to have a further research on this problem. This paper reviews the current research situation about this problem, and offers an approach using 3-D finite difference model to simulate the dynamic fault rupture and to calculate the strong ground motion near fault.
In this paper, we focus on the difference of strong ground motion between buried and surface earthquake faults. According to the statistical analysis on ground motion data of mediate and large earthquakes from all over the world in recent several decades, the ground motions (velocity, acceleration) produced by ground surface faults are weaker than that produced by buried faults. Although the shallow events have much larger near-surface displacements, the velocity and acceleration near fault may reach saturation state with large magnitudes (MS≥7.5) and close distances. It is of great scientific significance and construction value to have a further research on this problem. This paper reviews the current research situation about this problem, and offers an approach using 3-D finite difference model to simulate the dynamic fault rupture and to calculate the strong ground motion near fault.
引文
陈颙,2004.防震减灾与社会发展.中国减灾,7 期:39.
苏卫江等,2004.2003 年 12 月 26 日伊朗巴姆地震.山西地震,2 期:47—48.
唐荣昌,黄祖智等,2002.活动断裂的地质研究与城市建设.国土经济,3 期:21—23.
Ambraseys N.N. and A. Hendron, 1967. Dynamic behavior of rock masses. Rock Mechanics in EngineeringPractice, John Wiley, 203—236.
Brune J.N. et al., 1970. Tectonic stress and the spectra of seismic shear waves from earthquakes. Journal ofGeophysical Research, 75: 4997—5009.
Brune J.N. and A. Anooshehpoor, 1998. A physical model of the effect of a shallow weak layer on strong ground
motion for strike-slip ruptures. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 88: 1070—1078.
Campbell K.W. and Bozorgnia Y., 2003. Updated near-source ground motion (attenuation) relations for thehorizontal and vertical components of peak ground acceleration and acceleration response spectra. Bull. SeismSoc. Am., 93: 314—331.
Campbell K.W. and Bozorgnia, 2006. Y. NGA Empirical Ground Motion Model for the Average Horizontal Component of PGA, PGV, PGD and SA at Selected Spectral Periods Ranging from 0.01–10.0 Seconds (Version 1.1), Manuscript.
Day S.M., and G.P. Ely, 2002. Effect of a shallow weak zone on fault rupture: Numerical simulation of scale model experiments. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 92: 3022—3041.
Dalgue Luis A., Hiroe Miyake, 2007. Calibrated surface rupturing and beried dynamic rupture models constrained with statistical observations of past earthguakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 98: 1147—1161.
Hauser G.W., 1965. Intensity of ground shaking fault. See: Proceedings of the Third World Conference on Earthquake Engineering,Auckland, 1: 81—94.
Hanks T.C. and D.A. Johnson, 1976. Geophysical assessment of peak acceleration. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 66: 959—968.
Kanamori H. and E.E. Brodsky, 2004. The physics of earthquakes. Rep. Prog. Phys., 67: 1429—1496.
McGarr, 1982. Upper bounds on near-source peak ground motion based on a model of inhomogeneous faultingBulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 72: 1825—1841.
Mai P.M., P. Somerville, A. Pitarka, L. Dalguer, H. Miyake, S. Song, G. Beroza and K. Irikura, 2005. On the scalingof dynamic source parameters and their relation to near-source ground motion prediction. Seismological ResearchLetters, 76: 261.
Newmark N.M., 1965a. Effects of earthquakes on dams and embankments. Geotechnique, 15: 139—160.
Newmark N.M., 1965b. Seismic design criteria for nuclear reactor facilities. See: Proceedings of the Fourth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Santiago de Chile, 2: B437—B450.
Somerville P. and Arben Pitarka, 2005. Differences in earthquake source and ground motion characteristics between surface and buried faulting earthquakes. See: Proceedings of a conference held by the Australian Earthquake Engineering Society.
Somerville P.G., 2003. Magnitude scaling of the near fault rupture directivity pulse. Phys. Earth. Planetary Int., 137:201—212.
Somerville P.G., K. Irikura, R. Graves, S. Sawada, D. Wald, N. Abrahamson, Y. Iwasaki, T. Kagawa, N. Smith and A. Kowada, 1999. Characterizing earthquake slip models for the prediction of strong ground motion. Seismological Research Letters, 70: 59—80.
苏卫江等,2004.2003 年 12 月 26 日伊朗巴姆地震.山西地震,2 期:47—48.
唐荣昌,黄祖智等,2002.活动断裂的地质研究与城市建设.国土经济,3 期:21—23.
Ambraseys N.N. and A. Hendron, 1967. Dynamic behavior of rock masses. Rock Mechanics in EngineeringPractice, John Wiley, 203—236.
Brune J.N. et al., 1970. Tectonic stress and the spectra of seismic shear waves from earthquakes. Journal ofGeophysical Research, 75: 4997—5009.
Brune J.N. and A. Anooshehpoor, 1998. A physical model of the effect of a shallow weak layer on strong ground
motion for strike-slip ruptures. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 88: 1070—1078.
Campbell K.W. and Bozorgnia Y., 2003. Updated near-source ground motion (attenuation) relations for thehorizontal and vertical components of peak ground acceleration and acceleration response spectra. Bull. SeismSoc. Am., 93: 314—331.
Campbell K.W. and Bozorgnia, 2006. Y. NGA Empirical Ground Motion Model for the Average Horizontal Component of PGA, PGV, PGD and SA at Selected Spectral Periods Ranging from 0.01–10.0 Seconds (Version 1.1), Manuscript.
Day S.M., and G.P. Ely, 2002. Effect of a shallow weak zone on fault rupture: Numerical simulation of scale model experiments. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 92: 3022—3041.
Dalgue Luis A., Hiroe Miyake, 2007. Calibrated surface rupturing and beried dynamic rupture models constrained with statistical observations of past earthguakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 98: 1147—1161.
Hauser G.W., 1965. Intensity of ground shaking fault. See: Proceedings of the Third World Conference on Earthquake Engineering,Auckland, 1: 81—94.
Hanks T.C. and D.A. Johnson, 1976. Geophysical assessment of peak acceleration. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 66: 959—968.
Kanamori H. and E.E. Brodsky, 2004. The physics of earthquakes. Rep. Prog. Phys., 67: 1429—1496.
McGarr, 1982. Upper bounds on near-source peak ground motion based on a model of inhomogeneous faultingBulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 72: 1825—1841.
Mai P.M., P. Somerville, A. Pitarka, L. Dalguer, H. Miyake, S. Song, G. Beroza and K. Irikura, 2005. On the scalingof dynamic source parameters and their relation to near-source ground motion prediction. Seismological ResearchLetters, 76: 261.
Newmark N.M., 1965a. Effects of earthquakes on dams and embankments. Geotechnique, 15: 139—160.
Newmark N.M., 1965b. Seismic design criteria for nuclear reactor facilities. See: Proceedings of the Fourth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Santiago de Chile, 2: B437—B450.
Somerville P. and Arben Pitarka, 2005. Differences in earthquake source and ground motion characteristics between surface and buried faulting earthquakes. See: Proceedings of a conference held by the Australian Earthquake Engineering Society.
Somerville P.G., 2003. Magnitude scaling of the near fault rupture directivity pulse. Phys. Earth. Planetary Int., 137:201—212.
Somerville P.G., K. Irikura, R. Graves, S. Sawada, D. Wald, N. Abrahamson, Y. Iwasaki, T. Kagawa, N. Smith and A. Kowada, 1999. Characterizing earthquake slip models for the prediction of strong ground motion. Seismological Research Letters, 70: 59—80.
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