基于成像射线的偏移剖面和速度时深转换评述
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摘要
深度域地震波速度模型是地震勘探中最重要的参数之一,是获得精确深度域偏移剖面的基础.本文基于成像射线的概念,阐述了时间偏移域和深度域之间的关系,明确了时间偏移后的像点是通过成像射线与深度域的散射点联系起来的.在有横向变速的情况下,时间偏移剖面需要经过时深转换才能真实反映深度域层位,同样,从时间偏移剖面上提取的速度也需要经过时深转换才能得到深度域的速度.与前者不同的是,在速度的时深转换中,不仅速度的位置需要改变,且其数值也需要进行校正.该校正因子有几种等价的描述形式:度规量、速度扩散因子和几何扩散因子.
The seismic velocity model in the depth domain is one of the most important parameters in seismic exploration and the basis to obtain precise migration sections in the depth domain. Based on image ray, we elaborate the relationship between the time-migration domain and depth domain, and define that the image point in the time- migration domain is related to the scattering point in depth domain by image ray. If the velocity varies laterally, in order to show the real subsurface structure, time-migration section and velocity both need a time-to-depth conversion. Different from time-to-depth conversion of migration sections, we need to correct both positions and values of the velocity in time-to-depth conversion of velocity. The correction factor can be expressed in several equivalent forms: matrix tensor, velocity spreading factor and geometrical spreading factor.
The seismic velocity model in the depth domain is one of the most important parameters in seismic exploration and the basis to obtain precise migration sections in the depth domain. Based on image ray, we elaborate the relationship between the time-migration domain and depth domain, and define that the image point in the time- migration domain is related to the scattering point in depth domain by image ray. If the velocity varies laterally, in order to show the real subsurface structure, time-migration section and velocity both need a time-to-depth conversion. Different from time-to-depth conversion of migration sections, we need to correct both positions and values of the velocity in time-to-depth conversion of velocity. The correction factor can be expressed in several equivalent forms: matrix tensor, velocity spreading factor and geometrical spreading factor.
引文
[1] 刘洪.纪念李世雄教授去世一周年[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(1) :94-97． Liu H. In memory of first anniversary of professor LI Shi-xong's death[J]. Progress in Geophysics,2008,23(1) :94-97．
[2] Larner K L, Halton L,Gibson B S. et al. Depth migration of imaged time sections[J]. Geophysics, 1981,46(5) :734-750．
[3] Cameron M K, Fomel S, Sethian J A. Seismic velocity estimation and time to depth conversion of time-migrated images[A]. 6th Annual International Meeting,SEG,Expanded Abstracts, 2006,3066-3070．
[4] Iversen E,Tygel M. Image-ray tracing for joint 3D seismic velocity estimation and time-to-depth conversion [J]. Geophysics,2008,73(3) :99-114．
[5] 马海珍,雍学善,杨午阳,等.地震速度场建立与变速成图的一种方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,2002,37(1) :53-59． Ma H Z, Yong X S, Yang W Y,et al. A method for building of seismic velocity field and structure mapping by variation in velocity[J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2002,37(1) :53-59．
[6] 张宝银,孙建国,等.塔中地区速度场的建立及变速成图[J].石油物探,2004,43(6) :608-612． Zhang B Y,Sun J G, et al. The construction of velocity and velocity-variant mapping TaZhong region. Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2004 ,43(6) :608-612．
[7] 何际平,鲁烈勤,王红旗,等.复杂地区速度场建立与变速构造成图方法研究[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(1) :167-172． He J P,Lu L Q, Wang H Q,et al. Methodology of establising velocity field and velovity-variant depth Mapping[J]. Progress in Geophysics,2006,21(1) :167-172．
[8] 邓光校,顾汉明,黄志霞.模型层析法变速成图技术在江汉盆地拖谢地区构造解释中的应用[J].工程地球物理学报,2007,4(4) :337-340． Deng GX,Gu H M.Huang Z X. The application of velocity-variant mapping technique based on model chromatography in the Structure Interpretation in Tuoxie Area of Jianghan Basin [J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering Geophysics, 2007,4(4) :337-360．
[9] 杨江峰,王咸彬,洪太元,等.准葛尔盆地南缘山前带构造变速成图[J].石油物探,2008,47(2) :179-182． Yang J F, Wang X B, Hong T Y,et al. The structural velocity-variant mapping in sourthern piedmount of Junggar basin[J]. Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum, 2008, 47 (2) :179-182．
[10] Hubral P. Time migration-Some ray theoretical aspects[J]. Geophysical Prospecting, 1977 ,25:738-745．
[11] 刘洪,袁江华,勾永峰,等.地震逆散射波场和算子的谱分解[J].地球物理学报,2007,50(1) :240-247． Liu H, Yuan J H, Gou Y F, et al. Spectral factorization of wavefield and operator in seismic inverse scattering [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2007 , 50(1) :240-247．
[12] 刘洪,刘国峰,武威,等.多维波动方程逆散射的基础理论研究[J].石油物探.2007,46(6) :569-581． Liu H, Liu G F, Wu W, et al. The fundamental research of Multi-dimensional wave equation inverse scattering [J]. Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum, 2007, 46(6) : 569-581．
[13] 刘国峰.刘洪,王秀闽,等.Kirchhoff积分时间偏移的两种走时计算及并行算法[J].地球物理学进展,2009,24(1) :131-136． Liu G F, Liu H , Wang X M ,et al. Two kinds of traveling time computation and parallel computing methods of Kirchhoff migration [J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2009 , 24(1) : 131-136．
[14] 武威,刘洪.大步长单程波算子相位积分实现方式初探[J].地球物理学进展,2009,24(1) :137-144． Wu W,Liu H. Preliminary study on the phase integral method with a large step one-way wave operator[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2009,24(1) :137-144．
[15] Nolet G.地震层析成像[M].王椿镛,吴宁远,李幼铭,等编译.北京:学术书刊出版社,1989． Nolet G. Seismic lomography[M]. Translated by Wang C Y, Wu J Y,Ling Y M,et al. Beijing: Academic Book Press,1989．
[16] 辛可锋,王华忠,马在田.一种高精度的偏移速度分析方法-广义屏偏移加Born反演[J].勘探地球物理进展,2002,25(3) :20-26． Xin K F,Wang H Z, Ma Z T. A high resolution method of migration velocity analysis-Generalized screen migration plus Born inversion[J]. Progress in Exploration Geophysics,2002, 25(3) :20-26．
[17] 张敏,李振春.偏移速度分析与建模方法综述[J].勘探地球物理进展,2007,30(12) :421-428． Zhang M,Li Z C. A review of migration velocity analysis and modeling method[J]. Progress in Exploration Geophysics, 2007,30(12) :421-428．
[18] 周青春,刘怀山,等.参数展开CRP叠加和速度分析方法研究[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(7) :1881-1890． Zhou Q C, Liu H S, et al. Research of dual parameters evolving common reflection point stack and velocity analysis method[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2009, 52(7) : 1881-1890．
[19] 刘奇琳,刘伊克,常旭.双平方根波动方程偏移速度分析[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(7) :1891-1898． Li Y L,Liu Y K,Chang X. Wave-equation migration velocity analysis by Double Square Root method[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2009,52(7) : 1891-1898．
[20] 姜秀娣,魏修成,黄捍东,等.部分叠加资料纵横波速度测井约束反演[J].地球物理学进展,2009,24(1) :254-262． Jiang X D,Wu X C, Huang H D,et al. P and S wave velocity inversions by partially stacked angle data and restraint of well logging [J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2009 ,24(1) : 254-262．
[21] Biondi B, Sava P. Wave-equation migration velocity analysis [A]. 69th Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts, 1999,1723-1726．
[22] Fomel S. Velocity continuation and the anatomy of residual prestack time migration[J]. Geophysics, 2003 , 68(5) : 1650- 1661．
[23] Fomel S. Time-migration velocity analysis by velocity continuation[J]. Geophysics, 2003, 68(5) : 1662-1672．
[24] 李录明,罗省贤.深度域波动方程偏移速度建模方法及应用[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2004,31(6) :699-702． Li L M, Luo S X. The method and application of wave equation migration velocity modeling in depth domain[J]. Journal of Chendu University of Technology (Science & Technology Edition) ,2004, 31(6) :699-702．
[25] 王西文,刘全新.苏明军,等.多井约束下的速度建模方法与应用[J].石油地球物理勘探,2003,38(3) :263-267． Wang X W, Liu Q X, Su M J, et al. The modeling and application of velocity based on constraintsof multi-well[J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2003,38(3) :263-267．
[26] 何敏,朱明,等.白云深水崎岖海底区时深转换方法探讨[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(6) :966-971． He M,Zhu M,et al. The discussion of time-depth conversion methods in the BaiYun deepwater rough seafloor area[J]. Progress in Geophysics,2007 ,22(6) :966-971．
[27] 黄兆辉,底青云,唐必锐,等.速度控制点法在川东高陡构造时深转换中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(3) :717-721． Huang Z H,Di Q Y,Tang B R,et al. The application of the modeling method of velocity-controling points to time-depth conversion in east Sichun[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2008,23(3) :717-721．
[28] Sava P, Fomel S. Wavefield extrapolation in Riemannian coordinates[A]. 74~(th) Ann Meeting,SEG,Colorado,2004．
[29] 刘洪,袁江华,陈景波,等.大步长波场深度延拓的理论[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(6) :1779-1793． Liu H, Yuan J H, Chen J B, et al. Theory of large-step wavefield depth extrapolation [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2006,49(6) : 1779-1793．
[2] Larner K L, Halton L,Gibson B S. et al. Depth migration of imaged time sections[J]. Geophysics, 1981,46(5) :734-750．
[3] Cameron M K, Fomel S, Sethian J A. Seismic velocity estimation and time to depth conversion of time-migrated images[A]. 6th Annual International Meeting,SEG,Expanded Abstracts, 2006,3066-3070．
[4] Iversen E,Tygel M. Image-ray tracing for joint 3D seismic velocity estimation and time-to-depth conversion [J]. Geophysics,2008,73(3) :99-114．
[5] 马海珍,雍学善,杨午阳,等.地震速度场建立与变速成图的一种方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,2002,37(1) :53-59． Ma H Z, Yong X S, Yang W Y,et al. A method for building of seismic velocity field and structure mapping by variation in velocity[J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2002,37(1) :53-59．
[6] 张宝银,孙建国,等.塔中地区速度场的建立及变速成图[J].石油物探,2004,43(6) :608-612． Zhang B Y,Sun J G, et al. The construction of velocity and velocity-variant mapping TaZhong region. Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2004 ,43(6) :608-612．
[7] 何际平,鲁烈勤,王红旗,等.复杂地区速度场建立与变速构造成图方法研究[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(1) :167-172． He J P,Lu L Q, Wang H Q,et al. Methodology of establising velocity field and velovity-variant depth Mapping[J]. Progress in Geophysics,2006,21(1) :167-172．
[8] 邓光校,顾汉明,黄志霞.模型层析法变速成图技术在江汉盆地拖谢地区构造解释中的应用[J].工程地球物理学报,2007,4(4) :337-340． Deng GX,Gu H M.Huang Z X. The application of velocity-variant mapping technique based on model chromatography in the Structure Interpretation in Tuoxie Area of Jianghan Basin [J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering Geophysics, 2007,4(4) :337-360．
[9] 杨江峰,王咸彬,洪太元,等.准葛尔盆地南缘山前带构造变速成图[J].石油物探,2008,47(2) :179-182． Yang J F, Wang X B, Hong T Y,et al. The structural velocity-variant mapping in sourthern piedmount of Junggar basin[J]. Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum, 2008, 47 (2) :179-182．
[10] Hubral P. Time migration-Some ray theoretical aspects[J]. Geophysical Prospecting, 1977 ,25:738-745．
[11] 刘洪,袁江华,勾永峰,等.地震逆散射波场和算子的谱分解[J].地球物理学报,2007,50(1) :240-247． Liu H, Yuan J H, Gou Y F, et al. Spectral factorization of wavefield and operator in seismic inverse scattering [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2007 , 50(1) :240-247．
[12] 刘洪,刘国峰,武威,等.多维波动方程逆散射的基础理论研究[J].石油物探.2007,46(6) :569-581． Liu H, Liu G F, Wu W, et al. The fundamental research of Multi-dimensional wave equation inverse scattering [J]. Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum, 2007, 46(6) : 569-581．
[13] 刘国峰.刘洪,王秀闽,等.Kirchhoff积分时间偏移的两种走时计算及并行算法[J].地球物理学进展,2009,24(1) :131-136． Liu G F, Liu H , Wang X M ,et al. Two kinds of traveling time computation and parallel computing methods of Kirchhoff migration [J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2009 , 24(1) : 131-136．
[14] 武威,刘洪.大步长单程波算子相位积分实现方式初探[J].地球物理学进展,2009,24(1) :137-144． Wu W,Liu H. Preliminary study on the phase integral method with a large step one-way wave operator[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2009,24(1) :137-144．
[15] Nolet G.地震层析成像[M].王椿镛,吴宁远,李幼铭,等编译.北京:学术书刊出版社,1989． Nolet G. Seismic lomography[M]. Translated by Wang C Y, Wu J Y,Ling Y M,et al. Beijing: Academic Book Press,1989．
[16] 辛可锋,王华忠,马在田.一种高精度的偏移速度分析方法-广义屏偏移加Born反演[J].勘探地球物理进展,2002,25(3) :20-26． Xin K F,Wang H Z, Ma Z T. A high resolution method of migration velocity analysis-Generalized screen migration plus Born inversion[J]. Progress in Exploration Geophysics,2002, 25(3) :20-26．
[17] 张敏,李振春.偏移速度分析与建模方法综述[J].勘探地球物理进展,2007,30(12) :421-428． Zhang M,Li Z C. A review of migration velocity analysis and modeling method[J]. Progress in Exploration Geophysics, 2007,30(12) :421-428．
[18] 周青春,刘怀山,等.参数展开CRP叠加和速度分析方法研究[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(7) :1881-1890． Zhou Q C, Liu H S, et al. Research of dual parameters evolving common reflection point stack and velocity analysis method[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2009, 52(7) : 1881-1890．
[19] 刘奇琳,刘伊克,常旭.双平方根波动方程偏移速度分析[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(7) :1891-1898． Li Y L,Liu Y K,Chang X. Wave-equation migration velocity analysis by Double Square Root method[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2009,52(7) : 1891-1898．
[20] 姜秀娣,魏修成,黄捍东,等.部分叠加资料纵横波速度测井约束反演[J].地球物理学进展,2009,24(1) :254-262． Jiang X D,Wu X C, Huang H D,et al. P and S wave velocity inversions by partially stacked angle data and restraint of well logging [J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2009 ,24(1) : 254-262．
[21] Biondi B, Sava P. Wave-equation migration velocity analysis [A]. 69th Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts, 1999,1723-1726．
[22] Fomel S. Velocity continuation and the anatomy of residual prestack time migration[J]. Geophysics, 2003 , 68(5) : 1650- 1661．
[23] Fomel S. Time-migration velocity analysis by velocity continuation[J]. Geophysics, 2003, 68(5) : 1662-1672．
[24] 李录明,罗省贤.深度域波动方程偏移速度建模方法及应用[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2004,31(6) :699-702． Li L M, Luo S X. The method and application of wave equation migration velocity modeling in depth domain[J]. Journal of Chendu University of Technology (Science & Technology Edition) ,2004, 31(6) :699-702．
[25] 王西文,刘全新.苏明军,等.多井约束下的速度建模方法与应用[J].石油地球物理勘探,2003,38(3) :263-267． Wang X W, Liu Q X, Su M J, et al. The modeling and application of velocity based on constraintsof multi-well[J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2003,38(3) :263-267．
[26] 何敏,朱明,等.白云深水崎岖海底区时深转换方法探讨[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(6) :966-971． He M,Zhu M,et al. The discussion of time-depth conversion methods in the BaiYun deepwater rough seafloor area[J]. Progress in Geophysics,2007 ,22(6) :966-971．
[27] 黄兆辉,底青云,唐必锐,等.速度控制点法在川东高陡构造时深转换中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(3) :717-721． Huang Z H,Di Q Y,Tang B R,et al. The application of the modeling method of velocity-controling points to time-depth conversion in east Sichun[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2008,23(3) :717-721．
[28] Sava P, Fomel S. Wavefield extrapolation in Riemannian coordinates[A]. 74~(th) Ann Meeting,SEG,Colorado,2004．
[29] 刘洪,袁江华,陈景波,等.大步长波场深度延拓的理论[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(6) :1779-1793． Liu H, Yuan J H, Chen J B, et al. Theory of large-step wavefield depth extrapolation [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2006,49(6) : 1779-1793．
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