温宿北—野云沟断裂的构造几何学与运动学特征及塔北隆起的成因机制
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摘要
克拉通内古隆起的构造变形是探究板块内部变形行为与大陆流变构造学的理想场所,断裂研究则是其主要突破口。本文基于新的地球物理与钻探资料,对塔里木盆地北部隆起的断裂系统尤其是其北部边界断裂的几何学与运动学开展研究。分析表明,温宿北—野云沟断裂系在重磁场与反射地震剖面上具有清楚的反映,为塔北隆起的北部边界断裂,长达600 km,自西向东由温宿北断裂、温巴什断裂和野云沟断裂三段构成。该断裂系是在早奥陶世末沿基底软弱带自南向北逆冲形成的大型断层相关褶皱带基础上在前翼发生突破而形成的,加里东末期形成雏形,二叠纪末期,受南天山洋关闭的影响由北向南的强烈挤压形成自北而南的逆冲构造系统。该逆冲系统迁就原加里东期的滑脱面发育,并对原来的逆冲系统进行叠加、改造,形成一系列小断块叠加的大型背冲断裂系统,使得该断裂带基本定型。喜马拉雅期塔北隆起轴部发育张扭性断裂构造系统,该断裂系遭受左旋压扭,断裂的活动时序自东向西趋晚,具有长期演化、多期发育、继承、叠加与复合的特征。活动强度呈古生代强烈、中生代—新生代早期弱化、新生代晚期趋强的"强-弱-强"的演化趋势,在横向上呈西段强烈、东段略弱的特征。其成因主要与早奥陶世末期北昆仑洋关闭、二叠纪末期南天山洋关闭、古近纪新特提斯洋关闭引起的周缘地体与塔里木地块的碰撞拼合相关,表现出周缘板块构造事件对板内变形的强烈影响。该断裂系是重要的油气富集带。研究其成因与演化有助于该带油气勘探的拓展,例如西秋断裂带的油气发现。
The structural deformation of paleo-uplifts in the cratonic basin is an ideal place to explore the deformation behaviors in the interior of the tectonic plates and the continental ductile structural geology,with the study of faulting being a breakthrough point in this aspect.Based on the newly acquired geophysical data and the recently finished exploratory wells,this paper discusses the fault systems of the north Tarim uplift of the Tarim basin,especially the geometry and kinematics of the northern boundary fault of Tarim basin.It is discovered that the Wensubei-Yeyungou fault acts exactly as the northern boundary fault,having distinct reflections in the gravitational and magnetic fields as well as along the seismic profiles.It is 600 km in length,and is composed of three segments from west to east,i.e.,Wensubei fault,Wenbashi fault,and Yeyungou fault.It was first produced at the end of Early Ordovician,resulting from the breakthougth at the front limb of a large fault-related fold system caused by the subduction of the thrust fault into the basement ductile detachment zone from the south to the north.It took its shape at the end of the Caledonian movement.By the end of Permian period,responding to the strong compression from the north,the southward thrust tectonic system not only took the shape of the former detachment zone,but was also superimposed upon and modified the former Caledonian thrust tectonic system,giving rise to a large-scale anti-form thrust system consisting of a series of small-scale fault blocks,and made the whole fault zone take its shape finally.During the Himalayan movement,the tensile-torsional fault system was developed along the axial zone of the north Tarim uplift.The Wensubei-Yeyungou fault zone was subjected to sinistral transpression,and the re-activation was propagated from the east to the west.Hence it was characterized by prolonged evolution,multi-stage development,inheritance,superposition,and compounding.It had a marked trend of a strong-weak-strong evolution process,namely,the activity was strongest in the early Paleozoic,became weakened or calm in the Mesozoic-early Cenezoic period,and got stronger once again in the late Cenezoic.The faulting in the western segment was possibly much stronger than that in the eastern segment.Its formation was largely related to the collision between the Tarim continental block and the peripheral terrains due to the closing of the North Kunlun Ocean at the end of the early Ordovician,the closing of the South Tienshan Ocean at the end of Permian,and the closing of the Neo-Tethyan Ocean in the Paleogene respectively.These phenomena suggest the important influences of the adjacent plate tectonic events upon the intra-plate deformation.The fault zone seems to be an important oil and gas accumulation zone.The study of the mechanism and evolution is helpful to the expansion of hydrocarbon exploration in the area,as evidenced by the discovery of oil and gas resources in the Xiqiu anticlines.
The structural deformation of paleo-uplifts in the cratonic basin is an ideal place to explore the deformation behaviors in the interior of the tectonic plates and the continental ductile structural geology,with the study of faulting being a breakthrough point in this aspect.Based on the newly acquired geophysical data and the recently finished exploratory wells,this paper discusses the fault systems of the north Tarim uplift of the Tarim basin,especially the geometry and kinematics of the northern boundary fault of Tarim basin.It is discovered that the Wensubei-Yeyungou fault acts exactly as the northern boundary fault,having distinct reflections in the gravitational and magnetic fields as well as along the seismic profiles.It is 600 km in length,and is composed of three segments from west to east,i.e.,Wensubei fault,Wenbashi fault,and Yeyungou fault.It was first produced at the end of Early Ordovician,resulting from the breakthougth at the front limb of a large fault-related fold system caused by the subduction of the thrust fault into the basement ductile detachment zone from the south to the north.It took its shape at the end of the Caledonian movement.By the end of Permian period,responding to the strong compression from the north,the southward thrust tectonic system not only took the shape of the former detachment zone,but was also superimposed upon and modified the former Caledonian thrust tectonic system,giving rise to a large-scale anti-form thrust system consisting of a series of small-scale fault blocks,and made the whole fault zone take its shape finally.During the Himalayan movement,the tensile-torsional fault system was developed along the axial zone of the north Tarim uplift.The Wensubei-Yeyungou fault zone was subjected to sinistral transpression,and the re-activation was propagated from the east to the west.Hence it was characterized by prolonged evolution,multi-stage development,inheritance,superposition,and compounding.It had a marked trend of a strong-weak-strong evolution process,namely,the activity was strongest in the early Paleozoic,became weakened or calm in the Mesozoic-early Cenezoic period,and got stronger once again in the late Cenezoic.The faulting in the western segment was possibly much stronger than that in the eastern segment.Its formation was largely related to the collision between the Tarim continental block and the peripheral terrains due to the closing of the North Kunlun Ocean at the end of the early Ordovician,the closing of the South Tienshan Ocean at the end of Permian,and the closing of the Neo-Tethyan Ocean in the Paleogene respectively.These phenomena suggest the important influences of the adjacent plate tectonic events upon the intra-plate deformation.The fault zone seems to be an important oil and gas accumulation zone.The study of the mechanism and evolution is helpful to the expansion of hydrocarbon exploration in the area,as evidenced by the discovery of oil and gas resources in the Xiqiu anticlines.
引文
[1]贾承造,魏国齐,姚慧君,等.塔里木盆地油气勘探丛书——盆地构造演化与区域构造地质[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1995:1-70.Jia Chengzao,Wei Guoqi,Yao Huijun,et al.Oil and GasExploration Books in Tarim Basin-Tectonic Evolution andRegional Structural Geology[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,1995:1-70(in Chinese with English abstract).
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[8]何登发,周新源,杨海军,等.塔里木盆地克拉通内古隆起的成因机制与构造类型[J].地学前缘,2008,15(1):207-221.He Dengfa,Zhou Xinyuan,Yang Haijun,et al.Formationmechanism and tectonic types of interior cratonic paleo-uplifts inTarim Basin[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2008,15(1):207-221(inChinese with English abstract).
[9]He Dengfa,Zhou Xinyuan,Zhang Chaojun,et al.Ordovicianproto-type basins and its evolution in Tarim Area[J].ChineseScience Bulletin,2007,52(Supp.1):164-177.
[10]He Dengfa,Jia Chenzao,Liu Shaobo.Dynamics for multistage poolformation of Lunnan low uplift in Tarim Basin[J],Chinese ScienceBulletin,2002,47:128-138.
[11]汤良杰,金之钧,庞雄奇.多期叠合盆地油气运聚模式[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),2000,24(4):67-70.Tang Liangjie,Jin Zhijun,Pang Xiongqi.Hydrocarbon migrationand accumulation models of superimposed basins[J].Journal of theUniversity of Petroleum,China(Edition of Natural Science),2000,24(4):67-70(in Chinese with English abstract).
[12]He Dengfa,Li Desheng,Wu Xiaozhi,et al.Basic types andstructural characteristics of uplifts:An overview of sedimentarybasins in China[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2009.83(2):321-346.
[13]Jia Chenzao,He Dengfa,Shi Xin,et al.Characteristics ofhydrocarbon late-stage pool formation in China[J].Science inChina(Series D),2006,49(9):947-959.
[14]何登发,贾承造,周新源,等.多旋回叠合盆地构造控油原理[J].石油学报,2005,26(3):1-9He Dengfa,Jia Chengzao,Zhou Xinyuan,et al.Control principlesof structures and tectonics over hydrocarbon accumulation anddistribution in multi-stage superimposed basins[J].Acta PetroleiSinica,2005,26(3):1-9(in Chinese with English abstract).
[15]何登发,周新源,杨海军,等.库车坳陷的地质结构及其对大油气田的控制作用[J].大地构造与成矿学,2009,33(1):19-33.He Dengfa,Zhou Xinyuan,Yang haijun,et al.Geologicalstructure and its controls on giant oil and gas fields in Kuqadepression,Tarim basin:a clue from new shot seismic data[J].Geotectonica et Metallogenia,2009,33(1):19-33(in Chinese withEnglish abstract).
[16]蔡学林,彭大钧.塔里木盆地变形构造格局及其动力学模式:兼论楔入造山推覆模式[J].成都理工学院学报,1997,24(2):29-39.Cai Xuelin,Peng Dajun.Tectonic framework and dynamic modelof Tarim basin:implcation for wedging orogenesis[J].Journal ofChengdu University of Technology,1997,24(2):29-39(inChinese with English abstract).
[17]Li D,Liang D,Jia C,et al.Hydrocarbon accumulations in theTarim basin,China[J].AAPG Bull.,1996,80:1587-1603.
[18]康玉柱.塔里木盆地塔河大油田形成的地质条件及前景展望[J].中国地质,2003,30(3):315-319.Kang Yuzhu.Geological characteristics of the formation of theTahe Oilfield in the Tarim basin and its prospects[J].Geology inChina,2003,30(3):315-319(in Chinese with English abstract).
[2]何登发,李德生.塔里木盆地构造演化与油气聚集[M].北京:地质出版社,1996:1-167.He Dengfa,Li Desheng.Tectonic Evolution and HydrocarbonAccumulation in Tarim Basin[M].Beijing:Geological PublishingHouse,1996:1-167(in Chinese).
[3]何登发,白武明,孟庆任.塔里木盆地地球动力学演化与含油气系统旋回[J].地球物理学报,1998,4(增刊):77-87.He Dengfa,Bai Wuming,Meng Qinren.Geodynamic evolutionand petroleum system cycle in Tarim Basin[J].Acta GeophysicalSinica,1998,4(supp.):77-87(in Chinese).
[4]贾承造,孙德龙,周新源,等.塔里木盆地石油地质与勘探丛书—塔里木盆地板块构造与大陆动力学[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2004:1-202.Jia Chengzao,Wei Guoqi,Yao Huijun,et al.Petroleum Geologyand Exploration Books in Tarim Basin——Plate Tectonic andContinental Dynamics[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2004:1-70(in Chinese with English abstract).
[5]崔军文,唐哲民.塔里木盆地构造格架和构造应力场分析[J].岩石学报,2011,27(1):231-242.Cui Junwen,Tang Zhemin.Tectonic framework of the Tarim basinand its tectonic stress field analysis[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2011,27(1):231-242(in Chinese with English abstract).
[6]张宗命,贾承造.塔里木克拉通盆地内古隆起及其找油气方向[J].西安石油学院学报(自然科学版),1997,12(3):8-13.Zhang Zongming,Jia Chengzao.Palaeohighs in craton basin ofTalimu and the exploration objectives[J].Journal of Xi'an PetroleumInstitute(Natural Science Edition),1997,12(3):8-13(in Chinesewith English abstract).
[7]Jia Chengzao.Tectonic characteristics and its petroleum Tarim Basinin China[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,1997:1-438.
[8]何登发,周新源,杨海军,等.塔里木盆地克拉通内古隆起的成因机制与构造类型[J].地学前缘,2008,15(1):207-221.He Dengfa,Zhou Xinyuan,Yang Haijun,et al.Formationmechanism and tectonic types of interior cratonic paleo-uplifts inTarim Basin[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2008,15(1):207-221(inChinese with English abstract).
[9]He Dengfa,Zhou Xinyuan,Zhang Chaojun,et al.Ordovicianproto-type basins and its evolution in Tarim Area[J].ChineseScience Bulletin,2007,52(Supp.1):164-177.
[10]He Dengfa,Jia Chenzao,Liu Shaobo.Dynamics for multistage poolformation of Lunnan low uplift in Tarim Basin[J],Chinese ScienceBulletin,2002,47:128-138.
[11]汤良杰,金之钧,庞雄奇.多期叠合盆地油气运聚模式[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),2000,24(4):67-70.Tang Liangjie,Jin Zhijun,Pang Xiongqi.Hydrocarbon migrationand accumulation models of superimposed basins[J].Journal of theUniversity of Petroleum,China(Edition of Natural Science),2000,24(4):67-70(in Chinese with English abstract).
[12]He Dengfa,Li Desheng,Wu Xiaozhi,et al.Basic types andstructural characteristics of uplifts:An overview of sedimentarybasins in China[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2009.83(2):321-346.
[13]Jia Chenzao,He Dengfa,Shi Xin,et al.Characteristics ofhydrocarbon late-stage pool formation in China[J].Science inChina(Series D),2006,49(9):947-959.
[14]何登发,贾承造,周新源,等.多旋回叠合盆地构造控油原理[J].石油学报,2005,26(3):1-9He Dengfa,Jia Chengzao,Zhou Xinyuan,et al.Control principlesof structures and tectonics over hydrocarbon accumulation anddistribution in multi-stage superimposed basins[J].Acta PetroleiSinica,2005,26(3):1-9(in Chinese with English abstract).
[15]何登发,周新源,杨海军,等.库车坳陷的地质结构及其对大油气田的控制作用[J].大地构造与成矿学,2009,33(1):19-33.He Dengfa,Zhou Xinyuan,Yang haijun,et al.Geologicalstructure and its controls on giant oil and gas fields in Kuqadepression,Tarim basin:a clue from new shot seismic data[J].Geotectonica et Metallogenia,2009,33(1):19-33(in Chinese withEnglish abstract).
[16]蔡学林,彭大钧.塔里木盆地变形构造格局及其动力学模式:兼论楔入造山推覆模式[J].成都理工学院学报,1997,24(2):29-39.Cai Xuelin,Peng Dajun.Tectonic framework and dynamic modelof Tarim basin:implcation for wedging orogenesis[J].Journal ofChengdu University of Technology,1997,24(2):29-39(inChinese with English abstract).
[17]Li D,Liang D,Jia C,et al.Hydrocarbon accumulations in theTarim basin,China[J].AAPG Bull.,1996,80:1587-1603.
[18]康玉柱.塔里木盆地塔河大油田形成的地质条件及前景展望[J].中国地质,2003,30(3):315-319.Kang Yuzhu.Geological characteristics of the formation of theTahe Oilfield in the Tarim basin and its prospects[J].Geology inChina,2003,30(3):315-319(in Chinese with English abstract).
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