呼和湖凹陷南屯组二段煤系层序特征及其聚煤规律研究
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摘要
运用层序地层学相关的理论、方法,通过钻井、测井以及地震反射等标志,将呼和湖凹陷南屯组二段划分为一个三级层序。依据地层叠置样式、区域分布的等时性煤层以及地形坡折带在沉积层序中的位置,进一步细分出低位、水进及高位体系域,在剖面层序对比的基础上建立了研究区南屯组二段层序地层格架。以体系域为单位分析了此层序格架内沉积体系的配置及其时空演化特征。应用煤田地质学理论和方法对煤层的发育特征及聚煤规律进行了研究。结果表明,煤层主要发育于辫状河三角洲平原及湖盆周缘淤浅的滨浅湖地区;受构造沉降及沉积体系的控制,各体系域的聚煤作用均呈现出凹陷的东南部强、东北部弱的整体格局,煤层聚积具有较明显的分带性;垂向上煤层主要形成于水进体系域,其次为低位体系域。
Huhehu Depression is a key exploration area in the east grabens which is located in the southeast of Hailar Basin.The depression is a half-graben rift subsidence structure,characterized by it being faulted in the east and overlapped in the west,and its area is 2 500 km2.The 2nd member of the Nantun Formation in Huhehu Depression has developed the coal measures buried deeply whose strata formed by a set of gray siltstone and dark thick mudstone which mixed with black coal,gray fine sandstone and grey conglomerate.And the rock layers developed a series of multilayer and thicker coal seam,its reflectance of vitrinite is between 0.8%～1.5%,and the coal rank between gas coal-coking coal stage,so the coal measures have a better hydrocarbon potential.Also,because of the weaker later tectonic movement,the coal measures contain rich oil-gas(CBM) resources.This paper mainly analyzes the characteristic of the stratigraphic framework,coal accumulation environments and coal accumulation laws in the case of the coal measures of the 2nd member in the Nantun Formation to guide the petroleum exploration in Huhehu Depression in the future. Based on the theory and method of sequence stratigraphy,according to the drilling,well logging and seismic data,the sequence interfaces(the top interface SB4,the bottom interface SB3) and system tract interfaces(defined by the initial and maximum flooding surfaces) of the 2nd member in the Nantun Formation are identified.Finally,the sequence stratigraphic framework is established by the comprehensive analysis of the tectonic evolution,paleontological features,paleoclimate changes and lake level variations.Also,the main controlling factors on sequence formation are analyzed briefly. At present,there are 11 wildcat wells in the study area.Through the analysis of the single well facies and sections of correlation of the stratigraphic,combined with other single factor maps,such as the stratum isopach maps,sandstone isopach maps,sandstone content isoline maps,dark mudstone,carbonaceous shale and coal layers thickness isopach maps,with the system tracts as the units,the author has described the sedimentary system distribution and temporal-spatial evolution characteristics within the sequence stratigraphic framework. Through comprehensive analysis of sedimentary evolution and correlation of the sequence stratigraghy,a study of coal layers development features and the patterns of coal accumulation is carried out with the application of basic theory and method of the coalfield geology.The 2nd member in the Nantun Formation of Huhehu Depression which was in the faults extension period,characterized by the low-amplitude,weak and pulsative vibration of the tectonic subsidence,During this period,it experienced an infilling evolution process of water in withdrawal,and the lacustrine-braided river delta sedimentary systems developed dominantly.In the early stage of base-level falling,the increasing rate of accommodation space was consistent with the supply rate of sedimentary source,and the lacustrine areas continuously existed in the center of the depression,so the peat swamp formed stably and accumulated coal in the lacustrine basin margin of the depression;With the base level rising up,the groundwater level rise regionally,the 2nd member of the Nantun Formation developed shore-shallow lacustrine swamp coal-forming environments.Because of the peat beds were buried and preserved rapidly by the highstand system tract sediments,the coal-forming conditions of transgressive system tract were favourable;Lastly,in the highstand system tract sedimentary period also developed the coal accumulation environment,as a result of progradation of braided river delta,a lot of peat layers were buried rapidly in the braided river delta plain.Accordingly,controlled by the lake level changing system and the relatively steady tectonic movement,the major coal accumulation environments are interdistributary estuary swamp of the delta plain and shore-shallow lacustrine swamp. As mentioned above,the study area was controlled by the rates of the tectonic subsidence and the peat accumulation every system tract developed coal-accumulation sedimentary conditions.However,the degrees of development and distribution ranges of the coal layers are significantly different between the different system tracts.The results indicate that the coal-accumulation mainly developed in the later period of lowstand system tract and transgressive system tract.In vertical directions,the coal layers mainly formed in transgressive system tract where the water started to expand.During this period,a large area and long term lacustrine-braided river delta sedimentary systems were peaty and swampy largely in shore-shallow lacustrine zones where the water was shallow.Under such circumstances,because of the increasing rate of the accommodation space matched balanced with the sedimentary accumulation rate,the stratum was very conducive to form series thick and stable coal layers.But the coal accumulation was the weakest in the highstand system tract in which the distribution of formed coal layers was thin and more localized. Controlled by the tectonic subsidence and sedimentary systems,the coal accumulation of each system tract shows obvious zonations and situations that South-east of the Depression is strong,while Northeast is weak.The coal-rich units are in accordance with the distribution of the lacustrine-braided river delta sedimentary facies,mainly distribute between lacustrine basin margin and the subsidence center,and near to the lacustrine basin margin.However,it was not conducive to develop peat swamp in the deeper lake water body,the coal layers became thin even pinchout from the braided river delta plain to deep lake.
Huhehu Depression is a key exploration area in the east grabens which is located in the southeast of Hailar Basin.The depression is a half-graben rift subsidence structure,characterized by it being faulted in the east and overlapped in the west,and its area is 2 500 km2.The 2nd member of the Nantun Formation in Huhehu Depression has developed the coal measures buried deeply whose strata formed by a set of gray siltstone and dark thick mudstone which mixed with black coal,gray fine sandstone and grey conglomerate.And the rock layers developed a series of multilayer and thicker coal seam,its reflectance of vitrinite is between 0.8%～1.5%,and the coal rank between gas coal-coking coal stage,so the coal measures have a better hydrocarbon potential.Also,because of the weaker later tectonic movement,the coal measures contain rich oil-gas(CBM) resources.This paper mainly analyzes the characteristic of the stratigraphic framework,coal accumulation environments and coal accumulation laws in the case of the coal measures of the 2nd member in the Nantun Formation to guide the petroleum exploration in Huhehu Depression in the future. Based on the theory and method of sequence stratigraphy,according to the drilling,well logging and seismic data,the sequence interfaces(the top interface SB4,the bottom interface SB3) and system tract interfaces(defined by the initial and maximum flooding surfaces) of the 2nd member in the Nantun Formation are identified.Finally,the sequence stratigraphic framework is established by the comprehensive analysis of the tectonic evolution,paleontological features,paleoclimate changes and lake level variations.Also,the main controlling factors on sequence formation are analyzed briefly. At present,there are 11 wildcat wells in the study area.Through the analysis of the single well facies and sections of correlation of the stratigraphic,combined with other single factor maps,such as the stratum isopach maps,sandstone isopach maps,sandstone content isoline maps,dark mudstone,carbonaceous shale and coal layers thickness isopach maps,with the system tracts as the units,the author has described the sedimentary system distribution and temporal-spatial evolution characteristics within the sequence stratigraphic framework. Through comprehensive analysis of sedimentary evolution and correlation of the sequence stratigraghy,a study of coal layers development features and the patterns of coal accumulation is carried out with the application of basic theory and method of the coalfield geology.The 2nd member in the Nantun Formation of Huhehu Depression which was in the faults extension period,characterized by the low-amplitude,weak and pulsative vibration of the tectonic subsidence,During this period,it experienced an infilling evolution process of water in withdrawal,and the lacustrine-braided river delta sedimentary systems developed dominantly.In the early stage of base-level falling,the increasing rate of accommodation space was consistent with the supply rate of sedimentary source,and the lacustrine areas continuously existed in the center of the depression,so the peat swamp formed stably and accumulated coal in the lacustrine basin margin of the depression;With the base level rising up,the groundwater level rise regionally,the 2nd member of the Nantun Formation developed shore-shallow lacustrine swamp coal-forming environments.Because of the peat beds were buried and preserved rapidly by the highstand system tract sediments,the coal-forming conditions of transgressive system tract were favourable;Lastly,in the highstand system tract sedimentary period also developed the coal accumulation environment,as a result of progradation of braided river delta,a lot of peat layers were buried rapidly in the braided river delta plain.Accordingly,controlled by the lake level changing system and the relatively steady tectonic movement,the major coal accumulation environments are interdistributary estuary swamp of the delta plain and shore-shallow lacustrine swamp. As mentioned above,the study area was controlled by the rates of the tectonic subsidence and the peat accumulation every system tract developed coal-accumulation sedimentary conditions.However,the degrees of development and distribution ranges of the coal layers are significantly different between the different system tracts.The results indicate that the coal-accumulation mainly developed in the later period of lowstand system tract and transgressive system tract.In vertical directions,the coal layers mainly formed in transgressive system tract where the water started to expand.During this period,a large area and long term lacustrine-braided river delta sedimentary systems were peaty and swampy largely in shore-shallow lacustrine zones where the water was shallow.Under such circumstances,because of the increasing rate of the accommodation space matched balanced with the sedimentary accumulation rate,the stratum was very conducive to form series thick and stable coal layers.But the coal accumulation was the weakest in the highstand system tract in which the distribution of formed coal layers was thin and more localized. Controlled by the tectonic subsidence and sedimentary systems,the coal accumulation of each system tract shows obvious zonations and situations that South-east of the Depression is strong,while Northeast is weak.The coal-rich units are in accordance with the distribution of the lacustrine-braided river delta sedimentary facies,mainly distribute between lacustrine basin margin and the subsidence center,and near to the lacustrine basin margin.However,it was not conducive to develop peat swamp in the deeper lake water body,the coal layers became thin even pinchout from the braided river delta plain to deep lake.
引文
1 Bohacs K,Suter J.Sequence stratigraphic distribution of coaly rocks:fundamental controls and paralic examples[J].AAPG Bulletin,1997,81:1612-1639
2 Diessel C F K,Boyd R,Wadsworth J,et al.On balanced and unbal-anced accommodation/peat accumulation ratios in the Cretaceous coalsfrom Gates Formation,Western Canada,and their sequence strati-graphic significance[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2000,43:143-186
3 Shao Longyi,Zhang Pengfei,Gayer R A,et al.Coal in a carbonate se-quence stratigraphic framework:The Late Permian Heshan Formation incentral Guangxi,southern China[J].Journal of Geological SocietyLondon,2003,160:285-298
4 Cross T A.Stratigraphy architecture,correlation concepts,volumetricpartitioning,facies differentiation,and reservoir compartmentalizationfrom the perspective of high resolution sequence stratigraphy[R].Re-search Report of the Genetic Stratigraphy Research Group,DGGE,CSM,1994:28-41
5张建博,王红岩,赵庆波.中国煤层气地质[M].北京:地质出版社,2000:29-30[Zhang Jianbo,Wang Hongyan,Zhao Qingbo.Coal-bed Gas Geology of China[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2000:29-30]
6崔军平,任战利,肖晖.海拉尔盆地呼和湖凹陷热演化史与油气关系[J].中国地质,2007,34(5):522-527[Cui Junping,Ren Zhanli,Xiao Hui.Relations between the thermal history and petroleum genera-tion in the Huhehu Lake depression,Hailar basin[J].Geology in Chi-na,2007,34(5):522-527]
7魏魁生,徐怀大,等.非海相层序地层学——以松辽盆地为例[M].北京:地质出版社,1996:2[Wei Kuisheng,Xu Huaida,et al.Non-Marine Sequence Stratigraphy:A case from the Songliao Basin[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1996:2]
8吴因业.煤层——一种陆相盆地中的成因层序边界[J].石油学报,1996,17(4):28-35[Wu Yinye.Coal seam:A genetic stratig-raphyic sequence boundary in nonmarine basins[J].Acta Petrolei Sini-ca,1996,17(4):28-35]
9 Galloway W E,Hobday D K.Approaches to Genetic Stratigraphic A-nalysis[M].Terrigenous Classic Depositional Systems,1983:5-23
10邵龙义,鲁静,汪浩,等.中国含煤岩系层序地层学研究进展[J].沉积学报,2009,27(5):604-914[Shao Longyi,Lu Jing,WangHao,et al.Developments of coal measures sequence stratigraphy inChina[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2009,27(5):904-914]
11 Stach E,Mackow Sky M T,Teichmuller M,et al.Stach's Textbook ofCoal Petrology[M].Borntraeget,Stuttgart,3rded,1982:535
2 Diessel C F K,Boyd R,Wadsworth J,et al.On balanced and unbal-anced accommodation/peat accumulation ratios in the Cretaceous coalsfrom Gates Formation,Western Canada,and their sequence strati-graphic significance[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2000,43:143-186
3 Shao Longyi,Zhang Pengfei,Gayer R A,et al.Coal in a carbonate se-quence stratigraphic framework:The Late Permian Heshan Formation incentral Guangxi,southern China[J].Journal of Geological SocietyLondon,2003,160:285-298
4 Cross T A.Stratigraphy architecture,correlation concepts,volumetricpartitioning,facies differentiation,and reservoir compartmentalizationfrom the perspective of high resolution sequence stratigraphy[R].Re-search Report of the Genetic Stratigraphy Research Group,DGGE,CSM,1994:28-41
5张建博,王红岩,赵庆波.中国煤层气地质[M].北京:地质出版社,2000:29-30[Zhang Jianbo,Wang Hongyan,Zhao Qingbo.Coal-bed Gas Geology of China[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2000:29-30]
6崔军平,任战利,肖晖.海拉尔盆地呼和湖凹陷热演化史与油气关系[J].中国地质,2007,34(5):522-527[Cui Junping,Ren Zhanli,Xiao Hui.Relations between the thermal history and petroleum genera-tion in the Huhehu Lake depression,Hailar basin[J].Geology in Chi-na,2007,34(5):522-527]
7魏魁生,徐怀大,等.非海相层序地层学——以松辽盆地为例[M].北京:地质出版社,1996:2[Wei Kuisheng,Xu Huaida,et al.Non-Marine Sequence Stratigraphy:A case from the Songliao Basin[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1996:2]
8吴因业.煤层——一种陆相盆地中的成因层序边界[J].石油学报,1996,17(4):28-35[Wu Yinye.Coal seam:A genetic stratig-raphyic sequence boundary in nonmarine basins[J].Acta Petrolei Sini-ca,1996,17(4):28-35]
9 Galloway W E,Hobday D K.Approaches to Genetic Stratigraphic A-nalysis[M].Terrigenous Classic Depositional Systems,1983:5-23
10邵龙义,鲁静,汪浩,等.中国含煤岩系层序地层学研究进展[J].沉积学报,2009,27(5):604-914[Shao Longyi,Lu Jing,WangHao,et al.Developments of coal measures sequence stratigraphy inChina[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2009,27(5):904-914]
11 Stach E,Mackow Sky M T,Teichmuller M,et al.Stach's Textbook ofCoal Petrology[M].Borntraeget,Stuttgart,3rded,1982:535
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