瞬时频域衰减属性及其在碳酸盐岩裂缝检测中的应用
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摘要
基于AVO梯度、走时及速度的纵波方位角裂缝检测已有较多研究和应用.由于裂缝及所含流体的综合作用,碳酸岩裂缝性储层的地震响应具有高频衰减、频带低移及方位各向异性的特点,因此应用衰减属性进行裂缝预测具有重要价值.基于小波变换计算的瞬时频域振幅谱及以此为基础提取的衰减属性,由于在时域和频域都有较好的分辨率能力,能够准确地刻画出碳酸岩裂缝性储层的非均质性.结合三维地震纵波数据的分方位角处理和分析技术,可以由方位衰减属性估算裂缝相对密度.对Z区下古生界潜山碳酸岩储层进行的裂缝预测表明,由衰减梯度和85%能量比频率两种属性导出的裂缝发育密度具有很好的相关性,且与实际情况符合.
Subsurface fracture detection using P-wave azimuthal attributes such as AVO、travel time and phase velocity has been common in recent years. For carbonate reservoir, significant attenuation of high frequencies is observed due to the fractures and fluid in content, and the spectral is shifted toward lower range. Thus, seismic attenuation attributes can be used for fracture analysis. The wavelet-scale spectra are calculated with wavelet transform for its high resolution in both time and frequency domains. Special azimuthal attenuation attributes can be then derived and used to estimate the fracture density with the support of azimuthal pre-stack seismic data processing techniques. Application to the Eopalaeozoic buried hill in the Z oilfield shows that the two types of azimuthal attributes, attenuation gradient and frequency at 85% energy ratio, are closely related to fracture characteristics of carbonate reservoir.
Subsurface fracture detection using P-wave azimuthal attributes such as AVO、travel time and phase velocity has been common in recent years. For carbonate reservoir, significant attenuation of high frequencies is observed due to the fractures and fluid in content, and the spectral is shifted toward lower range. Thus, seismic attenuation attributes can be used for fracture analysis. The wavelet-scale spectra are calculated with wavelet transform for its high resolution in both time and frequency domains. Special azimuthal attenuation attributes can be then derived and used to estimate the fracture density with the support of azimuthal pre-stack seismic data processing techniques. Application to the Eopalaeozoic buried hill in the Z oilfield shows that the two types of azimuthal attributes, attenuation gradient and frequency at 85% energy ratio, are closely related to fracture characteristics of carbonate reservoir.
引文
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[2] Crampin S, McGonigle R, Bamford D. Estimating crack parameters from observation of P-wave velocity anisotropy[J]. Geophysics, 1980, 45:345-360．
[3] Mallick S, Frazer L N. Reflection/Transmission coefficients and azimuthal anisotropy in marine seismic studies [J]. Geophysics, 1991, 56(1) :241-252．
[4] 李宏兵,赵文智,曹宏,等.小波尺度域含气储层地震波衰减特征[J].地球物理学报,2004,47(5) :892-898． Li H B, Zhao W Z, Cao H, et al. Characteristics of seismic attenuation of gas reservoirs in wavelet domain[J]. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese), 2004 ,47(5) :892-898．
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[11] Schoenberg M, Sayers C M. Seismic anisotropy of fractured rock[J]. Geophysics, 1995, 60 (1) : 204-211．
[12] Shen F. Seismic characterization of fractured reservoirs: Ph. D. thesis[M]. Massachusetts Inst. of Technology, 1999,
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[14] Mallick S, Craft K L, Meister L J. Determination of the Principal directions of azimuthal anisotropy from P-wave seismic Data[J]. Geophysics, 1998, 63(2) :692-706．
[15] Ruger A. Variation of P-wave reflectivity with offset and azimuth in anisotropic media[J]. Geophysics, 1998, 63: 935-947．
[16] Gray D, Head K. Fracture detection in Manderson Field: A 3D AVAZ Case history[J]. Leading Edge, 2000, 19(11) : 1214-1221．
[17] ChakrabortyA, Okaya D. Frequency-time decomposition of seismic data using wavelet-based methods[J]. Geophysics, 1995,60(6) : 1906-1916．
[18] 陈文超,高静怀.基于改进的最佳匹配地震子波的地震资料衰减特性分析[J].地球物理学报,2007,50(3) :837-843． Chen W C, Gao J H. Characteristic analysis of seismic attenuation using MBMSW wavelets [J]. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese) ,2007 ,50(3) :837-843．
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[21] 张金淼,朱振宇,桑淑云,等.相空间属性提取方法的特点[J].石油地球物理勘探.2008,43(2) :207-209． Zhang J M, Zhu Z Y, Sang S Y, et al. Character of method for detection of phase space attributes [J]. OGP,2008,43(2) :207-209．
[22] 路鹏飞,杨长春,等.频谱成像技术研究进展[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(5) :1517-1521． Lu P F, Yang C C, el at. The present research on frequency-spectrum imaging technique [J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2007, 22(5) :1517-1521．
[23] 李子顺.地震波衰减规律及其恢复方法[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(5) :1545-1551． Li Z S. Seismic wave attenuation and recovering method[J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese), 2007, 22(5) :1545-1551．
[24] 程冰洁,李小凡,徐天吉.含流体裂缝介质中地震波场数值模拟[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(5) :1370-1374． Cheng B J, Li X F, Xu T J, Numerical modeling of the seismic wave-field in cracked media with liquid[J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese) , 2007, 22(5) : 1370-1374．
[25] 赵爱华,张美根,丁志峰.横向各向同性介质中地震波走时模拟[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(6) :1762-1769． Zhao A H, Zhang M G, Ding Z F. Seismic traveltime computation for traversely isotropic media[J]. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese), 2006,49(6) : 1762-1769．
[26] 潘保芝,张丽华,单刚义,等.裂缝和孔洞型储层孔隙模型的理论进展[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(4) :1232-1237． Pan B Z, Zhang L H, Shan G Y,et al. Progress in porosity model for fractured and vuggy reservoirs [J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese), 2006, 21(4) :1232-1237．
[27] 朱兆林,赵爱国.裂缝介质的纵波方位AVO反演研究[J].石油物探,2005,44(5) :499-503． Zhu Z L, Zhao A G. Azimuthal AVO inversion of P-wave in fractured medium[J]. GPP, 2005, 44(5) : 499-503．
[2] Crampin S, McGonigle R, Bamford D. Estimating crack parameters from observation of P-wave velocity anisotropy[J]. Geophysics, 1980, 45:345-360．
[3] Mallick S, Frazer L N. Reflection/Transmission coefficients and azimuthal anisotropy in marine seismic studies [J]. Geophysics, 1991, 56(1) :241-252．
[4] 李宏兵,赵文智,曹宏,等.小波尺度域含气储层地震波衰减特征[J].地球物理学报,2004,47(5) :892-898． Li H B, Zhao W Z, Cao H, et al. Characteristics of seismic attenuation of gas reservoirs in wavelet domain[J]. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese), 2004 ,47(5) :892-898．
[5] 熊翥.西部碳酸盐岩储层识别和特征描述[J].勘探地球物理进展,2005,28(4) :229-233． Xiong Z. Identification and characterization of carbonate reservoirs in western China[J]. PEG. 2005,28(4) :229-233．
[6] 邓继新,王尚旭.储层砂岩纵波衰减的实验结果分析[J].石油物探,2008,47(4) :346-351． Deng J X, Wang S X. Experimental analysis of P-wave attenuation in sandstone of reservoir with ultrasonic frequency [J]. GPP, 2008, 47(4) :346-351．
[7] 马昭军,刘洋.地震波衰减反演研究综述[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(4) :1074-1082． Ma Z J, Liu Y. A summary of research on seismic attenuation [J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese), 2005, 20(4) : 1074-1082．
[8] 李子顺.地震波衰减规律及其恢复方法[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(5) :1545-1551． Li Z S. Seismic wave attenuation and recovering method[J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese) ,2007,22 (5) :1545-1551．
[9] Hudson J A. Overall properties of a cracked solid[J]. Math Proc Camb Phil Soc, 1982, 88:371-38．
[10] Schoenberg M, Douma J. Elastic wave propagation in media with parallel fractures and aligned cracks[J]. Geophysical Prospecting, 1988, 36:571-59．
[11] Schoenberg M, Sayers C M. Seismic anisotropy of fractured rock[J]. Geophysics, 1995, 60 (1) : 204-211．
[12] Shen F. Seismic characterization of fractured reservoirs: Ph. D. thesis[M]. Massachusetts Inst. of Technology, 1999,
[13] Shen F, Toks(?) z, M. N. Scattering characteristics in heterogeneous fractured reservoirs from waveform estimation [J]. Geophys. J. Internal. , 2000, 140, 251-266．
[14] Mallick S, Craft K L, Meister L J. Determination of the Principal directions of azimuthal anisotropy from P-wave seismic Data[J]. Geophysics, 1998, 63(2) :692-706．
[15] Ruger A. Variation of P-wave reflectivity with offset and azimuth in anisotropic media[J]. Geophysics, 1998, 63: 935-947．
[16] Gray D, Head K. Fracture detection in Manderson Field: A 3D AVAZ Case history[J]. Leading Edge, 2000, 19(11) : 1214-1221．
[17] ChakrabortyA, Okaya D. Frequency-time decomposition of seismic data using wavelet-based methods[J]. Geophysics, 1995,60(6) : 1906-1916．
[18] 陈文超,高静怀.基于改进的最佳匹配地震子波的地震资料衰减特性分析[J].地球物理学报,2007,50(3) :837-843． Chen W C, Gao J H. Characteristic analysis of seismic attenuation using MBMSW wavelets [J]. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese) ,2007 ,50(3) :837-843．
[19] 高静怀,汪文秉,朱光明,等.地震资料处理中小波函数的选取研究[J].地球物理学报,1996,39(3) :392-400． Gao J H, Wang W B,Zhu C M,et al. On the choice of wavelet functions for seismic data processing [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics. 1996, 39(3) :392-400．
[20] 高静怀,汪文秉,朱光明,等.小波变换与信号瞬时特征分析[J].地球物理学报,1997,40(6) :821-832． Gao J H,Wang W B, Zhu G M, et al. Wavelet transform and instantaneous attributes analysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics. 1997, 40(6) :821-832．
[21] 张金淼,朱振宇,桑淑云,等.相空间属性提取方法的特点[J].石油地球物理勘探.2008,43(2) :207-209． Zhang J M, Zhu Z Y, Sang S Y, et al. Character of method for detection of phase space attributes [J]. OGP,2008,43(2) :207-209．
[22] 路鹏飞,杨长春,等.频谱成像技术研究进展[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(5) :1517-1521． Lu P F, Yang C C, el at. The present research on frequency-spectrum imaging technique [J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2007, 22(5) :1517-1521．
[23] 李子顺.地震波衰减规律及其恢复方法[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(5) :1545-1551． Li Z S. Seismic wave attenuation and recovering method[J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese), 2007, 22(5) :1545-1551．
[24] 程冰洁,李小凡,徐天吉.含流体裂缝介质中地震波场数值模拟[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(5) :1370-1374． Cheng B J, Li X F, Xu T J, Numerical modeling of the seismic wave-field in cracked media with liquid[J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese) , 2007, 22(5) : 1370-1374．
[25] 赵爱华,张美根,丁志峰.横向各向同性介质中地震波走时模拟[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(6) :1762-1769． Zhao A H, Zhang M G, Ding Z F. Seismic traveltime computation for traversely isotropic media[J]. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese), 2006,49(6) : 1762-1769．
[26] 潘保芝,张丽华,单刚义,等.裂缝和孔洞型储层孔隙模型的理论进展[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(4) :1232-1237． Pan B Z, Zhang L H, Shan G Y,et al. Progress in porosity model for fractured and vuggy reservoirs [J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese), 2006, 21(4) :1232-1237．
[27] 朱兆林,赵爱国.裂缝介质的纵波方位AVO反演研究[J].石油物探,2005,44(5) :499-503． Zhu Z L, Zhao A G. Azimuthal AVO inversion of P-wave in fractured medium[J]. GPP, 2005, 44(5) : 499-503．
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