塔里木盆地西南缘中生代沉积古环境恢复
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摘要
对塔里木盆地西南缘中生代沉积相和沉积环境的研究,不仅可以了解晚三叠世—晚白垩世塔里木板块南缘活动大陆边缘的历次碰撞事件,也为研究新生代中亚地区强烈的陆内变形活动提供了重要信息。本文利用野外地质调查结果和地球物理资料,在沉积相和地震相分析基础上,重建中生代沉积体系和沉积环境。结果表明:塔里木盆地西南缘中生界的原始分布受晚三叠世弧后前陆冲带冲断作用和造山后伸展作用形成的古地形控制。早侏罗世发育了一系列独立分割的小断陷,以巨厚的冲积扇、辫状河三角洲沉积为特征,其受控于NWW—SEE走向的正断层,而非NW—SE走向的古塔拉斯-费尔干纳右旋走滑断裂;早侏罗世晚期—中侏罗世广泛发育滨浅湖和河流-沼泽相沉积,可能存在一个连通了塔里木盆地南缘、吐拉以及柴达木盆地西缘的统一沉积坳陷;至晚侏罗世,冲积环境再次出现,发育的粗粒碎屑岩为早白垩世湖盆扩张前的产物;早白垩世,丰富的陆源碎屑在古昆仑山前形成多个相互叠置的冲积扇—扇三角洲—扇三角洲平原沉积体;晚白垩世,随着海水自西向东侵入,塔里木盆地西南缘陆相碎屑沉积向东逐渐退却,海相沉积占有优势。
The study of the Mesozoic sedimentary facies and environments of southwestern Tarim basin not only provides chance to understand the collision events in the south margin of Tarim block during Triassic to Late Jurassic, but information about continental deformation in mid-Asia during Cenozoic Era as well. Based on geological survey and geophysical data, Mesozoic sedimentary system and environment were reconstructed in combination with the analysis of sedimentary facies and earthquake phases. The results indicate that original distribution of the Mesozoic sediments in the southwestern margin of Tarim basin are controlled the paleo-topography resulting from pediment thrusting and post-orogenic extension during the Late Triassic. Several isolated fault-bounded sages developed during Early Jurassic are characterized by thick sediments of fluvial fans, braid-shaped river delta, and controlled by the NWW—SEE-trending normal faults but not by the Talas-Ferghana fault. Sedimentation of coastal lake and river-marsh facies dominated during the late Early Jurassic and Middle Jurassic. It was likely that there was unified sedimentary sag which connected the southern margin of Tarim basin, Tula and the western margin of Tarim basin. It was not until Late Jurassic that alluvial environment occurred again, forming coarse-grained clastic rock which was the product of lake-basin expansion in Early Cretaceous. In Early Cretaceous, abundant terrestrial debris formed a superposed deposit body of several alluvial fans-fan deltas-fan delta plain at the pediment. While at Late Cretaceous, with seawater transgression eastward from west, terrestrial clastic sediment of the southwestern margin of Tarim basin retreated eastward and gave the way to sea-faices deposit.
The study of the Mesozoic sedimentary facies and environments of southwestern Tarim basin not only provides chance to understand the collision events in the south margin of Tarim block during Triassic to Late Jurassic, but information about continental deformation in mid-Asia during Cenozoic Era as well. Based on geological survey and geophysical data, Mesozoic sedimentary system and environment were reconstructed in combination with the analysis of sedimentary facies and earthquake phases. The results indicate that original distribution of the Mesozoic sediments in the southwestern margin of Tarim basin are controlled the paleo-topography resulting from pediment thrusting and post-orogenic extension during the Late Triassic. Several isolated fault-bounded sages developed during Early Jurassic are characterized by thick sediments of fluvial fans, braid-shaped river delta, and controlled by the NWW—SEE-trending normal faults but not by the Talas-Ferghana fault. Sedimentation of coastal lake and river-marsh facies dominated during the late Early Jurassic and Middle Jurassic. It was likely that there was unified sedimentary sag which connected the southern margin of Tarim basin, Tula and the western margin of Tarim basin. It was not until Late Jurassic that alluvial environment occurred again, forming coarse-grained clastic rock which was the product of lake-basin expansion in Early Cretaceous. In Early Cretaceous, abundant terrestrial debris formed a superposed deposit body of several alluvial fans-fan deltas-fan delta plain at the pediment. While at Late Cretaceous, with seawater transgression eastward from west, terrestrial clastic sediment of the southwestern margin of Tarim basin retreated eastward and gave the way to sea-faices deposit.
引文
[1]浙江大学,中石油塔里木油田分公司.2009.昆仑山山前中生界分布与盆地恢复.内部报告
[2]中石油杭州石油地质研究所,中石油塔里木油田分公司.2002.塔西南中新生界沉积储层研究.内部报告
[3]新疆大学,新疆地矿局.2001.塔里木盆地西南坳陷喀什凹陷南部石油地质综合研究.内部报告
陈发景,汪新文.2000.中国西北地区早—中侏罗世盆地原型分析.地学前缘,7(4):459~468.
陈杰,曲国胜,胡军,等.1997.帕米尔北缘弧形推覆构造带东段的基本特征与现代地震活动.地震地质,19(4):301~312.
陈杰,卢演俦,丁国瑜.2001.塔里木西缘晚新生代造山过程的记录-磨拉石建造及生长地层和生长不整合.第四纪研究,21(6):528~539.
陈正乐,李丽,刘健,等.2008.西天山隆升-剥露过程初步研究.岩石学报,24(4):625~636.
程晓敢,廖林,陈新安,等.2008.塔里木盆地东南缘侏罗纪沉积相特征与古环境再造.中国矿业大学学报,37(4):519~525.
杜治利,王清晨,周学慧.2007.中新生代库车—南天山盆山系统隆升历史的裂变径迹证据.岩石矿物学杂志,26(5):399~408.
方大均,沈忠悦,谈晓冬,等.2006.塔里木盆地显生宙古地磁与板块运动学.杭州:浙江大学出版社.
郭宪璞,丁孝忠,何希贤,等.2002.塔里木盆地中新生代海侵和海相地层研究的新进展.地质学报,76(3):299~307.
李永安,陈岩,Cogne,J P,等.2003.塔里木板块西南缘晚侏罗世古地磁研究.地质学报,77(2):151~157.
刘胜,邱斌,陈新安,等.2006.塔里木盆地西端中生界沉积环境与油气地质特征.新疆石油地质,27(1):10~14.
楼小挺,刁桂苓,叶国扬,等.2007.帕米尔—兴都库什地区中源地震的空间分布和震源机制解特征.地球物理学报,50(5):1448~1455.
罗金海,车自成,李继亮.2000.中亚及中国西部侏罗纪沉积盆地的构造特征.地质科学,35(4):404~413.
罗金海,周新源,邱斌,等.2004.塔拉斯廿费尔干纳断裂对喀什凹陷的控制作用.新疆石油地质,25(6):584~587.
贾进华.2009.塔里木盆地早白垩世沉积相特征与古地理.古地理学报,11(2):167~176.
靳久强,赵文智,薛良清.1999.中国西北地区侏罗纪原型盆地与演化特征.地质评论,45(1):92~104.
彭阳,郭宪璞,王易农,等.2002.塔里木盆地西南地区上白垩统生物丘.地质通报,21(2):83~86.
曲国胜,Canerot J,王宗起,等.1996.造山带弧形构造——西昆仑-帕米尔弧及其预测.地质科学,31(4):313~326.
曲国胜,陈杰,陈新安,等.1998.西昆仑-帕米尔造山带及其北缘前陆盆地板内变形构造.地质评论,44(4):419~429.
曲国胜,李亦纲,张宁,等.2004.塔里木西南缘(齐姆根弧)前陆构造及形成机理.地质评论,50(6):567~576.
曲国胜,李亦纲,李岩峰,等.2005.塔里木盆地西南前陆构造分段及其成因.中国科学(D辑),35(3):193~202.
沈传波,梅廉夫,刘麟,等.2006.新疆博格达山中新生代隆升-热历史的裂变径迹记录.海洋地质与第四纪地质,26(3):87~92.
伍秀芳.2003.塔里木盆地西南缘前陆褶皱冲断带构造几何学和动力学分析.浙江大学博士学位论文..
肖安成,贾承造,杨树锋,等.2000a.中国南天山西部冲断褶皱系前缘区的运动学特征.沉积学报,18(3):439~444.
肖安成,杨树锋,陈汉林,等.2000b.西昆仑山前冲断系的结构特征.地学前缘,7(S):128~136.
杨庚,钱样麟.1995.中新生代天山板内造山带隆升证据:锆石、磷灰石裂变径迹年龄测定.北京大学学报(自然科学版),31(4):473~478.
张春生,肖安成,李景义,等.2000.塔西南坳陷侏罗系断陷盆地沉积特征.矿物岩石,20(3):41~45.
张惠良,沈扬,张荣虎,等.2005.塔里木盆地西南部昆仑山前下白垩统沉积相特征及石油地质意义.古地理学报,7(2):157~168.
曾昌民,马德民,冯晓军,等.2007.喀什坳陷侏罗纪沉积环境及其对油气成藏的意义.新疆石油地质,28(3):327~331.
Bebeshev I I.1994.Jurassic evolution of the Tien-shan.Lithology andMineral Resources,29:47~56.
Burt man V S,Molnar P.1993.Geological and geophysical evidencefor deep subduction of continental crust beneath the Pamir.Geological Society of America Special Paper,281:76.
Burt man V S.2000.Cenozoic crustal shortening between the Pamirand Tien Shan and a reconstruction of the Pamir Tien Shantransition zone for the Cretaceous and Palaeogene.Tectonophysics,319:69~92.
Carroll A R,GrahamS A,Hendrix MS,et al.1995.Late Paleozoictectonic amalgamation of northwestern China;sedi mentaryrecord of the northern Tari m,northwestern Turpan,andsouthern Junggar basins.Geological Society of AmericaBulletin,107:571~594.
Matte P,Tapponier P,Arnaud N,et al.1996.Tectonics of westernTibet,between the Tari m and the Indus.Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters,142:311~330.
Negredo A M,Replumaz A,Villase A,et al.2007.Modeling theevolution of continental subduction processes in the PamirHindu Kush region.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,259:212~225.
Schlezinger A Y.1971.Comparative orogenic system and thetectonics of Eurasia.Geological Society of America,195:41~45.
Sobel E R,Dumitru T A.1997.Thrusting and exhumation aroundthe margins of the western Tari m Basin during the India—Asiacollision.Journal of Geophysical Research,102(B3):5043~5063.
Sobel E R.1999.Basin analysis of the Jurassic—Lower Cretaceoussouthwest Tari mbasin,northwest China.Geological Society ofAmerica Bulletin,111(5):709~724.
Tseysler V M,Florenskiy V S,Vasyukov V S.1982.Tectonicstructures of the northern Fergana Range.International GeologyReview,24:881~890.
Ufi mtsev G F.2007.Tectonic relief of Inner Asia between Tari mand Lake Valley.Russian Geology and Geophysics,48(5):408~414
Ufi mtsev G F.2009.Geomorphological features of the WesternTien Shan.Geography and Natural Resources,30(2):156~160.
Xiao WJ,Windley B F,Fang A M,et al.2001.Palaeozoic—EarlyMesozoic accretionary tectonics of the western Kunlun Range,NWChina.Gondwana Research,4(4):826~827.
Xiao WJ,Windley B F,Chen H L,et al.2002.Carboniferous-Triassic subduction and accretion in the western Kunlun,China:i mplications for the collisional and accretionary tectonicsof the northern Tibetan Plateau.Geology,30(4):295~298.
Zheng H,Powell C,An Z,et al.2002.Pliocene uplift of thenorthern Tibet Plateau.Geology,28(8):715~718.
[2]中石油杭州石油地质研究所,中石油塔里木油田分公司.2002.塔西南中新生界沉积储层研究.内部报告
[3]新疆大学,新疆地矿局.2001.塔里木盆地西南坳陷喀什凹陷南部石油地质综合研究.内部报告
陈发景,汪新文.2000.中国西北地区早—中侏罗世盆地原型分析.地学前缘,7(4):459~468.
陈杰,曲国胜,胡军,等.1997.帕米尔北缘弧形推覆构造带东段的基本特征与现代地震活动.地震地质,19(4):301~312.
陈杰,卢演俦,丁国瑜.2001.塔里木西缘晚新生代造山过程的记录-磨拉石建造及生长地层和生长不整合.第四纪研究,21(6):528~539.
陈正乐,李丽,刘健,等.2008.西天山隆升-剥露过程初步研究.岩石学报,24(4):625~636.
程晓敢,廖林,陈新安,等.2008.塔里木盆地东南缘侏罗纪沉积相特征与古环境再造.中国矿业大学学报,37(4):519~525.
杜治利,王清晨,周学慧.2007.中新生代库车—南天山盆山系统隆升历史的裂变径迹证据.岩石矿物学杂志,26(5):399~408.
方大均,沈忠悦,谈晓冬,等.2006.塔里木盆地显生宙古地磁与板块运动学.杭州:浙江大学出版社.
郭宪璞,丁孝忠,何希贤,等.2002.塔里木盆地中新生代海侵和海相地层研究的新进展.地质学报,76(3):299~307.
李永安,陈岩,Cogne,J P,等.2003.塔里木板块西南缘晚侏罗世古地磁研究.地质学报,77(2):151~157.
刘胜,邱斌,陈新安,等.2006.塔里木盆地西端中生界沉积环境与油气地质特征.新疆石油地质,27(1):10~14.
楼小挺,刁桂苓,叶国扬,等.2007.帕米尔—兴都库什地区中源地震的空间分布和震源机制解特征.地球物理学报,50(5):1448~1455.
罗金海,车自成,李继亮.2000.中亚及中国西部侏罗纪沉积盆地的构造特征.地质科学,35(4):404~413.
罗金海,周新源,邱斌,等.2004.塔拉斯廿费尔干纳断裂对喀什凹陷的控制作用.新疆石油地质,25(6):584~587.
贾进华.2009.塔里木盆地早白垩世沉积相特征与古地理.古地理学报,11(2):167~176.
靳久强,赵文智,薛良清.1999.中国西北地区侏罗纪原型盆地与演化特征.地质评论,45(1):92~104.
彭阳,郭宪璞,王易农,等.2002.塔里木盆地西南地区上白垩统生物丘.地质通报,21(2):83~86.
曲国胜,Canerot J,王宗起,等.1996.造山带弧形构造——西昆仑-帕米尔弧及其预测.地质科学,31(4):313~326.
曲国胜,陈杰,陈新安,等.1998.西昆仑-帕米尔造山带及其北缘前陆盆地板内变形构造.地质评论,44(4):419~429.
曲国胜,李亦纲,张宁,等.2004.塔里木西南缘(齐姆根弧)前陆构造及形成机理.地质评论,50(6):567~576.
曲国胜,李亦纲,李岩峰,等.2005.塔里木盆地西南前陆构造分段及其成因.中国科学(D辑),35(3):193~202.
沈传波,梅廉夫,刘麟,等.2006.新疆博格达山中新生代隆升-热历史的裂变径迹记录.海洋地质与第四纪地质,26(3):87~92.
伍秀芳.2003.塔里木盆地西南缘前陆褶皱冲断带构造几何学和动力学分析.浙江大学博士学位论文..
肖安成,贾承造,杨树锋,等.2000a.中国南天山西部冲断褶皱系前缘区的运动学特征.沉积学报,18(3):439~444.
肖安成,杨树锋,陈汉林,等.2000b.西昆仑山前冲断系的结构特征.地学前缘,7(S):128~136.
杨庚,钱样麟.1995.中新生代天山板内造山带隆升证据:锆石、磷灰石裂变径迹年龄测定.北京大学学报(自然科学版),31(4):473~478.
张春生,肖安成,李景义,等.2000.塔西南坳陷侏罗系断陷盆地沉积特征.矿物岩石,20(3):41~45.
张惠良,沈扬,张荣虎,等.2005.塔里木盆地西南部昆仑山前下白垩统沉积相特征及石油地质意义.古地理学报,7(2):157~168.
曾昌民,马德民,冯晓军,等.2007.喀什坳陷侏罗纪沉积环境及其对油气成藏的意义.新疆石油地质,28(3):327~331.
Bebeshev I I.1994.Jurassic evolution of the Tien-shan.Lithology andMineral Resources,29:47~56.
Burt man V S,Molnar P.1993.Geological and geophysical evidencefor deep subduction of continental crust beneath the Pamir.Geological Society of America Special Paper,281:76.
Burt man V S.2000.Cenozoic crustal shortening between the Pamirand Tien Shan and a reconstruction of the Pamir Tien Shantransition zone for the Cretaceous and Palaeogene.Tectonophysics,319:69~92.
Carroll A R,GrahamS A,Hendrix MS,et al.1995.Late Paleozoictectonic amalgamation of northwestern China;sedi mentaryrecord of the northern Tari m,northwestern Turpan,andsouthern Junggar basins.Geological Society of AmericaBulletin,107:571~594.
Matte P,Tapponier P,Arnaud N,et al.1996.Tectonics of westernTibet,between the Tari m and the Indus.Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters,142:311~330.
Negredo A M,Replumaz A,Villase A,et al.2007.Modeling theevolution of continental subduction processes in the PamirHindu Kush region.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,259:212~225.
Schlezinger A Y.1971.Comparative orogenic system and thetectonics of Eurasia.Geological Society of America,195:41~45.
Sobel E R,Dumitru T A.1997.Thrusting and exhumation aroundthe margins of the western Tari m Basin during the India—Asiacollision.Journal of Geophysical Research,102(B3):5043~5063.
Sobel E R.1999.Basin analysis of the Jurassic—Lower Cretaceoussouthwest Tari mbasin,northwest China.Geological Society ofAmerica Bulletin,111(5):709~724.
Tseysler V M,Florenskiy V S,Vasyukov V S.1982.Tectonicstructures of the northern Fergana Range.International GeologyReview,24:881~890.
Ufi mtsev G F.2007.Tectonic relief of Inner Asia between Tari mand Lake Valley.Russian Geology and Geophysics,48(5):408~414
Ufi mtsev G F.2009.Geomorphological features of the WesternTien Shan.Geography and Natural Resources,30(2):156~160.
Xiao WJ,Windley B F,Fang A M,et al.2001.Palaeozoic—EarlyMesozoic accretionary tectonics of the western Kunlun Range,NWChina.Gondwana Research,4(4):826~827.
Xiao WJ,Windley B F,Chen H L,et al.2002.Carboniferous-Triassic subduction and accretion in the western Kunlun,China:i mplications for the collisional and accretionary tectonicsof the northern Tibetan Plateau.Geology,30(4):295~298.
Zheng H,Powell C,An Z,et al.2002.Pliocene uplift of thenorthern Tibet Plateau.Geology,28(8):715~718.
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