台湾西北部海岸阶地的研究
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摘要
海岸阶地的形成通常是海准面变动、地壳变动或两者共同作用之结果.研究海阶不仅可印证推论古气候、往昔海准面变化及地壳变动状况,更可藉以了解各区域间变动的差异,全盘了解大地构造的意义,而且小规模的海阶变动,时常与地震活动伴生,因此,研究海阶更可作为判读地震周期的依据之一,所以,世界各地位于地壳活动带的国家对于海阶的型态与演育过程均作详细的调查及研究.本研究以淡水河以南至大安溪以北之海阶作为研究范围,发现台湾西北部位于观音山北部沿海、新竹山子顶沿海、客雅溪口南岸、后龙溪口南岸等4个地区,都有零星的海阶分布.经过阶地分布、地形特征与阶序对比,并利用世界海阶对比基图求出该地区的地壳隆升率与海阶可能形成的年代,藉以了解各区域间变动的差异.台湾西北部海岸地区的海阶大致上可划分为高位及低位2群阶地,高位海阶分布的高度在15～275 m之间,阶面覆盖着红壤层,为晚更新世时所造成;低位海阶分布的范围与高度较小,在海滩与高位阶地末端阶崖之间,沿着海岸成带状分布,阶面无红壤掩覆,海拔大多在10 m以下.低位海阶构成的物质多以砾石及砂为主,属全新世海阶,即第四纪最后一次冰期结束后,近1万年以来全球高海水位时期所形成.利用海阶对比基图与已有的定年数据,辅以地形地貌及堆积物特征比较,获得各段阶地之平均隆升率,观音山北部沿海、客雅溪口南岸、后龙溪口南岸3个地区,经过比对,分别是2.1 mm/a、2.2 mm/a、2.15 mm/a,数值相近,显示该区之地盘隆升率及海准面变动状况大致相同;仅新竹山子顶沿海地盘隆升率较小,为1.4 mm/a.此表示,台湾岛的海阶变化不仅受到海准面变动的影响,尚受到区域性地壳隆升的控制.
Influenced by eustatic changes and tectonic movement,marine terraces are considered as indicators of regional tectonic movement,paleo-climate & sea-level variation and crust movement.The study area,from Tamsui river to Ta′an river,is divided into four groups,and by the use of aerial photographic interpretation,field survey and data analysis,we draw conclusions as following:1)Classified and correlated by continuity of altitude and extension of terrace surface,two type of marine terraces are found in study area,one is Pleistocene terrace type with heights distributed from 15~275 m and covered with thick laterite,the other belongs to Holocene terrace type whose heights are mostly below 10 m,developed along the coastal lowland and consisted of sand and gravels.2)Based on dating,elevation,mode of erosion and deposits feature of terraces,the marine terraces uplift rate of Northwestern Taiwan can reflect regional tectonic activities and sea level variation.The uplift rate of marine terraces on the hsinchu coast is 1.4 mm/a,and the uplift rates on the north coast of Kuanyin Volcano,on the south coast of Keya river estuary and the south coast of Houlong river estuary are 2.1 mm/a,2.2 mm/a and 2.15 mm/a,respectively.The uplift rate on the Hsinchu coast is smallest in Northwestern Taiwan,indicating that perhaps the area was influenced by Hsinchu Subsidence Area.
Influenced by eustatic changes and tectonic movement,marine terraces are considered as indicators of regional tectonic movement,paleo-climate & sea-level variation and crust movement.The study area,from Tamsui river to Ta′an river,is divided into four groups,and by the use of aerial photographic interpretation,field survey and data analysis,we draw conclusions as following:1)Classified and correlated by continuity of altitude and extension of terrace surface,two type of marine terraces are found in study area,one is Pleistocene terrace type with heights distributed from 15~275 m and covered with thick laterite,the other belongs to Holocene terrace type whose heights are mostly below 10 m,developed along the coastal lowland and consisted of sand and gravels.2)Based on dating,elevation,mode of erosion and deposits feature of terraces,the marine terraces uplift rate of Northwestern Taiwan can reflect regional tectonic activities and sea level variation.The uplift rate of marine terraces on the hsinchu coast is 1.4 mm/a,and the uplift rates on the north coast of Kuanyin Volcano,on the south coast of Keya river estuary and the south coast of Houlong river estuary are 2.1 mm/a,2.2 mm/a and 2.15 mm/a,respectively.The uplift rate on the Hsinchu coast is smallest in Northwestern Taiwan,indicating that perhaps the area was influenced by Hsinchu Subsidence Area.
引文
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[19]Liew P M,Chu N C.TL and ESR dating on Linkou Tableland[C].Annual symposium of the Geological Society of China,1987:53.[刘平妹,竹内章.林口台地的热荧光(TL)与电子顺磁共振法(ESR)定年初步探讨[C].中国地质学会1987年年会论文集,1987:53.]
[20]Chen J L,Yi C D,Lin W H,et al.The report of active fault survey(Hokou Fault)[R].Central Geological Survey(MOEA),2004.[陈建良,衣成德,林伟雄,等.活动断层调查报告(湖口断层)[R].地质调查所,2004.]
[21]Liu M C.A Geomorphological study on river terrace in northwestern Taiwan[D].Ph.D.Thesis,Department of Geogra-phy,Taiwan Normal University,2004.[刘明锜.台湾西北部河阶之地形学研究[D].台湾师范大学地理研究所博士论文,2004.
[22]Peng T R,Wang C H,Chen C T A.Oxygen and carbon isotopic studies of fossil mollusca in the Kuokang shell bed,Pais-hatung,Miaoli[J].Special publication of the Centeral Geological Survey(MOEA),1990,(4):307-322.[彭宗仁,汪中和,陈镇东.苗栗白沙屯过港贝化石层内软件动物化石之碳氧同位素研究[J].地质调查所特刊,1990,(4):307-322.]
[23]Ota Y,Yamaguchi M.Holocene coastal uplift in the western Pacific Rim in the context of late Quarternary uplift[J].Qua-ternary International,2004,120:105-117.
[24]Hsu M H.A geomorphological study of marine terraces in Taiwan[D].Ph.D.Thesis,Department of Geography,Chi-nese Culture University(Taipei),1988.[许民阳.台湾海阶之地形学研究[D].私立中国文化大学地学研究所博士论文,1988.]
[2]Machita H.Pleistocene sea level of south Kanto,Japan,analyzed by tephrochronology[J].Quaternary Studies,The RoyalSociety of New Zealand Bulletin,1975,13:215-222.
[3]Bloom A L.Late Quaternary sea level change on south Pacific coasts:A study in tectonic diversity[C].in Morner,N.A.(E.D.)Earth Rheology,Isostasy and Eustasy,1980,John Wily&Sons,1980:505-516.
[4]Chappell J.A revised sea-level record for the last 300 000 years from Papua New Guinea[J].Search,1983,14(3-4):99-101.
[5]Ota Y,Matsushima Y,Moriwaki H,et al.Atlas of Holocene sea level records in Japan[B].Japanese Working Group ofthe Project 61,1985,IGCP,195p.
[6]Bloom A L,Broecker W S,Chappell J M A,et al.Quaternary sea level fluctuations on a tectonic coast:New 230Th/234Udates from the Huon Peninsula,New Guinea[J].The Quaternary Research,1974,4:185-205.
[7]Chappell J.Geology of coral terraces,Huon Peninsula,New Guinea:A study of Quaternary tectonic movements and sea-lev-el changes[J].Geological Society of America,1974,85:553-570.
[8]Omura A,Ota Y.Paleo sea-level change during the last 300 000 years deduced from the morpho-stratigraphy of coral reef ter-races and 230Th/234U ages of terrace deposits[J].The Quaternary Research,1992,31(5):313-327.[大村明雄,太田阳子.サンゴ礁段丘の地形层序と构成层の230Th/234U年代测定からみた过去30万年间の古海面变化[J].第四纪研究,1992,31(5):313-327.
[9]Ota Y.Sea-level changes during the last 70 to 30 ka,deduced from coral terrace data on the Huon Peninsula,with commentson Moriwaki,et al[J].The Quaternary Research,1998,37(3):177-180.[太田阳子.パプアニューギニア、ヒュオン半岛のサンゴ礁段丘から得られた约70～30 kaの海水平变化[J].第四纪研究,1998,37(3):177-180.]
[10]Ota Y,Omura A.Review of coral reef terrace studies at Kikai Island,Ryukyu Islands,southwestern Japan[J].The Qua-ternary Research,2000,39(1):45-53.[太田阳子,大村明雄.南西诸岛、喜界岛のサンゴ礁段丘の研究小史と问题点―シンポウムの序论として,第四纪研究,2000,39(1):45-53.]
[11]Teng K H,Kau C J,Wen Z D,et al.A geomorphical study of marine terraces in Lu-Tao and Lan-Hsu[J].Journal ofTaipei Municipal Teachers College,1989,(20):35-82.[邓国雄,高庆珍,闻祝达,等,1989.兰屿、绿岛海阶的地形学研究[J].台北市立师范学院学报,1989,(20):35-82.]
[12]Chu C Y.Collection of dating data of Taiwan[J].Field Archaeology of Taiwan,1990,1:95-119.[朱正宜.台湾地区碳十四年代资料辑[J].田野考古,1990,1:95-119.]
[13]Chu C Y.Collection of dating data of Taiwan[J].Field Archaeology of Taiwan,1990,2(1):75-77.[朱正宜.台湾地区碳十四年代资料辑(一)[J].田野考古,1991,2(1):75-77.]
[14]Chu C Y.Collection of dating data of Taiwan[J].Field Archaeology of Taiwan,1990,3(1):67-77.[朱正宜.台湾地区碳十四年代资料辑(二)[J].田野考古,1991,3(1):67-77.]
[15]Wu C L.A study on the relationship between landform and the distribution of aboriginal people settlements in Taipei Area[D].M.S.Thesis,Department of Geography,Chinese Culture University(Taipei),2002.[吴健兰.大台北地区原住民聚落分布与地形之相关研究[D].中国文化大学地学研究所硕士论文,2002.]
[16]Tseng M H.Pollen analysis of Core Wuku 13 and its implication on Paleoenvironmental changes of Taipei Basin since 20 ka[D].M.S.Thesis,Institute of Geosciences,Taiwan University,Taipei,1997.[曾美惠.五股13号井花粉分析及其在台北盆地二万年来古环境之应用[D].台湾大学地质研究所硕士论文,1997.]
[17]Tseng M H,Liu P M.A preliminary probe on sporo-pollen assemblages and paleoenvironments of the recent 20 ka in TaipeiBasin[J].Special publication of the Central Geological Survey(MOEA),1999,(11):159-179.[曾美惠,刘平妹.台北盆地二万年来孢粉组合与古环境初探[J].地质调查所特刊,1999,(11):159-179.]
[18]Lin J C,Jen C H.The relationship between landform evolution,sea level change and archeological sites of Bali Area[J].Northwestern Taiwan,Field Archaeology of Taiwan,2004,8(1～2):1-14.[林俊全,任家弘.八里地区的地形变迁、海水面变迁与考古遗址关系之研究[J].田野考古,2004,8(1～2):1-14.]
[19]Liew P M,Chu N C.TL and ESR dating on Linkou Tableland[C].Annual symposium of the Geological Society of China,1987:53.[刘平妹,竹内章.林口台地的热荧光(TL)与电子顺磁共振法(ESR)定年初步探讨[C].中国地质学会1987年年会论文集,1987:53.]
[20]Chen J L,Yi C D,Lin W H,et al.The report of active fault survey(Hokou Fault)[R].Central Geological Survey(MOEA),2004.[陈建良,衣成德,林伟雄,等.活动断层调查报告(湖口断层)[R].地质调查所,2004.]
[21]Liu M C.A Geomorphological study on river terrace in northwestern Taiwan[D].Ph.D.Thesis,Department of Geogra-phy,Taiwan Normal University,2004.[刘明锜.台湾西北部河阶之地形学研究[D].台湾师范大学地理研究所博士论文,2004.
[22]Peng T R,Wang C H,Chen C T A.Oxygen and carbon isotopic studies of fossil mollusca in the Kuokang shell bed,Pais-hatung,Miaoli[J].Special publication of the Centeral Geological Survey(MOEA),1990,(4):307-322.[彭宗仁,汪中和,陈镇东.苗栗白沙屯过港贝化石层内软件动物化石之碳氧同位素研究[J].地质调查所特刊,1990,(4):307-322.]
[23]Ota Y,Yamaguchi M.Holocene coastal uplift in the western Pacific Rim in the context of late Quarternary uplift[J].Qua-ternary International,2004,120:105-117.
[24]Hsu M H.A geomorphological study of marine terraces in Taiwan[D].Ph.D.Thesis,Department of Geography,Chi-nese Culture University(Taipei),1988.[许民阳.台湾海阶之地形学研究[D].私立中国文化大学地学研究所博士论文,1988.]
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