深地震反射剖面揭示的海原断裂带深部几何形态与地壳形变
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摘要
由于活动的青藏高原不断的隆升和推挤作用,在西南向东北的推挤作用和周缘块体的阻挡以及东北缘内部块体挤压形变的作用下,形成了多个走向不同的青藏高原东北缘构造体系.新生代构造变形和地震活动强烈,区内分布多条大型深断裂带.海原断裂是青藏高原东北缘发育的弧形活动断裂带中规模最大、活动最为强烈的一条左旋走滑型断裂带,是重要的大地构造区边界,也是控制现今强震活动的活断层.本文利用2009年完成的高分辨率深地震反射剖面的北段资料,对其进行初步构造解释,揭示出海原断裂带的深部几何形态和其两侧地壳上地幔细结构.结果显示海原断裂并不是简单的陡立或者较缓,其几何形态随着深度变化.在海原断裂之下的Moho并未错断的反射特征显示海原断裂并不是直接错断莫霍面的超壳断裂.海原断裂带及两侧岩石圈结构和构造样式的研究为探讨青藏高原东北缘岩石圈变形机制提供地震学依据.
Because of the incessant uplifting and pushing of the active Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,a number of structural systems with different trends on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau northeastern margin are formed under the joint action of northeastward pushing,blocking of circumjacent blocks,and the squeezing and deformation in the internal block of the northeastern margin of the plateau.Cenozoic tectonic deformation and seismic activity is intense,several large deep fault zones are distributed in the area.The Haiyuan fault is a left strike-slip fault zone with the strongest activities and the largest scale among the arc and active fault zones of the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,which is an important tectonic zone boundary fault and also an active fault controlling earthquake activity.The northern part of the high-resolution deep seismic reflection profile completed by CAGS in 2009 was used in this paper,and the preliminary interpretation revealed the deep geometry of the Haiyuan fault zone and the fine structure of the crust and upper mantle of its both sides.The results showed that the Haiyuan fault is not simply steep or moderate,but its geometric shape changes with depth.The continuous reflection characteristics of the Moho under the Haiyuan fault show that Haiyuan fault is not a trans-crust fault breaking up the Moho directly.The research results provide seismological basis for studying the lithosphere deformation mechanism of the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
Because of the incessant uplifting and pushing of the active Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,a number of structural systems with different trends on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau northeastern margin are formed under the joint action of northeastward pushing,blocking of circumjacent blocks,and the squeezing and deformation in the internal block of the northeastern margin of the plateau.Cenozoic tectonic deformation and seismic activity is intense,several large deep fault zones are distributed in the area.The Haiyuan fault is a left strike-slip fault zone with the strongest activities and the largest scale among the arc and active fault zones of the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,which is an important tectonic zone boundary fault and also an active fault controlling earthquake activity.The northern part of the high-resolution deep seismic reflection profile completed by CAGS in 2009 was used in this paper,and the preliminary interpretation revealed the deep geometry of the Haiyuan fault zone and the fine structure of the crust and upper mantle of its both sides.The results showed that the Haiyuan fault is not simply steep or moderate,but its geometric shape changes with depth.The continuous reflection characteristics of the Moho under the Haiyuan fault show that Haiyuan fault is not a trans-crust fault breaking up the Moho directly.The research results provide seismological basis for studying the lithosphere deformation mechanism of the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
引文
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[2]张培震,郑德文,尹功明等.有关青藏高原东北缘晚新生代扩展与隆升的讨论.第四纪研究,2006,26(1):5-13.Zhang P Z,Zheng D W,Yin G M,et al.Discussion on lateCenozoic growth and rise of northeastern margin of theTibetan Plateau.Quaternary Sciences(in Chinese),2006,26(1):5-13.
[3]Zhang P Z,Shen Z K,Burgman R,et al.Continuousdeformation of the Tibetan Plateau from Global Positioningsystem data.Geology,2004,32(9):809-812.
[4]徐锡伟,于贵华,陈桂华等.青藏高原北部大型走滑断裂带近地表地质变形特征分析.地震地质,2007,29(2):201-217.Xu X W,Yu G H,Chen G H,et al.Near surface characterof permanent geologic deformation across the mega-strike-slipfaults in the northern Tibetan plateau.Seismology andGeology(in Chinese),2007,29(2):201-217.
[5]邓起东,张维岐,张培震等.海原走滑断裂带及其尾端挤压构造.地震地质,1989,11(1):1-14.Deng Q D,Zhang W Q,Zhang P Z,et al.Haiyuan strike-slip fault zone and its compressional structures of the end.Seimology and Geology(in Chinese),1989,11(1):1-14.
[6]李清河,张元生,涂毅敏等.祁连山—河西走廊地壳速度结构及速度与电性的联合解释.地球物理学报,1998,41(2):197-210.Li Q H,Zhang Y S,Tu Y M,et al.The combinedinterpretation of crustal velocity and electrical resistivity inQilianshan mountain-Hexi corridor region.Acta GeophysicaSinica(in Chinese),1998,41(2):197-210.
[7]Tapponnier P,Ryerson F J,Van der Woerd J,et al.Long-term slip rates and characteristic slip:keys to active faultbehaviour and earthquake hazard.Earth and PlanetarySciences,2001,333(9):483-494.
[8]Tapponnier P,Xu Z Q,Roger F,et al.Oblique stepwise riseand growth of the Tibet plateau.Science,2001,294(5547):1671-1677.
[9]Fan J C,Li S L,Zhang X K,et al.Geometric form ofHaiyuan fault zone in the crustal interior and dynamicsimplications.Acta Seimologica Sinica,2004,17(S1):43-51.
[10]甘卫军,程朋根,周德敏等.青藏高原东北缘主要活动断裂带GPS加密观测及结果分析.地震地质,2005,27(2):177-187.Gan W J,Cheng P G,Zhou D M,et al.Observation of aGPS profile across main faults on northeast margin of TibetanPlateau and data analysis.Seismology and Geology(inChinese),2005,27(2):177-187.
[11]Deng Q D,Chen S F,Song F M,et al.Variation in thegeometry and amount of slip on the Haiyuan Fault zone,China and the surface rupture of the 1920 Haiyuanearthquake,Earthquake Source Mechanics.GeophysicalMonograph,1986,37(Maurice Ewing 6):169-182.
[12]周民都,吕太义,张元生等.青藏高原东北缘地质构造背景及地壳结构研究.地震学报,2000,22(6):645-653.Zhou M D,LüT Y,Zhang Y S,et al.The geologicalstructure background and the crustal structure innortheastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.ActaSeismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2000,22(6):645-653.
[13]Tapponnir P,Molnar P.Active faulting an Cenozonictectonics of China.J.Geophys.Res.,1977,82(20):2905-2930.
[14]Deng Q D,Wu D N,Zhang P Z,et al.Structure anddeformational character of strike-slip fault zones.Pageoph,1986,124(1-2):203-223.
[15]Burchfie B C,Zhang P Z,Wang Y P,et al.Geology of theHaiyuan fault zone,Ningxia-Hui Autonomous region,China,and its relation to the evolution of the northeasternmargin of the Tibetan plateau.Tectonics,1991,10(6):1091-1110.
[16]Gaudemer Y,Tapponnier P,Meyer B,et al.partitioning ofcrustal slip between linked,active faults in the eastern QilianShan,and evidence for a major seismic gap,the′Tianzhugap,on the western Haiyuan Fault,Gansu(China).Geophys.J.Int.,1995,120(3):599-645.
[17]Tapponnier P,Ryerson F J,Van der Woerd J,et al.Long-term slip rates and characteristic slip:keys to active faultbehaviour and earthquake hazard.Earth and PlanetarySciences,2001,333(9):483-494.
[18]Bowman D,King G,Tapponnier P.Slip partitioning byelastoplastic propagation of oblique slip at depth.Science,2003,300(5622):1121-1123.
[19]Zhang P Z,Burchfiel B C,Molnar P,et al.Late Cenozoictectonic evolution of the Ningxia-Hui Autonomous Region,China.Geological Society of America Bulletin,102(11):1484-1498.
[20]Zhang P Z,Deng Q D,Zhang G M,et al.Active tectonicblocks and strong earthquakes in the continent of China.ScienceinChina(Series D),2003,46(S2):13-24.
[21]Zhang P Z,Min W,Deng Q D,et al.Paleoearthquakerupture behavior and recurrence of great earthquakes alongthe Haiyuan fault,northwestern China.Science in ChinaSer.D Earth Sciences,2005,48(3):364-375.
[22]丁国瑜.中国岩石圈动力学概论.北京:地震出版社,1991.Ding G Y.Introduction to Lithospheric Dynamics of China(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1991.
[23]詹艳,赵国泽,王继军等.青藏高原东北缘海原弧形构造区地壳典型结构探测研究.地震学报,2005,27(4):431-440.Zhan Y,Zhao G Z,Wang J J,et al.Crustal electricstructure of Haiyan arc tectonic region in the region in thenortheastern margin of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.China.ActaSeismologica Snica(in Chinese),2005,27(4):431-440.
[24]李松林,张先康,张成科等.玛沁—兰州—靖边地震测深剖面地壳速度结构的初步研究.地球物理学报,2002,45(2):210-217.Li S L,Zhang X K,Zhang C K,et al.A preliminary study ofon the crustal velocity structure of Maqin-Lanzhou-Jingbianby means of deep seismic sounding profile.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2002,45(2):210-217.
[25]樊计昌,李松林,张先康等.海原断裂在地壳深处的几何形态及其动力学意义.地震学报,2004,26(增刊):42-49.Fan J C,Li S L,Zhang X K,et al.Geometric form ofHaiyuan fault zone in the crustal interior and dynamicsimplications.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2004,26(Suppl.):42-49.
[26]崔笃信,王庆良,胡亚轩等.青藏高原东北缘岩石圈变形及其机理.地球物理学报,2009,52(6):1490-1499.Cui D X,Wang Q L,Hu Y X,et al.Lithospheredeformation and deformation mechanism in northeasternmargin of Qinghai-Tibet plateau.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2009,52(6):1490-1499.
[27]王庆良,王文萍,崔笃信等.青藏块体东北缘现今地壳运动.大地测量与地球动力学,2002,22(4):12-16.Wang Q L,Wang W P,Cui D X,et al.Present-day crustalmovement of northeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Block.Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),2002,22(4):12-16.
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