偏移成像中的垂直分辨率
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摘要
Kirchhoff真振幅偏移研究表明,偏移对地震子波具有拉伸作用,拉伸程度与地震波速度、反射角和地层倾角有关.子波拉伸将改变子波宽度(子波延续长度),对垂直分辨率有重要影响.本文通过对衰减Sinc子波的实际计算,分析了地震波速度、反射角和地层倾角分别与子波宽度的关系.从分析来看,陡倾角和大反射角(大炮检距)造成偏移成像垂直分辨率严重下降.高主频子波对各参数均有较低敏感度.
The study of Kirchhoff true amplitude migration indicates that the wavelet is distorted by migration.This distortion is the consequence of varying reflection angles, reflector dips and velocity variation.The distortion changes the wavelet width, which has important influence on vertical resolution.In this article, we analyze the relationship between the wavelet width and the reflection angle, the reflector dip, the velocity, by the calculation of the attenuation Sinc wavelet.The results show that the vertical resolution descends strongly on the steep reflector dip and large reflection angle (distant offset).The high main frequency wavelet has a low sensitivity to each parameter.
The study of Kirchhoff true amplitude migration indicates that the wavelet is distorted by migration.This distortion is the consequence of varying reflection angles, reflector dips and velocity variation.The distortion changes the wavelet width, which has important influence on vertical resolution.In this article, we analyze the relationship between the wavelet width and the reflection angle, the reflector dip, the velocity, by the calculation of the attenuation Sinc wavelet.The results show that the vertical resolution descends strongly on the steep reflector dip and large reflection angle (distant offset).The high main frequency wavelet has a low sensitivity to each parameter.
引文
[1] 云美厚,丁伟.地震分辨率力新认识[J].石油地球物理勘探.2005,40(5) :603～608． Yun M H,Ding W.New knowledge about seismic identifying capability[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),2005,40(5) :603～608．
[2] 马在田.反射地震成像分辨率的理论分析[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(9) :1144～1153． Ma Z T.Theoretical Analysis of Reflection Seismic Imaging Resolution[J].Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science),2005,33(9) :1144～1153．
[3] R E谢里夫,L P吉尔达特.勘探地震学[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1999．
[4] 云美厚.地震分辨率[J].勘探地球物理进展,2005,28(1) :12～18． Yun M H.On seismic resolution[J].Progress in Exploration Geophysics,2005,28(1) :12～18．
[5] 陆基孟.地震勘探原理[M].东营:石油大学出版社,1993．
[6] 刘喜武,刘洪.地震盲反褶积综述[J].地球物理学进展,2003,18(2) :203～209． Liu X W,Liu H.Survey on seismic blind deconvolution[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2003,18(2) :203～209．
[7] 王西文,胡自多,田彦灿,等.地震子波处理的二步法反褶积方法研究[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(4) :1167～1179． Wang X W,Hu Z D,Tian Y C,et al.Study of seismic wavelet processing method in two step deconvolution[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2006,21(4) :1167～1179．
[8] 章坷,李衍达,刘贵忠,等.多分辨率地震信号反褶积[J].地球物理学报,1999,42(7) :529～535． Zhang K,Li Y D,Liu G Z,et al.Multiresolution seismic signal deconvolution[J].Chinese J.Geophysics(in Chinese),1999,42(7) :529～535．
[9] 董恩清,刘贵忠,张宗平.自适应Kalman滤波反褶积的快速实现方法[J].地球物理学报,2001,44(2) :255～262． Dong E Q,Liu G Z,Zhang Z P.Fast implementation technique of adaptive kalman filtering deconvolution via dyadic wavelet transform[J].Chinese J.Geophysics(in Chinese),2001,44(2) :255～262．
[10] 吴小羊,刘天佑,魏伟,等.二维菲涅耳带共反射面元叠加方法研究[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(6) :1892～1898． Wu X Y,Liu T Y,Wei W,et al.Two dimensional common reflection surface stack based on the Fresnel zone[J].ChineseJ.Geop hys.(in Chinese),2008,51(6) :1892～1898．
[11] 云美厚,丁伟.地震子波频率浅析[J].石油物探,2005,44(6) :578～581． Yun M H,Ding W.Analysis of seismic wavelet frequency [J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum(in Chinese),2005,44(6) :578～581．
[12] 钱绍瑚,刘来祥.零相位子波的垂直分辨率[J].石油物探,1988,27(2) :1～9． Qian S H,Liu L X.Vertical resolution of zero-phase wavelets[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum(in Chinese),1988,27(2) :1～9．
[13] 刘金俊,王修田,刘怀山.子波零相位化、反褶积与地震记录分辨率的关系[J].海洋地质动态,2000,16(4) :5～8．
[14] 吕景英,蒋进勇.地震子波零相位化改造的应用[J].勘探地球物理进展,2003,26(2) :121～123． Lu J Y,Jiang J Y.The application of seismic wavelet zero phasing[J].Progress in Exploration Geophysics(in Chinese),2003,26(2) :121～123．
[15] 张军华,吕宁,田连玉,等.地震资料去噪方法技术综合评述[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(2) :546～553． Zhang J H,Lu N,Tian L Y,et al.An overview of the methods and techniques for seismic data noise attenuation[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2006,21(2) :546～553．
[16] 柳建新,韩世礼,马捷.小波分析在地震资料去噪中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(2) :541～545． Liu J X,Han S L,Ma J.Appl ication of wavelet analysis in seismic data denoising[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2006,21(2) :541～545．
[17] 俞寿朋.高分辨率地震勘探[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1993． Yu S P.High resolution seimic exploring(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Petroleun Industry Press,1993．
[18] 孟庆生,樊玉清,郭秀军,等.无拉伸动校正技术在近海工程地震勘探中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(6) :1889～1894． Men Q S,Fan Y Q,Guo X J.The Application of Non2Stretch NMO on off shore engineering seismic exploration[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2007,22(6) :1889～1894．
[19] 罗斌,刘学伟,尹军杰.炮检距对地震分辨率影响的研究[J].石油物探,2005,44(1) :16～20． Luo B,Liu X W,Yin J J.The effect of offset on the resolution of seismic survey[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum(in Chinese),2005,44(1) :16～20．
[20] 王珺,杨长春,乔玉雷.用稳定高效的反Q滤波技术提高地震资料分辨率[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(2) :456～463． Wang J,Yang C C,Qiao Y L.Improve the seismic resolution with a stable and efficient inverse Q f ilter[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2008,23(2) :456～463．
[21] Tygel M,Schleicher J,Hubral P.Pulse distortion in depth migration[J].Geophysics,1994,59(10) :1561～1569．
[22] 袁三一,陈小宏.一种新的地震子波提取与层速度反演方法[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(1) :198～205． Yuan S Y, Chen X H.A new method for seismic wavelet extraction and interval velocity inversion[J].Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese), 2008, 23(1) :198～205．
[23] 李亚峻,李月,高颖.基于双谱幅值和相位重构的地震子波提取[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(3) :947～952． Li Y J, Li Y, Gao Y.A method of extracting seismic wavelet based on bispectrum amplitude and phase reconstruction[J].Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese), 2007,22(3) :947～952．
[24] 戴永寿,王俊岭,王伟伟,等.基于高阶累积量ARMA模型线性非线性结合的地震子波提取方法研究[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(6) :1851～1859 Dai Y S, Wang J L, Wang W W , et al.Seismic wavelet ext raction via cumulant2based ARMA model approach with linear and nonlinear combination[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese) , 2008 , 51 (6) :1851～1859
[25] 贺振华,王才经,李建朝,等.反射地震资料偏移处理与反演方法[M].重庆大学出版社,1989．
[26] 马在田,纪少游.标量波动方程全倾角有限差分偏移[J].地球物理学报,1988,31(6) :678～686． Ma Z T.All dip finite-difference migration with scalar wave equation[J].Chinese J.Geophysics (in Chinese), 1988, 31 (6) : 678～686．
[27] 孟庆生,楚贤峰,郭秀军,等.高分辨率数据处理技术在近海 工程地震勘探中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(3) :1006～1010． Meng Q S,Chu X F,Guo X J,et al.The application of high resolution seismic data processing technique in multi-channel shallow offshore engineering seismic surveys[J].Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese), 2007,22(3) :1006～1010．
[28] 尤建军,常旭,刘伊克.VTI介质长偏移距非双曲动校正公式优化[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(6) :1770～1778 You J J , Chang X, Liu Y K.Optimization of nonhyperbolic moveout correction equation of long2offset seismic data in VTI media[J].Chinese J Geophys.(in Chinese), 2006, 49 (6) :1770～1778
[29] 尤建军,陈强,张超谟,常旭.各向同性介质长偏移距地震同相轴动校正[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(4) :1173～1178 You J J, Chen Q, Zhang C M, Chang X.NMO correction of long2spread seismic events in homogeneous and isotropic media[J].Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese), 2008, 23(4) : 1173～1178
[30] 李振春,王希萍,韩文功.地震数据处理中的相位校正技术综述[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(3) :768～774． Li Z C, Wang X P, Han W G.Review of phase correction in seismic data processing[J].Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese), 2008, 23(3) : 768～774．
[2] 马在田.反射地震成像分辨率的理论分析[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(9) :1144～1153． Ma Z T.Theoretical Analysis of Reflection Seismic Imaging Resolution[J].Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science),2005,33(9) :1144～1153．
[3] R E谢里夫,L P吉尔达特.勘探地震学[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1999．
[4] 云美厚.地震分辨率[J].勘探地球物理进展,2005,28(1) :12～18． Yun M H.On seismic resolution[J].Progress in Exploration Geophysics,2005,28(1) :12～18．
[5] 陆基孟.地震勘探原理[M].东营:石油大学出版社,1993．
[6] 刘喜武,刘洪.地震盲反褶积综述[J].地球物理学进展,2003,18(2) :203～209． Liu X W,Liu H.Survey on seismic blind deconvolution[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2003,18(2) :203～209．
[7] 王西文,胡自多,田彦灿,等.地震子波处理的二步法反褶积方法研究[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(4) :1167～1179． Wang X W,Hu Z D,Tian Y C,et al.Study of seismic wavelet processing method in two step deconvolution[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2006,21(4) :1167～1179．
[8] 章坷,李衍达,刘贵忠,等.多分辨率地震信号反褶积[J].地球物理学报,1999,42(7) :529～535． Zhang K,Li Y D,Liu G Z,et al.Multiresolution seismic signal deconvolution[J].Chinese J.Geophysics(in Chinese),1999,42(7) :529～535．
[9] 董恩清,刘贵忠,张宗平.自适应Kalman滤波反褶积的快速实现方法[J].地球物理学报,2001,44(2) :255～262． Dong E Q,Liu G Z,Zhang Z P.Fast implementation technique of adaptive kalman filtering deconvolution via dyadic wavelet transform[J].Chinese J.Geophysics(in Chinese),2001,44(2) :255～262．
[10] 吴小羊,刘天佑,魏伟,等.二维菲涅耳带共反射面元叠加方法研究[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(6) :1892～1898． Wu X Y,Liu T Y,Wei W,et al.Two dimensional common reflection surface stack based on the Fresnel zone[J].ChineseJ.Geop hys.(in Chinese),2008,51(6) :1892～1898．
[11] 云美厚,丁伟.地震子波频率浅析[J].石油物探,2005,44(6) :578～581． Yun M H,Ding W.Analysis of seismic wavelet frequency [J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum(in Chinese),2005,44(6) :578～581．
[12] 钱绍瑚,刘来祥.零相位子波的垂直分辨率[J].石油物探,1988,27(2) :1～9． Qian S H,Liu L X.Vertical resolution of zero-phase wavelets[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum(in Chinese),1988,27(2) :1～9．
[13] 刘金俊,王修田,刘怀山.子波零相位化、反褶积与地震记录分辨率的关系[J].海洋地质动态,2000,16(4) :5～8．
[14] 吕景英,蒋进勇.地震子波零相位化改造的应用[J].勘探地球物理进展,2003,26(2) :121～123． Lu J Y,Jiang J Y.The application of seismic wavelet zero phasing[J].Progress in Exploration Geophysics(in Chinese),2003,26(2) :121～123．
[15] 张军华,吕宁,田连玉,等.地震资料去噪方法技术综合评述[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(2) :546～553． Zhang J H,Lu N,Tian L Y,et al.An overview of the methods and techniques for seismic data noise attenuation[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2006,21(2) :546～553．
[16] 柳建新,韩世礼,马捷.小波分析在地震资料去噪中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(2) :541～545． Liu J X,Han S L,Ma J.Appl ication of wavelet analysis in seismic data denoising[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2006,21(2) :541～545．
[17] 俞寿朋.高分辨率地震勘探[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1993． Yu S P.High resolution seimic exploring(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Petroleun Industry Press,1993．
[18] 孟庆生,樊玉清,郭秀军,等.无拉伸动校正技术在近海工程地震勘探中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(6) :1889～1894． Men Q S,Fan Y Q,Guo X J.The Application of Non2Stretch NMO on off shore engineering seismic exploration[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2007,22(6) :1889～1894．
[19] 罗斌,刘学伟,尹军杰.炮检距对地震分辨率影响的研究[J].石油物探,2005,44(1) :16～20． Luo B,Liu X W,Yin J J.The effect of offset on the resolution of seismic survey[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum(in Chinese),2005,44(1) :16～20．
[20] 王珺,杨长春,乔玉雷.用稳定高效的反Q滤波技术提高地震资料分辨率[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(2) :456～463． Wang J,Yang C C,Qiao Y L.Improve the seismic resolution with a stable and efficient inverse Q f ilter[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2008,23(2) :456～463．
[21] Tygel M,Schleicher J,Hubral P.Pulse distortion in depth migration[J].Geophysics,1994,59(10) :1561～1569．
[22] 袁三一,陈小宏.一种新的地震子波提取与层速度反演方法[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(1) :198～205． Yuan S Y, Chen X H.A new method for seismic wavelet extraction and interval velocity inversion[J].Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese), 2008, 23(1) :198～205．
[23] 李亚峻,李月,高颖.基于双谱幅值和相位重构的地震子波提取[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(3) :947～952． Li Y J, Li Y, Gao Y.A method of extracting seismic wavelet based on bispectrum amplitude and phase reconstruction[J].Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese), 2007,22(3) :947～952．
[24] 戴永寿,王俊岭,王伟伟,等.基于高阶累积量ARMA模型线性非线性结合的地震子波提取方法研究[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(6) :1851～1859 Dai Y S, Wang J L, Wang W W , et al.Seismic wavelet ext raction via cumulant2based ARMA model approach with linear and nonlinear combination[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese) , 2008 , 51 (6) :1851～1859
[25] 贺振华,王才经,李建朝,等.反射地震资料偏移处理与反演方法[M].重庆大学出版社,1989．
[26] 马在田,纪少游.标量波动方程全倾角有限差分偏移[J].地球物理学报,1988,31(6) :678～686． Ma Z T.All dip finite-difference migration with scalar wave equation[J].Chinese J.Geophysics (in Chinese), 1988, 31 (6) : 678～686．
[27] 孟庆生,楚贤峰,郭秀军,等.高分辨率数据处理技术在近海 工程地震勘探中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(3) :1006～1010． Meng Q S,Chu X F,Guo X J,et al.The application of high resolution seismic data processing technique in multi-channel shallow offshore engineering seismic surveys[J].Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese), 2007,22(3) :1006～1010．
[28] 尤建军,常旭,刘伊克.VTI介质长偏移距非双曲动校正公式优化[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(6) :1770～1778 You J J , Chang X, Liu Y K.Optimization of nonhyperbolic moveout correction equation of long2offset seismic data in VTI media[J].Chinese J Geophys.(in Chinese), 2006, 49 (6) :1770～1778
[29] 尤建军,陈强,张超谟,常旭.各向同性介质长偏移距地震同相轴动校正[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(4) :1173～1178 You J J, Chen Q, Zhang C M, Chang X.NMO correction of long2spread seismic events in homogeneous and isotropic media[J].Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese), 2008, 23(4) : 1173～1178
[30] 李振春,王希萍,韩文功.地震数据处理中的相位校正技术综述[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(3) :768～774． Li Z C, Wang X P, Han W G.Review of phase correction in seismic data processing[J].Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese), 2008, 23(3) : 768～774．
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