基于GIS的社区居民避震疏散区划方法及应用研究
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摘要
在快速城市化和地震灾害频发的背景下,灾前人群紧急疏散区划成为防灾减灾规划研究的重要课题。结合当前城市应急疏散设施布局现状,立足于社区夜间避震疏散需求,综合运用GIS空间分析技术,从应急疏散需求分布、疏散空间可达性、疏散优化归属3方面逐步构建居民避震疏散区划方法,并选择上海市内人群和建筑相对密集的陆家嘴街道为对象开展实证研究。从而为城市防震减灾规划的避难设施优化布局和应急疏散预案编制提供科学适用的技术手段。
With rapid urbanization and frequent earthquake disasters,the pre-disaster study of emergency evacuation has become a substantial topic of disaster prevention and mitigation in urban area.Most of the previous studies emphasized large-scale evacuation involving one or more urban areas,while the research that is specific to basic level district,such as a community,is obviously inadequate in terms of evacuation accuracy,efficiency and strategies.In this paper,based on the current layout of emergency evacuation facilities and nighttime evacuation demands in urban community,we used GIS spatial analysis technology to develop a systematical methodology for community evacuation against earthquake.The methodology emphasized the following aspects: the distribution analysis of emergency evacuation demands,the calculation of shelters' space accessibility,and the optimization of evacuation destinations.Meanwhile,we applied the methodology to Lujiazui Street of Pudong New District,Shanghai in China.Consequently,the study showed that the proposed methodology could be used to formulate the pre-event planning for earthquake disasters' prevention and mitigation on community scale,especially for organizing a rapid and smooth evacuation,and optimizing the location allocation of shelters.
With rapid urbanization and frequent earthquake disasters,the pre-disaster study of emergency evacuation has become a substantial topic of disaster prevention and mitigation in urban area.Most of the previous studies emphasized large-scale evacuation involving one or more urban areas,while the research that is specific to basic level district,such as a community,is obviously inadequate in terms of evacuation accuracy,efficiency and strategies.In this paper,based on the current layout of emergency evacuation facilities and nighttime evacuation demands in urban community,we used GIS spatial analysis technology to develop a systematical methodology for community evacuation against earthquake.The methodology emphasized the following aspects: the distribution analysis of emergency evacuation demands,the calculation of shelters' space accessibility,and the optimization of evacuation destinations.Meanwhile,we applied the methodology to Lujiazui Street of Pudong New District,Shanghai in China.Consequently,the study showed that the proposed methodology could be used to formulate the pre-event planning for earthquake disasters' prevention and mitigation on community scale,especially for organizing a rapid and smooth evacuation,and optimizing the location allocation of shelters.
引文
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[25]宋长青,史文中.空间分析建模与原理[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[26]苏幼坡.城市灾害避难与避难疏疏散场所[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.
[27]火恩杰,刘昌森,章振辁.上海市隐伏断裂及其活动性研究[M].北京:地震出版社,2004.
[2]Sugimoto T,Murakami H,Kozuki Y,et al.A Human Damage Pre-diction Method for Tsunami Disasters Incorporating EvacuationActivities[J].Natural Hazards,2003,29(3):585-600.
[3]Chen Guo-hua,Liang Tao,Zhang Hua-wen.Study on themethodology for evaluating urban and regional disaster carryingcapacityanditsapplication[J].SafetyScience,2009,47(1):50-58.
[4]许世远,王军,石纯,等.沿海城市自然灾害风险研究[J].地理学报,2006,61(2):127～138.
[5]魏一鸣.自然灾害复杂性研究[J].地理科学,1998,18(1):25～31.
[6]Shi Yong,Shi Chun,Xu Shi-yuan,et al.Exposure Assessmentof Rainstorm Waterlogging on Old-style Residences in ShanghaiBased on Scenario Simulation[J].Natural hazards,2010,53(2):259.
[7]殷杰,尹占娥,许世远.上海市灾害综合风险定量评估研究[J].地理科学,2009,29(3):450～454.
[8]石勇,许世远,石纯,等.沿海区域水灾脆弱性及风险的的初步分析[J].地理科学,2009,29(6):853～857.
[9]张文奎.行为地理学研究的基本理论问题[J].地理科学,1990,10(2):159～167.
[10]江东,杨小唤,王乃斌,等.基于RS、GIS的人口空间分布研究[J].地球科学进展,2002,17(5):734～738.
[11]范一大,史培军,辜智慧,等.行政单元数据向网格单元转化的技术方法[J].地理科学,2004,24(1):105～108.
[12]吕安民,李成名,林宗坚,等.基于遥感影像的城市人口密度模型[J].地理学报,2004,59(6):158～164.
[13]柴彦威,沈洁.基于活动分析法的人类空间行为研究[J].地理科学,2008,28(5):594～600.
[14]Sutton P.Modeling population density with night-time satelliteimagery and GIS[J].Computers,Environment and Urban Sys-tems,1997,21(3/4):227-244.
[15]李刚,马东辉,苏经宇,等.城市地震应急避难场所规划方法研究[J].北京工业大学学报,2006,32(10):901～905.
[16]苏幼坡.城市地震避难所的规划原则与要点[J].灾害学,2004,19(1):87～92.
[17]叶明武,王军,陈振楼,等.城市防灾公园规划建设的综合决策分析[J].地理与地理信息科学,2009,25(2):89～93.
[18]Xiang Li,Christophe Claramunt,Hsiang-te Kung,et al.A de-centralized and continuity-based algorithm for delineating ca-pacitated shelters'service areas[J].Environment and PlanningB:Planning and Design,2008,35(4):593-608.
[19]A Jotshi,Q Gong,R Batta.Dispatching and routing of emergencyvehicles in disaster mitigation using data fusion[J].Socio-Eco-nomic Planning Sciences,2009,43(1):1-24.
[20]Xu Feng,Chen Xu-ping,Ren Ai-zhu,et al.Earthquake Disas-ter Simulation for an Urban Area,with GIS,CAD,FEA,and VRIntegration[J].Tsinghua Science and Techology,2008,13(S1):311-316.
[21]邹亮,任爱珠,张新.基于GIS的灾害疏散模拟及救援调度[J].自然灾害学报,2006,15(6):1～5.
[22]李强,陈春晓,陈晋,等.考虑疏散安全的公共场所人员容量控制研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2007,17(3):33～39.
[23]陈岳明,萧德云.路网应急疏散问题建模及其应用的进展[J].科学技术与工程,2008,8(17):4945～4951.
[24]叶明武,王军,刘耀龙,等.基于GIS的上海中心城区城市公园避难可达性研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,2008,24(2):96～103.
[25]宋长青,史文中.空间分析建模与原理[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[26]苏幼坡.城市灾害避难与避难疏疏散场所[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.
[27]火恩杰,刘昌森,章振辁.上海市隐伏断裂及其活动性研究[M].北京:地震出版社,2004.
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